Pub Date : 2023-06-05DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10012
Carly H Batist, Michael Bliss, David R Weisenbeck, Rija Rafamantanantsoa, Georges Razafindrakoto, Jerison W Ranaivosolo, Velo Jean Baptiste, Patricia C Wright, Mariah E Donohue
Madagascar's high rates of endemism, paired with its escalating deforestation rates, has made it one of the most important conservation priorities on the planet. In southeastern Madagascar, the Corridor Forestier d'Ambositra Vondrozo (COFAV) is an unprotected rainforest corridor that sustains ∼15 species of lemurs, most of which are endangered. The COFAV connects many protected areas and is therefore essential for gene flow, dispersal, and the long-term sustainability of animal populations in the area. The corridor has not been surveyed extensively since the 1990s, and even so, only a fraction of the sites have been sampled multiple times. The goal of our study was to survey the COFAV, from Ranomafana National Park to the Mananara River, to provide updated species occurrences and ranges. Combining data across multiple teams using different inventorying methods, we surveyed a total area of 227 km2 throughout an eight-month period. We recorded every lemur occurrence (sighting or vocalization) and noted the species, date, time, group size, and GPS coordinates. We found 11 lemur species and one putative hybrid species. The geographic ranges for three species (Hapalemur aureus, H. griseus, Propithecus edwardsi) were larger than previously thought. The range of Varecia variegata should be shortened and adjusted accordingly, as the species appears transient (at best) in the northern parts of Ranomafana National Park and was not found south of the Ambohimahamasina/Ikongo region. This study provides updated geographic ranges for lemur species in the COFAV, important information for future censuses, species assessments, and conservation measures for future implementation.
{"title":"Updated lemur species ranges in Madagascar's Corridor Forestier d'Ambositra Vondrozo (COFAV).","authors":"Carly H Batist, Michael Bliss, David R Weisenbeck, Rija Rafamantanantsoa, Georges Razafindrakoto, Jerison W Ranaivosolo, Velo Jean Baptiste, Patricia C Wright, Mariah E Donohue","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10012","DOIUrl":"10.1163/14219980-bja10012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Madagascar's high rates of endemism, paired with its escalating deforestation rates, has made it one of the most important conservation priorities on the planet. In southeastern Madagascar, the Corridor Forestier d'Ambositra Vondrozo (COFAV) is an unprotected rainforest corridor that sustains ∼15 species of lemurs, most of which are endangered. The COFAV connects many protected areas and is therefore essential for gene flow, dispersal, and the long-term sustainability of animal populations in the area. The corridor has not been surveyed extensively since the 1990s, and even so, only a fraction of the sites have been sampled multiple times. The goal of our study was to survey the COFAV, from Ranomafana National Park to the Mananara River, to provide updated species occurrences and ranges. Combining data across multiple teams using different inventorying methods, we surveyed a total area of 227 km2 throughout an eight-month period. We recorded every lemur occurrence (sighting or vocalization) and noted the species, date, time, group size, and GPS coordinates. We found 11 lemur species and one putative hybrid species. The geographic ranges for three species (Hapalemur aureus, H. griseus, Propithecus edwardsi) were larger than previously thought. The range of Varecia variegata should be shortened and adjusted accordingly, as the species appears transient (at best) in the northern parts of Ranomafana National Park and was not found south of the Ambohimahamasina/Ikongo region. This study provides updated geographic ranges for lemur species in the COFAV, important information for future censuses, species assessments, and conservation measures for future implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44070484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10010
Toni Romani, Sandra Tranquilli, Peter Roessingh, Steph B J Menken, Roger Mundry, Marek Konarzewski, Thurston C Hicks
In order to achieve a better understanding of the factors that might have led our hominin ancestors to transition to a more terrestrial niche, including sleeping on the ground, we have conducted a study on the ground nesting behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Chimpanzees, like all other species of great apes, build nests in which to sleep each night, but little is known about regional differences in their nesting habits. Previously, nesting on the ground was considered typical of gorillas, but rare in most populations of chimpanzees. Using data acquired during our extensive chimpanzee nesting survey conducted between 2004 and 2013 across a > 50 000 km2 region in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, we report a distinctive ground nesting behaviour of eastern chimpanzees (P. t. schweinfurthii). We have mapped the geographical distribution of ground nesting and compared its frequency at 20 survey areas on both sides of a large river, the Uele. We found that ground nests