Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.1177/09596836221145376
N. Broothaerts, V. F. Razanamahandry, Liesa Brosens, Benjamin Campforts, L. Jacobs, T. Razafimbelo, T. Rafolisy, G. Verstraeten, S. Bouillon, Gerard Govers
Madagascar is known for its high erosion rates in the central highlands, yet the role of human disturbance versus natural processes is not well understood and is a topic of ongoing debate. At present the necessary quantitative data to couple vegetation dynamics and sediment fluxes over time in Madagascar is scarce. This study aims to provide more insight in vegetation changes and sediment transfers over the last millennia in the Lake Alaotra region, and specifically on the role of human disturbances and natural processes. Our vegetation reconstruction is based on pollen records from two lake sediment cores, covering the last 2600 years. Sediment accumulation rates were calculated from cores obtained from the floodplains, from wetlands surrounding the lake, and from Lake Alaotra itself. Our data show an early opening in the landscape, between 2050 and 1700 cal a BP, with a transition from a wooded grassland or woodland/grassland mosaic towards open grassland and an increase in charcoal accumulation rates. (Indirect) human impact is suggested as the main driver for these vegetation changes. Floodplain and wetland sediment accumulation rates only increase in the last 1000 years and peak in the last 400 years. This increased accumulation can mainly be linked to the increased anthropogenic pressure (grazing and farming activities) that triggered increased lavaka (gullies) activity. No changes in accumulation rate were observed in Lake Alaotra, indicating that most sediments are buffered in the floodplains and wetlands. Overall, our pollen and charcoal data suggest an indirect effect of human disturbance on vegetation shifts whilst strong evidence was found for a direct effect of human disturbance on sediment accumulation through intensified use of the grasslands.
马达加斯加以其中部高地的高侵蚀率而闻名，但人类干扰与自然过程的作用尚未得到很好的理解，这是一个持续争论的话题。目前，马达加斯加缺少将植被动态和沉积物通量随时间结合起来的必要定量数据。这项研究的目的是提供更多关于过去几千年来阿拉奥特拉湖地区植被变化和沉积物转移的信息，特别是人类干扰和自然过程的作用。我们的植被重建是基于两个湖泊沉积物岩心的花粉记录，覆盖了过去2600年。沉积物积累速率是根据从洪泛平原、湖泊周围的湿地和Alaotra湖本身获得的岩心计算出来的。我们的数据显示，在2050年至1700 cal a BP之间，景观出现了早期开放，从树木繁茂的草地或林地/草地马赛克过渡到开阔的草地，木炭积累率增加。(间接)人类影响被认为是这些植被变化的主要驱动因素。河漫滩和湿地沉积物累积速率在近1000年呈上升趋势，在近400年达到峰值。这种积累的增加主要与人为压力的增加(放牧和农业活动)有关，后者引发了lavaka(沟壑)活动的增加。Alaotra湖沉积物的累积速率没有变化，表明大部分沉积物在洪泛平原和湿地中得到缓冲。总体而言，我们的花粉和木炭数据表明，人类干扰对植被转移有间接影响，同时发现了强有力的证据，表明人类干扰通过强化草原利用对沉积物积累有直接影响。
{"title":"Vegetation changes and sediment dynamics in the Lake Alaotra region, central Madagascar","authors":"N. Broothaerts, V. F. Razanamahandry, Liesa Brosens, Benjamin Campforts, L. Jacobs, T. Razafimbelo, T. Rafolisy, G. Verstraeten, S. Bouillon, Gerard Govers","doi":"10.1177/09596836221145376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221145376","url":null,"abstract":"Madagascar is known for its high erosion rates in the central highlands, yet the role of human disturbance versus natural processes is not well understood and is a topic of ongoing debate. At present the necessary quantitative data to couple vegetation dynamics and sediment fluxes over time in Madagascar is scarce. This study aims to provide more insight in vegetation changes and sediment transfers over the last millennia in the Lake Alaotra region, and specifically on the role of human disturbances and natural processes. Our vegetation reconstruction is based on pollen records from two lake sediment cores, covering the last 2600 years. Sediment accumulation rates were calculated from cores obtained from the floodplains, from wetlands surrounding the lake, and from Lake Alaotra itself. Our data show an early opening in the landscape, between 2050 and 1700 cal a BP, with a transition from a wooded grassland or woodland/grassland mosaic towards open grassland and an increase in charcoal accumulation rates. (Indirect) human impact is suggested as the main driver for these vegetation changes. Floodplain and wetland sediment accumulation rates only increase in the last 1000 years and peak in the last 400 years. This increased accumulation can mainly be linked to the increased anthropogenic pressure (grazing and farming activities) that triggered increased lavaka (gullies) activity. No changes in accumulation rate were observed in Lake Alaotra, indicating that most sediments are buffered in the floodplains and wetlands. Overall, our pollen and charcoal data suggest an indirect effect of human disturbance on vegetation shifts whilst strong evidence was found for a direct effect of human disturbance on sediment accumulation through intensified use of the grasslands.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"459 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138352
