Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211106
Didik Prasetyo, Dini Ayu Lestari, Tri Wahyuni, Agus Djoko Ismanto
Primates that live within fragmented and disturbed habitat are facing population declines and a higher probability of extinction due to gene flow inhibition. To address this problem, land managers, practitioners, and primatologists have applied several approaches to enhance primates’ habitat quality and connectivity through habitat restoration and canopy bridge installation. In some cases, artificial canopy bridges have shown to be effective to facilitate movement between fragmented habitats for several primates’ taxa. However, while several types of canopy bridge designs are available, there is no clear evidence on which is the best for primates. Here we evaluated the effectiveness of three artificial canopy bridge designs within a hydroelectric project in Sumatra, Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. The hydroelectric project was located at the edge of a forest block within the Batang Toru Ecosystem which could disconnect the primate’s population from this protected forest to the other forest blocks. During 595 days of camera trapping, we captured 988 independent crossing events from six diurnal primate species (Pongo tapanuliensis, Hylobates agilis, Symphalangus syndactylus, Presbytis sumatrana, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca fascicularis). Our initial observation finds the ladder canopy bridge design was commonly used by primates and Presbytis sumatrana was the species that often crossed the canopy bridge. These findings are important to improve species management plans and primate conservation in Indonesia.
{"title":"The effectiveness of artificial canopy bridges for the diurnal primates within a hydroelectric project in North Sumatra-Indonesia","authors":"Didik Prasetyo, Dini Ayu Lestari, Tri Wahyuni, Agus Djoko Ismanto","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211106","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Primates that live within fragmented and disturbed habitat are facing population declines and a higher probability of extinction due to gene flow inhibition. To address this problem, land managers, practitioners, and primatologists have applied several approaches to enhance primates’ habitat quality and connectivity through habitat restoration and canopy bridge installation. In some cases, artificial canopy bridges have shown to be effective to facilitate movement between fragmented habitats for several primates’ taxa. However, while several types of canopy bridge designs are available, there is no clear evidence on which is the best for primates. Here we evaluated the effectiveness of three artificial canopy bridge designs within a hydroelectric project in Sumatra, Indonesia from 2019 to 2021. The hydroelectric project was located at the edge of a forest block within the Batang Toru Ecosystem which could disconnect the primate’s population from this protected forest to the other forest blocks. During 595 days of camera trapping, we captured 988 independent crossing events from six diurnal primate species (Pongo tapanuliensis, Hylobates agilis, Symphalangus syndactylus, Presbytis sumatrana, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca fascicularis). Our initial observation finds the ladder canopy bridge design was commonly used by primates and Presbytis sumatrana was the species that often crossed the canopy bridge. These findings are important to improve species management plans and primate conservation in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45815885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211210
Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira, Lucas Gonçalves da Silva, F. Abra, Clarissa Rosa, G. Buss, Marcello Guerreiro, Edson Rodrigues Costa, Aline Souza de Menezes Medeiros, M. Gordo, Helio Secco
Brazil is known as a high biodiversity country, but at the same time, it has an extensive road network that threatens its wildlife and ecosystems. The impacts of roads and railways on vertebrates have been documented extensively, and the discussion concerning the implementation of mitigation measures for terrestrial wildlife has increased in the last decade. Arboreal animals are especially affected by the direct loss of individuals due to animal-vehicle collisions and by the barrier effect, because most arboreal species, especially the strictly arboreal ones, avoid going down to the ground to move across the landscape. Here we summarize and review information on existing canopy bridges across Brazil, considering artificial and natural canopy bridge initiatives implemented mainly on road and railway projects. A total of 151 canopy bridges were identified across the country, 112 of which are human-made structures of different materials, while the remaining 39 are natural canopy bridges. We found canopy bridges in three of the six biomes, with higher numbers in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, the most forested biomes. Most of the canopy bridges are in protected areas (76%) and primates are the most common target taxa for canopy bridge implementation. Our study is the first biogeographic mapping and review of canopy bridges for arboreal wildlife conservation in a megadiverse country. We synthesize the available knowledge concerning canopy bridges in Brazil and highlight gaps that should be addressed by future research and monitoring projects.