made up more than 1% of total nests at 15 of the 20 survey regions. For a subset of 16 of these regions, we utilized statistical models to investigate whether forest type and structure, as well as the abundance of carnivores and large herbivores, and the activities of humans impacted the frequency of ground nesting and nest height. We predicted that higher encounter rates of human and dangerous animal signs would be associated with lower rates of ground nesting as well as increased nest height. Overall, 10.4% of the Bili-Uéré chimpanzee nests were terrestrial, but the frequency of ground nesting varied extensively between the survey areas (0-29% of nests). The occurrence of ground nests was positively associated with denser forests (p = 0.004), herb patches (p < 0.001), and light gaps (p < 0.001). Light gaps (p < 0.001), herb patches (p = 0.044), and vine tangles (p = 0.016) also had a strong negative effect on nest height. Hunting by humans had a negative effect on the probability of the occurrence of ground nests (p = 0.001) and a positive one on nest height (p = 0.013), with a similar but likely marginal effect of large herbivores on nest height (p = 0.023). In addition, the chimpanzees nested at significantly lower heights with increasing distance from roads and settlements (p < 0.001). Carnivore encounter rates, however, had no significant impact on ground nest frequency or nest height. Our results indicate that ground nesting can no longer be considered a rare and patchily-occurring phenomenon in Pan troglodytes, but is instead a major component of the chimpanzee behavioural repertoire across a considerable fraction of the range of the Eastern subspecies. Our study highlights that neither the large body size of gorillas nor the taming of fire are necessary conditions for hominids to sleep overnight on the ground, even in areas inhabited by multiple species of large carnivore. Human hunting, however, appears to reduce the probability of ground nesting, or eli
{"title":"Factors affecting nest height and ground nesting behaviour in Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo.","authors":"Toni Romani, Sandra Tranquilli, Peter Roessingh, Steph B J Menken, Roger Mundry, Marek Konarzewski, Thurston C Hicks","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10010","DOIUrl":"10.1163/14219980-bja10010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to achieve a better understanding of the factors that might have led our hominin ancestors to transition to a more terrestrial niche, including sleeping on the ground, we have conducted a study on the ground nesting behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Chimpanzees, like all other species of great apes, build nests in which to sleep each night, but little is known about regional differences in their nesting habits. Previously, nesting on the ground was considered typical of gorillas, but rare in most populations of chimpanzees. Using data acquired during our extensive chimpanzee nesting survey conducted between 2004 and 2013 across a > 50 000 km2 region in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, we report a distinctive ground nesting behaviour of eastern chimpanzees (P. t. schweinfurthii). We have mapped the geographical distribution of ground nesting and compared its frequency at 20 survey areas on both sides of a large river, the Uele. We found that ground nests made up more than 1% of total nests at 15 of the 20 survey regions. For a subset of 16 of these regions, we utilized statistical models to investigate whether forest type and structure, as well as the abundance of carnivores and large herbivores, and the activities of humans impacted the frequency of ground nesting and nest height. We predicted that higher encounter rates of human and dangerous animal signs would be associated with lower rates of ground nesting as well as increased nest height. Overall, 10.4% of the Bili-Uéré chimpanzee nests were terrestrial, but the frequency of ground nesting varied extensively between the survey areas (0-29% of nests). The occurrence of ground nests was positively associated with denser forests (p = 0.004), herb patches (p < 0.001), and light gaps (p < 0.001). Light gaps (p < 0.001), herb patches (p = 0.044), and vine tangles (p = 0.016) also had a strong negative effect on nest height. Hunting by humans had a negative effect on the probability of the occurrence of ground nests (p = 0.001) and a positive one on nest height (p = 0.013), with a similar but likely marginal effect of large herbivores on nest height (p = 0.023). In addition, the chimpanzees nested at significantly lower heights with increasing distance from roads and settlements (p < 0.001). Carnivore encounter rates, however, had no significant impact on ground nest frequency or nest height. Our results indicate that ground nesting can no longer be considered a rare and patchily-occurring phenomenon in Pan troglodytes, but is instead a major component of the chimpanzee behavioural repertoire across a considerable fraction of the range of the Eastern subspecies. Our study highlights that neither the large body size of gorillas nor the taming of fire are necessary conditions for hominids to sleep overnight on the ground, even in areas inhabited by multiple species of large carnivore. Human hunting, however, appears to reduce the probability of ground nesting, or eli","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44718852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10009