Sineenart Preechamart, N. Pumijumnong, A. Bräuning, C. Muangsong, B. Cai, S. Buajan
We present a new teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) tree-ring stable oxygen isotope (δ18OTR) chronology from Mae Tuen (MT) site, Tak province, northwestern Thailand at inter-annual (167-year, A.D.1850–2016) and intra-annual (A.D.2006–2016) timescales. The inter-annual δ18OTR chronology showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.678, p < 0.01) with the May–October amount of regional rainfall obtained from CRU TS4.03. We established a linear regression model that explained 46.0% of the actual rainfall variance and reconstructed monsoon season rainfall back to A.D.1850. The seasonal variations in moisture conditions were reflected in inter-annual δ18OTR variability. The rainfall amount and δ18O in precipitation (δ18Op) mainly controlled intra-annual variations in teak δ18OTR. These results show that the variation in Thai teak δ18OTR is dominated by rainfall, highlighting the strength of δ18OTR as a monsoon rainfall proxy.
{"title":"Inter-annual and intra-annual tree-ring oxygen isotope signals in response to monsoon rainfall in northwestern Thailand","authors":"Sineenart Preechamart, N. Pumijumnong, A. Bräuning, C. Muangsong, B. Cai, S. Buajan","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138352","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) tree-ring stable oxygen isotope (δ18OTR) chronology from Mae Tuen (MT) site, Tak province, northwestern Thailand at inter-annual (167-year, A.D.1850–2016) and intra-annual (A.D.2006–2016) timescales. The inter-annual δ18OTR chronology showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.678, p < 0.01) with the May–October amount of regional rainfall obtained from CRU TS4.03. We established a linear regression model that explained 46.0% of the actual rainfall variance and reconstructed monsoon season rainfall back to A.D.1850. The seasonal variations in moisture conditions were reflected in inter-annual δ18OTR variability. The rainfall amount and δ18O in precipitation (δ18Op) mainly controlled intra-annual variations in teak δ18OTR. These results show that the variation in Thai teak δ18OTR is dominated by rainfall, highlighting the strength of δ18OTR as a monsoon rainfall proxy.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"335 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43310219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138345
H. Jenkins, J. Andrews, Y. Rowan, Alexander Wasse, T. White, G. Philip, A. Marca, J. Clarke
Reconstructing environments around archaeological sites is complicated by past land management practices and regional-scale climate proxies that can be contradictory and are often located at a distance from the sites themselves. Here we explore environmental information from fossil snail shells which, even when few in number on an archaeological site, may prove invaluable in constructing site-specific data. The palaeoecology of fossil snails and the stable isotopic composition of their shell carbonate can provide context-specific information on vegetation, water availability, and relative humidity during the occupation of a site. We studied terrestrial and aquatic snails from two later Neolithic archaeological sites in the Jordanian badia, Wadi al-Qattafi and Wisad Pools. At specific archaeological site-scale our study highlights the importance of aquatic snails in the reconstruction of semi-arid environments. At Wisad pools rare aquatic snails in contexts dating between ~8.0 and ~7.6 ka demonstrate episodes of wetness; moreover, their shell isotopic compositions indicate that local watercourses were well established, corroborating previous findings that during this period the immediate environs of Wisad Pools were host to C3 plant species more typical of the Mediterranean zone. Moreover, the δ18O signal in these snail shells allow tentative reconstruction of rainwater isotopic compositions and identify the effects of evaporation. Such fine-grained environmental information is much less evident from the terrestrial snail-shell data alone, showing that an ensemble of snail-shell data can be highly sensitive to environmental differentials across an archaeological site. Finally, at a regional palaeoclimate-scale our Wisad Pools snail-shell stable isotope data are consistent with a sustained, Rapid Climate Change (RCC)-driven wetness between 8.6 and 7.6 ka concurrent with cold and wet conditions in the wider Levant.