{"title":"A reviewof the application of canopy bridges in the conservation of primates and other arboreal animals across Brazil","authors":"Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira, Lucas Gonçalves da Silva, F. Abra, Clarissa Rosa, G. Buss, Marcello Guerreiro, Edson Rodrigues Costa, Aline Souza de Menezes Medeiros, M. Gordo, Helio Secco","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211210","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Brazil is known as a high biodiversity country, but at the same time, it has an extensive road network that threatens its wildlife and ecosystems. The impacts of roads and railways on vertebrates have been documented extensively, and the discussion concerning the implementation of mitigation measures for terrestrial wildlife has increased in the last decade. Arboreal animals are especially affected by the direct loss of individuals due to animal-vehicle collisions and by the barrier effect, because most arboreal species, especially the strictly arboreal ones, avoid going down to the ground to move across the landscape. Here we summarize and review information on existing canopy bridges across Brazil, considering artificial and natural canopy bridge initiatives implemented mainly on road and railway projects. A total of 151 canopy bridges were identified across the country, 112 of which are human-made structures of different materials, while the remaining 39 are natural canopy bridges. We found canopy bridges in three of the six biomes, with higher numbers in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, the most forested biomes. Most of the canopy bridges are in protected areas (76%) and primates are the most common target taxa for canopy bridge implementation. Our study is the first biogeographic mapping and review of canopy bridges for arboreal wildlife conservation in a megadiverse country. We synthesize the available knowledge concerning canopy bridges in Brazil and highlight gaps that should be addressed by future research and monitoring projects.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41295720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211205
N. Aggimarangsee, Pimonrat Tiansawat, W. Brockelman
In many parts of the world, primates and other arboreal and semi-arboreal species use electrical and telecommunication cables to cross open gaps. However, electrocutions can occur when the cables are uninsulated or damaged. Between 2001 and 2002, during a 12-month behavioural study of two dusky langur groups (Trachypithecus obscurus) at the Royal Thai Air Force Base in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, peninsular Thailand, we recorded langur use of and mortality on electrical and telecommunications cables on an ad libitum basis. Before insulation of the cables in late 2001, five langurs died by electrocution; post insulation, that number decreased to only one case on March 5, 2002. In 2022, we returned to observe the langur groups and saw them continuing to use the cables for crossing and noted damage to the insulation, indicating the importance of maintenance. Electrical cables can provide canopy connectivity for langurs and prevent dangerous encounters with dogs on the ground, but cables must be insulated and inspected regularly. As additional mitigation measures, we suggest providing alternative substrates for travel such as planting more native trees and providing artificial canopy bridges.
{"title":"Can electrical wires serve as canopy bridges? A case study of the dusky langur (Trachypithecus obscurus) in Thailand","authors":"N. Aggimarangsee, Pimonrat Tiansawat, W. Brockelman","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211205","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In many parts of the world, primates and other arboreal and semi-arboreal species use electrical and telecommunication cables to cross open gaps. However, electrocutions can occur when the cables are uninsulated or damaged. Between 2001 and 2002, during a 12-month behavioural study of two dusky langur groups (Trachypithecus obscurus) at the Royal Thai Air Force Base in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, peninsular Thailand, we recorded langur use of and mortality on electrical and telecommunications cables on an ad libitum basis. Before insulation of the cables in late 2001, five langurs died by electrocution; post insulation, that number decreased to only one case on March 5, 2002. In 2022, we returned to observe the langur groups and saw them continuing to use the cables for crossing and noted damage to the insulation, indicating the importance of maintenance. Electrical cables can provide canopy connectivity for langurs and prevent dangerous encounters with dogs on the ground, but cables must be insulated and inspected regularly. As additional mitigation measures, we suggest providing alternative substrates for travel such as planting more native trees and providing artificial canopy bridges.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46663099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211203
M. Raño, Mariana C. Palazzo, A. Soliz, Juan C. Holzer, Dario A. Perez, Emilio Sánchez, Verónica L. Romero, F. Sánchez Gavier, M. Kowalewski
The combination of urbanization and destruction of native forests commonly has forced wild animals to search for food and shelter in urban areas. Groups of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) are moving into urban areas in Northern Argentina as a consequence of rapid alteration and degradation of their habitats. In general, local people in the area are unaware of and disconnected from conservation actions, such as the protection of local biodiversity. We aimed to address this issue by organizing a group of high school students from both the city of Corrientes and outlying rural areas with the objective of transforming their perceptions on local non-human primates and to build the inaugural canopy bridge to instill biodiversity appreciation. With the students, we identified a location to install a bridge to facilitate the movement of Alouatta caraya across areas of discontinuous canopy. The students worked to build awareness within their community, obtained the necessary permission, and designed the bridge. From the beginning of the awareness campaign to the bridge installation, the process took four years. Afterwards, we installed two more bridges in the same region. From this single case study, we learned that participatory actions are a very important tool for residents of local communities to act collectively to promote biodiversity conservation.