Ephraim A. França, Felipe dos Santos Machado Pereira, Mariana Pauletti Lorenzo, J. Lynch, M. Orsi, A. P. Vidotto-Magnoni
In primates, same-sex and immature sexual behaviour is widespread and can include mounting and genital presentation. These patterns can be observed in multiple social contexts and across all ages, and can serve functions such as appeasement, reconciliation, practice and dominance assertion. In this study, we investigated same-sex and immature sexual behaviour in a group of robust capuchins (Sapajus nigritus) living in an Atlantic forest fragment and urban areas. We predicted that in order to practice sex, sexual behaviour in same-sex dyads and/or dyads that included immatures would resemble the adult heterosexual repertoire for solicitation through courtship displays, mounts and post-copulatory display. We also predicted that immature individuals would engage more frequently than adults in sexual interactions, in order to practice sex. We conducted all-occurrence observations of sexual behaviour in the study group (28 individuals: four adult males, one sub-adult male, eight adult females, eight juveniles and seven infants) from September 2016 to August 2017. Sexual interactions that included at least one immature individual in the dyad and/or occurred between individuals of the same sex were infrequent (N = 52, 0.13 interactions/hour), but much more frequent than heterosexual sexual interactions between adults in the group (N = 4, 0.01 interactions/hour). The same-sex and immature sexual repertoire resembled the described heterosexual patterns for the same species from the literature. Individuals displayed solicitation behaviours in “one-way courtship”, usually followed by a two-way courtship and then mounts, but post-copulatory behaviour was never observed. Except for the alpha male, all age-sex classes engaged in sexual interactions in same-sex dyads or in dyads that included immature individuals. We found no difference in frequency of participation across age classes, however, male-male dyads engaged more frequently in sexual interactions and may be practicing sex and courtship behaviours. Mounts are unlikely to be a form of dominance assertion as the alpha male did not participate, subordinate adult males did not engage in mounts with other subordinate adult males, juveniles mounted adult males and vice versa, and there were mount switches (taking turns as mounter and mountee) regardless of the initial mounter’s age. Contrary to the post-conflict context observed in Cebus, most mounts in this study were preceded by play. Combining our study with additional evidence for the genus, same-sex mounts and mounts that include immatures seem to occur most commonly in affiliative contexts within Sapajus. Sexual behaviour functions in Sapajus require additional investigation, especially among adult males and juveniles of both sexes.
{"title":"Same-sex and immature sexual behaviour repertoire in a wild group of robust capuchin monkeys","authors":"Ephraim A. França, Felipe dos Santos Machado Pereira, Mariana Pauletti Lorenzo, J. Lynch, M. Orsi, A. P. Vidotto-Magnoni","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In primates, same-sex and immature sexual behaviour is widespread and can include mounting and genital presentation. These patterns can be observed in multiple social contexts and across all ages, and can serve functions such as appeasement, reconciliation, practice and dominance assertion. In this study, we investigated same-sex and immature sexual behaviour in a group of robust capuchins (Sapajus nigritus) living in an Atlantic forest fragment and urban areas. We predicted that in order to practice sex, sexual behaviour in same-sex dyads and/or dyads that included immatures would resemble the adult heterosexual repertoire for solicitation through courtship displays, mounts and post-copulatory display. We also predicted that immature individuals would engage more frequently than adults in sexual interactions, in order to practice sex. We conducted all-occurrence observations of sexual behaviour in the study group (28 individuals: four adult males, one sub-adult male, eight adult females, eight juveniles and seven infants) from September 2016 to August 2017. Sexual interactions that included at least one immature individual in the dyad and/or occurred between individuals of the same sex were infrequent (N = 52, 0.13 interactions/hour), but much more frequent than heterosexual sexual interactions between adults in the group (N = 4, 0.01 interactions/hour). The same-sex and immature sexual repertoire resembled the described heterosexual patterns for the same species from the literature. Individuals displayed solicitation behaviours in “one-way courtship”, usually followed by a two-way courtship and then mounts, but post-copulatory behaviour was never observed. Except for the alpha male, all age-sex classes engaged in sexual interactions in same-sex dyads or in dyads that included immature individuals. We found no difference in frequency of participation across age classes, however, male-male