{"title":"Local-scale environmental gradients in ‘snail-shell’ stable isotopes from Holocene Jordanian archaeological sites","authors":"H. Jenkins, J. Andrews, Y. Rowan, Alexander Wasse, T. White, G. Philip, A. Marca, J. Clarke","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138345","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstructing environments around archaeological sites is complicated by past land management practices and regional-scale climate proxies that can be contradictory and are often located at a distance from the sites themselves. Here we explore environmental information from fossil snail shells which, even when few in number on an archaeological site, may prove invaluable in constructing site-specific data. The palaeoecology of fossil snails and the stable isotopic composition of their shell carbonate can provide context-specific information on vegetation, water availability, and relative humidity during the occupation of a site. We studied terrestrial and aquatic snails from two later Neolithic archaeological sites in the Jordanian badia, Wadi al-Qattafi and Wisad Pools. At specific archaeological site-scale our study highlights the importance of aquatic snails in the reconstruction of semi-arid environments. At Wisad pools rare aquatic snails in contexts dating between ~8.0 and ~7.6 ka demonstrate episodes of wetness; moreover, their shell isotopic compositions indicate that local watercourses were well established, corroborating previous findings that during this period the immediate environs of Wisad Pools were host to C3 plant species more typical of the Mediterranean zone. Moreover, the δ18O signal in these snail shells allow tentative reconstruction of rainwater isotopic compositions and identify the effects of evaporation. Such fine-grained environmental information is much less evident from the terrestrial snail-shell data alone, showing that an ensemble of snail-shell data can be highly sensitive to environmental differentials across an archaeological site. Finally, at a regional palaeoclimate-scale our Wisad Pools snail-shell stable isotope data are consistent with a sustained, Rapid Climate Change (RCC)-driven wetness between 8.6 and 7.6 ka concurrent with cold and wet conditions in the wider Levant.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"255 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44339869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-17DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138348
Eric Rodríguez-Delgado, M. Rodríguez-Miranda, I. Rivera-Collazo
Coasts are dynamic environments prone to the physical and social impacts of climate change. Examining the archaeological and environmental records of coastal areas can deepen our understanding of how humans respond to changing environmental conditions. In this article we consider how sea-level rise impacted coastal environments through time, and how these changes could pose opportunities or challenges to local indigenous populations. We present new findings of coastal zone transformations and past settlement patterns for Borikén, the largest island of the Puerto Rican archipelago, during the Holocene. We use paleogeographic modeling to reconstruct ecosystem availability for six discernible coastlines at 1000-year resolutions that accounts for past relative sea-level (RSL) heights and paleotidal ranges. We then compared ecosystem availability trends with the spatiotemporal distributions of available archaeological data to demonstrate the localized impacts of climate-related RSL rise across the island’s coastal ecosystems and suggest a consideration of habitat availability in past decision-making strategies. We observe a strong presence of Archaic Period sites in the island’s southwest coast where high coastal ecosystem availability and stability were present during this period. We also observe a significant expansion of intertidal ecosystems beginning at 3 kya for the north-central, north-eastern, south-central, and south-eastern coastlines that correspond to the appearance of materials associated with Early and Late Ceramic Periods cultures in these areas. This comparison of differential coastal transformations and site distributions conveys a deeper understanding of factors involved in past decision-making strategies and contributes to the emerging picture of human adaptations amidst changing environmental conditions.
{"title":"Modeling Holocene coastal ecosystem availability and site distribution patterns for Borikén, Puerto Rico","authors":"Eric Rodríguez-Delgado, M. Rodríguez-Miranda, I. Rivera-Collazo","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138348","url":null,"abstract":"Coasts are dynamic environments prone to the physical and social impacts of climate change. Examining the archaeological and environmental records of coastal areas can deepen our understanding of how humans respond to changing environmental conditions. In this article we consider how sea-level rise impacted coastal environments through time, and how these changes could pose opportunities or challenges to local indigenous populations. We present new findings of coastal zone transformations and past settlement patterns for Borikén, the largest island of the Puerto Rican archipelago, during the Holocene. We use paleogeographic modeling to reconstruct ecosystem availability for six discernible coastlines at 1000-year resolutions that accounts for past relative sea-level (RSL) heights and paleotidal ranges. We then compared ecosystem availability trends with the spatiotemporal distributions of available archaeological data to demonstrate the localized impacts of climate-related RSL rise across the island’s coastal ecosystems and suggest a consideration of habitat availability in past decision-making strategies. We observe a strong presence of Archaic Period sites in the island’s southwest coast where high coastal ecosystem availability and stability were present during this period. We also observe a significant expansion of intertidal ecosystems beginning at 3 kya for the north-central, north-eastern, south-central, and south-eastern coastlines that correspond to the appearance of materials associated with Early and Late Ceramic Periods cultures in these areas. This comparison of differential coastal transformations and site distributions conveys a deeper understanding of factors involved in past decision-making strategies and contributes to the emerging picture of human adaptations amidst changing environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"321 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45711933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1177/09596836221110312
{"title":"Holocene book review: Meltdown: The Earth Without Glaciers","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/09596836221110312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221110312","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"126 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42399240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138330
G. Papadopoulos, I. Triantafyllou, Andromachi Vassilopoulou
In AD 552 the area around the Gulf of Corinth, Central Greece, was reportedly hit by large destructive earthquakes. At the same time a tsunami supposedly hit Maliac Bay. The case calls for a realistic interpretation since earthquake scenarios failed to explain rationally the narration of the contemporary Byzantine historian Procopius, the only literary source. Scholars have some doubts about Procopius’ reliability since he frequently copied classical authors. We found impressive similarities between the texts of Procopius and those by classic authors regarding the 426 BC central Greece tsunamigenic earthquake. Very likely the AD 552 Maliac Bay tsunami is a fake event in mimic of the 426 BC one. Sixth-century seismic disasters in southern Greece, reported away from the Gulf of Corinth have been attributed as a deus ex machina to the AD 552 earthquake(s) due to the lack of supporting literary sources. After critical examination of the Procopius’ narration and of relevant geological, seismotectonic, and archeological evidence, we concluded with a scenario comprising two strong (magnitude ~6.5) earthquakes but without tsunami generation. The first earthquake perhaps happened in Boeotia, NE Corinth Gulf, as palaeoseismological evidence also indicates. The second earthquake, in Patras-Naupactus area, western Corinth Gulf, is supported by convincing archeological findings. However, seismic destruction horizons in southern Greece are interpreted by distinct sixth-century earthquakes independent from the Procopius’ ones.
{"title":"The mid-6th century AD enigmatic mega earthquake and tsunami in central Greece: a seismotectonic, archeological, and historical reexamination","authors":"G. Papadopoulos, I. Triantafyllou, Andromachi Vassilopoulou","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138330","url":null,"abstract":"In AD 552 the area around the Gulf of Corinth, Central Greece, was reportedly hit by large destructive earthquakes. At the same time a tsunami supposedly hit Maliac Bay. The case calls for a realistic interpretation since earthquake scenarios failed to explain rationally the narration of the contemporary Byzantine historian Procopius, the only literary source. Scholars have some doubts about Procopius’ reliability since he frequently copied classical authors. We found impressive similarities between the texts of Procopius and those by classic authors regarding the 426 BC central Greece tsunamigenic earthquake. Very likely the AD 552 Maliac Bay tsunami is a fake event in mimic of the 426 BC one. Sixth-century seismic disasters in southern Greece, reported away from the Gulf of Corinth have been attributed as a deus ex machina to the AD 552 earthquake(s) due to the lack of supporting literary sources. After critical examination of the Procopius’ narration and of relevant geological, seismotectonic, and archeological evidence, we concluded with a scenario comprising two strong (magnitude ~6.5) earthquakes but without tsunami generation. The first earthquake perhaps happened in Boeotia, NE Corinth Gulf, as palaeoseismological evidence also indicates. The second earthquake, in Patras-Naupactus area, western Corinth Gulf, is supported by convincing archeological findings. However, seismic destruction horizons in southern Greece are interpreted by distinct sixth-century earthquakes independent from the Procopius’ ones.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"267 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45061263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138328
Matthew R Helmer, E. Chamberlain, J. Mehta
Archeological investigations of the Mississippi Delta (U.S.) are reaching the century mark and provide information relevant to Holocene settlement patterns and present-day issues of human adaptation to coastal change. This review synthesizes the history of archeological research over the last ~100 years in the Mississippi Delta, an area that is deteriorating at a historically unprecedented rate. Early 20th century investigations provided sketches of pre-contact Indigenous culture, and extensive yet destructive Great Depression-era federal projects created the foundations of Mississippi Delta archeology. We highlight the abundant and underutilized data generated by regulatory cultural resource surveys over the past 50 years and, most recently, salvage efforts for a vanishing coast. From this centennial perspective, we advise on future research directions and demonstrate how coupling archeology with emergent theory on human-natural systems, including ecosystem services, benefits land-management practices here and in other landscapes undergoing rapid 21st century environmental change.