dyads engaged more frequently in sexual interactions and may be practicing sex and courtship behaviours. Mounts are unlikely to be a form of dominance assertion as the alpha male did not participate, subordinate adult males did not engage in mounts with other subordinate adult males, juveniles mounted adult males and vice versa, and there were mount switches (taking turns as mounter and mountee) regardless of the initial mounter’s age. Contrary to the post-conflict context observed in Cebus, most mounts in this study were preceded by play. Combining our study with additional evidence for the genus, same-sex mounts and mounts that include immatures seem to occur most commonly in affiliative contexts within Sapajus. Sexual behaviour functions in Sapajus require additional investigation, especially among adult males and juveniles of both sexes.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43898797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-14DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10007
Santi Julianti, K. Widayati, Yamato Tsuji
Dietary composition and activity budgets of primate are affected by habitat characteristics. We described variations in activity budgets and dietary habits of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in various habitats, including anthropogenic habitats, through a web-based survey, and tried to find determinants of the regional variation in the behavioral aspects of macaques. The activity budgets of the macaques were stable across sites regardless of geographic, climatic, and anthropogenic characteristics, but dietary composition varied among habitats; the percentage of fruits and seeds was significantly lower at higher latitudes. The plasticity of frugivory in response to regional variations in the food environment was similar to that of macaques inhabiting temperate regions. In habitats with strong human activity, the percentage of anthropogenic foods in the macaque diet was remarkably higher, and fruits and seeds was lower than that in natural habitats. Our results suggested that macaques showed high dietary adaptability to different habitats.
{"title":"Regional variation in the behavioral aspects of long-tailed macaques and its ecological determinants","authors":"Santi Julianti, K. Widayati, Yamato Tsuji","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Dietary composition and activity budgets of primate are affected by habitat characteristics. We described variations in activity budgets and dietary habits of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in various habitats, including anthropogenic habitats, through a web-based survey, and tried to find determinants of the regional variation in the behavioral aspects of macaques. The activity budgets of the macaques were stable across sites regardless of geographic, climatic, and anthropogenic characteristics, but dietary composition varied among habitats; the percentage of fruits and seeds was significantly lower at higher latitudes. The plasticity of frugivory in response to regional variations in the food environment was similar to that of macaques inhabiting temperate regions. In habitats with strong human activity, the percentage of anthropogenic foods in the macaque diet was remarkably higher, and fruits and seeds was lower than that in natural habitats. Our results suggested that macaques showed high dietary adaptability to different habitats.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46309840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-13DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10008
Lison Martinet, C. Sueur, T. Matsuzawa, S. Hirata, N. Morimura, M. Pele
Observations of drawing behaviour in chimpanzees have often focused on the completed drawings. Here, we compared drawing behaviour using fingers or tools on a touch-sensitive monitor between five chimpanzees from the Kumamoto Sanctuary (KS) and two from the Primate Research Institute (PRI), both located at Kyoto University, Japan. Regarding drawing duration, both PRI females drew relatively longer than the other, with the exception of one KS female. However, a long drawing duration did not correspond with a decrease in the number of pauses, which can be interpreted as a lack of concentration or interest. Therefore, to better understand the engagement of individuals, we recorded the time spent looking at the touchscreen. Pan, one of the two PRI females, had the longest drawing periods and spent the most time looking at the screen. We compared her with Ai, the other PRI female, to better understand their individual marking techniques and behaviours. By adapting to each one’s specific behaviour and previous experience with tool-assisted drawing on paper, we offered the females appropriate tools for making marks on the touchscreen. Our results indicate that electronic devices are not limiting in the expression of drawing behaviour. The females did not have the same drawing technique and also showed different types of engagement as motivation, which could not have been detected by only studying the completed drawings. By focusing more on the process rather than on the drawings themselves, we try to show inter-individual differences in drawing behaviour of chimpanzees and the relevance to adapt to it as experimenters.