{"title":"A centennial perspective on archeological research trends and contemporary needs for a vanishing Mississippi Delta","authors":"Matthew R Helmer, E. Chamberlain, J. Mehta","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138328","url":null,"abstract":"Archeological investigations of the Mississippi Delta (U.S.) are reaching the century mark and provide information relevant to Holocene settlement patterns and present-day issues of human adaptation to coastal change. This review synthesizes the history of archeological research over the last ~100 years in the Mississippi Delta, an area that is deteriorating at a historically unprecedented rate. Early 20th century investigations provided sketches of pre-contact Indigenous culture, and extensive yet destructive Great Depression-era federal projects created the foundations of Mississippi Delta archeology. We highlight the abundant and underutilized data generated by regulatory cultural resource surveys over the past 50 years and, most recently, salvage efforts for a vanishing coast. From this centennial perspective, we advise on future research directions and demonstrate how coupling archeology with emergent theory on human-natural systems, including ecosystem services, benefits land-management practices here and in other landscapes undergoing rapid 21st century environmental change.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"355 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43078445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138347
Sara García-Morato, D. Marin-Monfort, Sandra Bañuls-Cardona, G. Cuenca‐Bescós, J. Vergès, Y. Fernández-Jalvo
The regional climatic context in which Chalcolithic (MIR5) and Bronze Age (MIR4) levels from El Mirador cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) are framed is affected by the 4.2 ka cal. BP event, a global event defined as a cooling and aridification phase. Previous works based on palaeoenvironmental inferences indicate conflicting results regarding the possible impact of the event on vegetation and small mammals from MIR5. Pollen record illustrates a possible aridification episode that could match with the 4.2 ka cal. BP event, while the signal of this event is not clearly recorded in the small mammal assemblage, which indicates more humid environmental conditions than pollen record. Taphonomic analyses confirmed that the small mammal assemblages from MIR4 and MIR5 are the result of predation, supporting the involvement of European eagle owls (Bubo bubo) in its formation. This avian raptor shows a marked preference for hunting animals living in the more open and wetter parts of their hunting range. Likewise, spontaneous specialisation on abundant prey species could also be observed under certain environmental conditions. This characteristic behaviour of eagle owls may have provided the contradictory results observed between the small mammal assemblage and palynological evidence. Nonetheless, taphonomic analyses also provided information about climatic conditions and fluctuations along time. The low incidence of manganese coatings and carbonate crusts deposits in small mammal bone remains from MIR5 support the presence of arid conditions during the formation of this level, which agreed with the aridification phase probably related to the 4.2 ka Bond Event inferred by palynological data from MIR5. These results provided a more robust conclusion about the paleoenvironmental contexts during the formation of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age levels at El Mirador cave.
El Mirador洞穴(Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)的铜石器时代(MIR5)和青铜时代(MIR4)水平所处的区域气候背景受到4.2 ka cal. BP事件的影响，这是一个被定义为冷却和干燥阶段的全球事件。先前基于古环境推断的工作表明，关于MIR5事件对植被和小型哺乳动物的可能影响，结果相互矛盾。花粉记录显示了一个可能的干旱化事件，与4.2 ka cal. BP事件相匹配，但该事件的信号在小型哺乳动物组合中没有明确记录，这表明环境条件比花粉记录更为湿润。腔系学分析证实，来自MIR4和MIR5的小型哺乳动物组合是捕食的结果，支持欧洲鹰鸮(Bubo Bubo)参与其形成。这种鸟类猛禽对生活在其狩猎范围内更开阔、更潮湿的地方的动物表现出明显的偏好。同样，在某些环境条件下，也可以观察到对丰富的猎物物种的自发专门化。这种鹰鸮特有的行为可能提供了小型哺乳动物组合与孢粉学证据之间相互矛盾的结果。尽管如此，地语学分析也提供了有关气候条件和随时间波动的信息。MIR5的小哺乳动物骨骼残骸中锰层和碳酸盐结壳沉积的发生率较低，支持该水平形成时存在干旱条件，这与MIR5孢粉学数据推断的可能与4.2 ka键事件相关的干旱化阶段相一致。这些结果对El Mirador洞穴形成铜石器和青铜时代水平的古环境背景提供了更有力的结论。
{"title":"Solving a ‘puzzle’. The global 4.2 ka Bond Event at El Mirador cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) and the importance of small mammal taphonomy to the interpretation of past environments and their climatic controls","authors":"Sara García-Morato, D. Marin-Monfort, Sandra Bañuls-Cardona, G. Cuenca‐Bescós, J. Vergès, Y. Fernández-Jalvo","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138347","url":null,"abstract":"The regional climatic context in which Chalcolithic (MIR5) and Bronze Age (MIR4) levels from El Mirador cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) are framed is affected by the 4.2 ka cal. BP event, a global event defined as a cooling and aridification phase. Previous works based on palaeoenvironmental inferences indicate conflicting results regarding the possible impact of the event on vegetation and small mammals from MIR5. Pollen record illustrates a possible aridification episode that could match with the 4.2 ka cal. BP event, while the signal of this event is not clearly recorded in the small mammal assemblage, which indicates more humid environmental conditions than pollen record. Taphonomic analyses confirmed that the small mammal assemblages from MIR4 and MIR5 are the result of predation, supporting the involvement of European eagle owls (Bubo bubo) in its formation. This avian raptor shows a marked preference for hunting animals living in the more open and wetter parts of their hunting range. Likewise, spontaneous specialisation on abundant prey species could also be observed under certain environmental conditions. This characteristic behaviour of eagle owls may have provided the contradictory results observed between the small mammal assemblage and palynological evidence. Nonetheless, taphonomic analyses also provided information about climatic conditions and fluctuations along time. The low incidence of manganese coatings and carbonate crusts deposits in small mammal bone remains from MIR5 support the presence of arid conditions during the formation of this level, which agreed with the aridification phase probably related to the 4.2 ka Bond Event inferred by palynological data from MIR5. These results provided a more robust conclusion about the paleoenvironmental contexts during the formation of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age levels at El Mirador cave.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"296 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48816679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138336
Keliang Zhao, Huiping Wei, Zhanhu Zhao, Yaping Zhang, Wenqing Liu, Jian Wang, Guanhan Chen, Hui Shen, Hua Du, Peng Cheng, Shan Chen, Peter Jia, Xinying Zhou, Xiaoqiang Li
The mechanisms of the origin and dispersal of millet agriculture in northern China are poorly understood. We used plant macroremains, stable isotope compositions of human bone collagen, and pollen records from the Sitai site to reconstruct changes in subsistence strategies and their relationship with the ecological environment from the early to middle Holocene on the Inner Mongolian Plateau in northern China. Charred weed-like seeds, the bones of small mammals, eggshell fragments, together with microliths, indicate the practice of hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies during 10,500–10,200 cal yr BP. Deciduous broadleaved forest-steppe vegetation was present around the Sitai site during the early middle Holocene (8000–7000 cal yr BP). Additionally, isotopic compositions of human bones and plant remains reveal that millet agriculture and hunting-gathering appeared in the early middle Holocene. The spread of millet agriculture on the Inner Mongolian Plateau was likely favored by an increase in precipitation between 8000 and 7000 cal yr BP. The development of millet agriculture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Loess Plateau was the prelude to its subsequent spread to the Tibet Plateau.