{"title":"Tool assisted task on touchscreen: a case study on drawing behaviour in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","authors":"Lison Martinet, C. Sueur, T. Matsuzawa, S. Hirata, N. Morimura, M. Pele","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Observations of drawing behaviour in chimpanzees have often focused on the completed drawings. Here, we compared drawing behaviour using fingers or tools on a touch-sensitive monitor between five chimpanzees from the Kumamoto Sanctuary (KS) and two from the Primate Research Institute (PRI), both located at Kyoto University, Japan. Regarding drawing duration, both PRI females drew relatively longer than the other, with the exception of one KS female. However, a long drawing duration did not correspond with a decrease in the number of pauses, which can be interpreted as a lack of concentration or interest. Therefore, to better understand the engagement of individuals, we recorded the time spent looking at the touchscreen. Pan, one of the two PRI females, had the longest drawing periods and spent the most time looking at the screen. We compared her with Ai, the other PRI female, to better understand their individual marking techniques and behaviours. By adapting to each one’s specific behaviour and previous experience with tool-assisted drawing on paper, we offered the females appropriate tools for making marks on the touchscreen. Our results indicate that electronic devices are not limiting in the expression of drawing behaviour. The females did not have the same drawing technique and also showed different types of engagement as motivation, which could not have been detected by only studying the completed drawings. By focusing more on the process rather than on the drawings themselves, we try to show inter-individual differences in drawing behaviour of chimpanzees and the relevance to adapt to it as experimenters.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44921077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10005
A. De Marco, Andrea Sanna, R. Cozzolino, B. Thierry
Reintroduction of separated individuals into their social group is a major problem in the management of captive group of non-human primates. Here we report a case in captive Tonkean macaques in which a female infant was abandoned by her mother after birth, then removed, hand-reared, and reintroduced after weaning to her original group in several stages. After the initial phase of separation, a period of habituation to group members followed during which the infant was brought to the front of the group enclosure daily for two months. We then started a phased reintroduction process that lasted a year. Because the biological mother was the group member most attracted to the infant, the process began by allowing the two individuals to interact. In the next stages, we introduced the infant to the other individuals one after the other, starting with the females. Females then acted as protectors against potential male aggression. At the age of one year and two months, the introduced individual had fully integrated her original group. Two years later, she appeared to behave like the other group members. This report shows that a phased process can be used to reintroduce an infant to a macaque group containing several adult females and males.
{"title":"A phased process to reintroduce a hand-reared infant Tonkean macaque to her natal group","authors":"A. De Marco, Andrea Sanna, R. Cozzolino, B. Thierry","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Reintroduction of separated individuals into their social group is a major problem in the management of captive group of non-human primates. Here we report a case in captive Tonkean macaques in which a female infant was abandoned by her mother after birth, then removed, hand-reared, and reintroduced after weaning to her original group in several stages. After the initial phase of separation, a period of habituation to group members followed during which the infant was brought to the front of the group enclosure daily for two months. We then started a phased reintroduction process that lasted a year. Because the biological mother was the group member most attracted to the infant, the process began by allowing the two individuals to interact. In the next stages, we introduced the infant to the other individuals one after the other, starting with the females. Females then acted as protectors against potential male aggression. At the age of one year and two months, the introduced individual had fully integrated her original group. Two years later, she appeared to behave like the other group members. This report shows that a phased process can be used to reintroduce an infant to a macaque group containing several adult females and males.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47588075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-03DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10006
Chefor Fotang, P. Dutton, U. Bröring, C. Roos, J. Willie, T. E. Angwafo, Mvo Denis Chuo, S. A. Kamgang, E. C. Enoguanbhor, P. Schierack, K. Birkhofer
Chimpanzees feed on driver ants (Dorylus sp.) using different tools and predation techniques that vary among populations and can be affected by availability of ant species as well as ecological and social-learning factors. At the Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) in Cameroon, we investigated tool use behavior in Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti), examining the characteristics of tools used in driver ant predation, looking for possible seasonal patterns and comparing our results to those from other study sites. We recovered 83 tools along line transects and recces (reconnaissance) during two seasons. We found that chimpanzees used tools with blunting and dirty ends (possible digging and probing tools) and tools without (dipping tools), in driver ant predation. Tools with dirty ends tended to be thicker (N = 52), and thinner tools were less likely to have dirt (N = 31). Tools recovered in the wet season (N = 62), were significantly shorter and thicker than those recovered in the dry season (N = 21). Furthermore, driver ant tools recovered at KWFR are on average the longest yet recorded insect dipping tools for chimpanzees comparable to those used in North Uele. We found no evidence of nut-cracking, tool use for honey bee nor termite consumption and did not observe the potential prey remains in chimpanzee faeces despite their presence in the reserve. Our results suggest that seasonality significantly contributes to a divergence in the form of tools selected for driver ant predation.
{"title":"Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon","authors":"Chefor Fotang, P. Dutton, U. Bröring, C. Roos, J. Willie, T. E. Angwafo, Mvo Denis Chuo, S. A. Kamgang, E. C. Enoguanbhor, P. Schierack, K. Birkhofer","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Chimpanzees feed on driver ants (Dorylus sp.) using different tools and predation techniques that vary among populations and can be affected by availability of ant species as well as ecological and social-learning factors. At the Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) in Cameroon, we investigated tool use behavior in Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti), examining the characteristics of tools used in driver ant predation, looking for possible seasonal patterns and comparing our results to those from other study sites. We recovered 83 tools along line transects and recces (reconnaissance) during two seasons. We found that chimpanzees used tools with blunting and dirty ends (possible digging and probing tools) and tools without (dipping tools), in driver ant predation. Tools with dirty ends tended to be thicker (N = 52), and thinner tools were less likely to have dirt (N = 31). Tools recovered in the wet season (N = 62), were significantly shorter and thicker than those recovered in the dry season (N = 21). Furthermore, driver ant tools recovered at KWFR are on average the longest yet recorded insect dipping tools for chimpanzees comparable to those used in North Uele. We found no evidence of nut-cracking, tool use for honey bee nor termite consumption and did not observe the potential prey remains in chimpanzee faeces despite their presence in the reserve. Our results suggest that seasonality significantly contributes to a divergence in the form of tools selected for driver ant predation.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43269509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-13DOI: 10.1163/14219980-930306in
Tremaine Gregory, F. Abra, Birthe Linden, K. Nekaris, K. Soanes, F. Z. Teixeira
{"title":"A new window into canopy bridges as a mitigation strategy for arboreal mammals","authors":"Tremaine Gregory, F. Abra, Birthe Linden, K. Nekaris, K. Soanes, F. Z. Teixeira","doi":"10.1163/14219980-930306in","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-930306in","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42965012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20210301
Mariana González-Ruiz, F. A. Cervantes, R. Mondragón-Ceballos
Each species displays a certain level of social tolerance. However, within a species, individuals show differences in their ability to accept the presence of conspecifics around resources of mutual interest. Social structure research allows studying how social relationships arise within a group, how they survive or end through time, and how they are influenced by various factors such group composition, mating system, and habitat quality variations. Furthermore, it can help elucidate the tolerance of individuals to other group members and how changes in it may lead to changes in social stability. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a tool that allows the assessment of social dynamics and interactions. Our goal was to evaluate and compare social tolerance in captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) by examining social networks formed in social groups that varied in size and composition. We compared social networks of captive groups varying in sex ratio, group size, and age ratio. Results showed relationship between networks with similar size and composition. Smaller groups showed greater social distancing, while larger ones displayed shorter inter-individual distances and more affiliation. Agonism was infrequent in unisexual groups compared to groups formed by both sexes. Finally, groups with more males showed greater social distancing and greater agonism. Overall, largest groups (five members or more) and similar sex ratio (or unisexual) are better connected. Largest groups showed higher proximity levels and a more tolerance to conspecifics than small groups.
{"title":"Social networks and tolerance differences associated to grouping patterns in Ateles geoffroyi","authors":"Mariana González-Ruiz, F. A. Cervantes, R. Mondragón-Ceballos","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20210301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20210301","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Each species displays a certain level of social tolerance. However, within a species, individuals show differences in their ability to accept the presence of conspecifics around resources of mutual interest. Social structure research allows studying how social relationships arise within a group, how they survive or end through time, and how they are influenced by various factors such group composition, mating system, and habitat quality variations. Furthermore, it can help elucidate the tolerance of individuals to other group members and how changes in it may lead to changes in social stability. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a tool that allows the assessment of social dynamics and interactions. Our goal was to evaluate and compare social tolerance in captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) by examining social networks formed in social groups that varied in size and composition. We compared social networks of captive groups varying in sex ratio, group size, and age ratio. Results showed relationship between networks with similar size and composition. Smaller groups showed greater social distancing, while larger ones displayed shorter inter-individual distances and more affiliation. Agonism was infrequent in unisexual groups compared to groups formed by both sexes. Finally, groups with more males showed greater social distancing and greater agonism. Overall, largest groups (five members or more) and similar sex ratio (or unisexual) are better connected. Largest groups showed higher proximity levels and a more tolerance to conspecifics than small groups.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47762444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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