中国北方谷子农业的起源和传播机制尚不清楚。利用四泰遗址的植物大遗骸、人类骨胶原稳定同位素组成和花粉记录，重建了全新世早期至中期内蒙古高原生物生存策略的变化及其与生态环境的关系。烧焦的杂草状种子、小型哺乳动物的骨头、蛋壳碎片以及微石器表明，在公元前10,500-10,200 cal年期间，狩猎采集者的生存策略。全新世中期(8000 ~ 7000 calyr BP)，四台遗址周围出现了落叶阔叶森林草原植被。此外，人类骨骼和植物遗骸的同位素组成表明，全新世中期早期出现了谷子农业和狩猎采集。小米农业在内蒙古高原的传播可能得益于8000 - 7000 cal - yr BP之间降水的增加。谷子农业在内蒙古高原和黄土高原的发展是其随后向西藏高原传播的前奏。
{"title":"Synchronous change in the intensified millet cultivation and ecological environment from the early to middle Holocene on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, northern China","authors":"Keliang Zhao, Huiping Wei, Zhanhu Zhao, Yaping Zhang, Wenqing Liu, Jian Wang, Guanhan Chen, Hui Shen, Hua Du, Peng Cheng, Shan Chen, Peter Jia, Xinying Zhou, Xiaoqiang Li","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138336","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanisms of the origin and dispersal of millet agriculture in northern China are poorly understood. We used plant macroremains, stable isotope compositions of human bone collagen, and pollen records from the Sitai site to reconstruct changes in subsistence strategies and their relationship with the ecological environment from the early to middle Holocene on the Inner Mongolian Plateau in northern China. Charred weed-like seeds, the bones of small mammals, eggshell fragments, together with microliths, indicate the practice of hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies during 10,500–10,200 cal yr BP. Deciduous broadleaved forest-steppe vegetation was present around the Sitai site during the early middle Holocene (8000–7000 cal yr BP). Additionally, isotopic compositions of human bones and plant remains reveal that millet agriculture and hunting-gathering appeared in the early middle Holocene. The spread of millet agriculture on the Inner Mongolian Plateau was likely favored by an increase in precipitation between 8000 and 7000 cal yr BP. The development of millet agriculture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Loess Plateau was the prelude to its subsequent spread to the Tibet Plateau.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"347 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42792842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/09596836221138329
Fahao Wang, Yu Ye, Chengpeng Zhang, X. Fang
Reconstruction of historical cropland cover is not only essential for studying agricultural development in historical periods, but also provides the basic data for long-term global and climatic change simulations. However, reconstructing the amount and spatial distribution of cropland prior to the past millennium remains challenging because of incomplete data and the suitability of the allocation method. Based on the household census and cropland demand per household data, which was calculated from grain consumption per household and crop yield per unit area, this study estimated the prefecture-level cropland area in northern China in AD 609 during the Sui dynasty. Then, a cropland allocation model based on natural land suitability for cultivation was used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of cropland in 5′ × 5′ grid cells. The results were as follows: (1) the cropland area in northern China in AD 609 was 1.77 × 105 km2, with an average cropland area fraction of 10.04%. (2) The cropland was continuously distributed in the North China Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Fenhe Valley and central Shangdang and Changping on the Loess Plateau, resulting in a high cropland agglomeration area appearing in those regions. While it is scattered in the northern Loess Plateau and the Hexi Corridor. (3) Compared with our reconstruction, the HYDE dataset underestimated the cropland area in plains except for riverine areas and overestimated the cropland area in the hills and mountainous areas along the border. (4) This discrepancy was primarily derived from population differences and the divergent cropland allocation methods between the two datasets.
{"title":"Reconstruction of cropland cover using historical literature in Northern China, Sui Dynasty, AD 609","authors":"Fahao Wang, Yu Ye, Chengpeng Zhang, X. Fang","doi":"10.1177/09596836221138329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221138329","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstruction of historical cropland cover is not only essential for studying agricultural development in historical periods, but also provides the basic data for long-term global and climatic change simulations. However, reconstructing the amount and spatial distribution of cropland prior to the past millennium remains challenging because of incomplete data and the suitability of the allocation method. Based on the household census and cropland demand per household data, which was calculated from grain consumption per household and crop yield per unit area, this study estimated the prefecture-level cropland area in northern China in AD 609 during the Sui dynasty. Then, a cropland allocation model based on natural land suitability for cultivation was used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of cropland in 5′ × 5′ grid cells. The results were as follows: (1) the cropland area in northern China in AD 609 was 1.77 × 105 km2, with an average cropland area fraction of 10.04%. (2) The cropland was continuously distributed in the North China Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Fenhe Valley and central Shangdang and Changping on the Loess Plateau, resulting in a high cropland agglomeration area appearing in those regions. While it is scattered in the northern Loess Plateau and the Hexi Corridor. (3) Compared with our reconstruction, the HYDE dataset underestimated the cropland area in plains except for riverine areas and overestimated the cropland area in the hills and mountainous areas along the border. (4) This discrepancy was primarily derived from population differences and the divergent cropland allocation methods between the two datasets.","PeriodicalId":50402,"journal":{"name":"Holocene","volume":"33 1","pages":"310 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44728419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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