{"title":"Community participatory action to build a canopy bridge for wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northern Argentina","authors":"M. Raño, Mariana C. Palazzo, A. Soliz, Juan C. Holzer, Dario A. Perez, Emilio Sánchez, Verónica L. Romero, F. Sánchez Gavier, M. Kowalewski","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211203","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The combination of urbanization and destruction of native forests commonly has forced wild animals to search for food and shelter in urban areas. Groups of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) are moving into urban areas in Northern Argentina as a consequence of rapid alteration and degradation of their habitats. In general, local people in the area are unaware of and disconnected from conservation actions, such as the protection of local biodiversity. We aimed to address this issue by organizing a group of high school students from both the city of Corrientes and outlying rural areas with the objective of transforming their perceptions on local non-human primates and to build the inaugural canopy bridge to instill biodiversity appreciation. With the students, we identified a location to install a bridge to facilitate the movement of Alouatta caraya across areas of discontinuous canopy. The students worked to build awareness within their community, obtained the necessary permission, and designed the bridge. From the beginning of the awareness campaign to the bridge installation, the process took four years. Afterwards, we installed two more bridges in the same region. From this single case study, we learned that participatory actions are a very important tool for residents of local communities to act collectively to promote biodiversity conservation.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45889126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20220102
Stella Nevermann, Manuelle Famenosoa Rasolofoson, Y. R. Ratovonamana, Celina Apel, J. Ganzhorn
Latrine behaviour in lemurs has been interpreted as a means of olfactory communication linked to energy efficient resource defence against neighbouring individuals and/or social bonding within social groups. For social bonding, latrines might best be placed at the core of home ranges, while resource defence could be based on defending the most important part of the home range, i.e., the core area or by establishing olfactory landmarks at the periphery of the home range. Most studies on lemurs describe deposition of urine and faeces in latrines in the core of the home range. In a study at the limit of the distributional range of Lepilemur petteri, at a site with unpredictable weather conditions, we radio-tracked 12 individuals and located latrines within their home ranges. In our study, latrines were located at the periphery of the home ranges. This is interpreted as a means to defend a larger area rather than specific resource rich sites that may or may not provide food in a given year. Regardless of the flexible spatial pattern, and in common with other mammals, lemur latrines are characterized by conspicuous trees, even though urine and faeces are deposited at the base of trees. This indicates some kind of optimal structure of latrines to convey information most effectively, possibly by combining visual and olfactory cues.
{"title":"Lepilemur petteri latrine placement in Tsimanampetsotse National Park, Madagascar","authors":"Stella Nevermann, Manuelle Famenosoa Rasolofoson, Y. R. Ratovonamana, Celina Apel, J. Ganzhorn","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20220102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20220102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Latrine behaviour in lemurs has been interpreted as a means of olfactory communication linked to energy efficient resource defence against neighbouring individuals and/or social bonding within social groups. For social bonding, latrines might best be placed at the core of home ranges, while resource defence could be based on defending the most important part of the home range, i.e., the core area or by establishing olfactory landmarks at the periphery of the home range. Most studies on lemurs describe deposition of urine and faeces in latrines in the core of the home range. In a study at the limit of the distributional range of Lepilemur petteri, at a site with unpredictable weather conditions, we radio-tracked 12 individuals and located latrines within their home ranges. In our study, latrines were located at the periphery of the home ranges. This is interpreted as a means to defend a larger area rather than specific resource rich sites that may or may not provide food in a given year. Regardless of the flexible spatial pattern, and in common with other mammals, lemur latrines are characterized by conspicuous trees, even though urine and faeces are deposited at the base of trees. This indicates some kind of optimal structure of latrines to convey information most effectively, possibly by combining visual and olfactory cues.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211209
Tremaine Gregory, Farah Carrasco‐Rueda, Diego Balbuena, J. Kolowski
Canopy bridges are an increasingly popular method to mitigate linear infrastructure fragmentation impacts, but little is known about when, over the course of the day and night, they are used. Natural canopy bridges monitored with camera traps provide an excellent source of information on community-wide arboreal mammal activity patterns, which are otherwise challenging to document. Natural bridges represent a hotspot of activity, being bottleneck crossing points over linear infrastructure, and cameras provide 24-hour monitoring capability. We monitored 20 natural canopy bridges over pipeline clearings distributed at two sites in the Peruvian Amazon for over a year using camera traps. Across 11 492 camera trap nights, we recorded 5165 events of 27 arboreal mammal species and used these events to describe both overall mammal activity in natural canopy bridges and activity patterns for the most frequently registered species: Aotus nigriceps, Potos flavus, Bassaricyon alleni, Caluromys lanatus, Coendou ichillus, and Sapajus apella. The long duration of our study allowed us to investigate potential changes in activity patterns resulting from seasonality and disturbance associated with pipeline construction, and the inclusion of two study sites allowed comparisons between them. We found substantially more mammalian activity in bridges during the night (87.4%) than the day, with only one of the most frequently registered species being diurnal (S. apella). Changes in activity between disturbance phases and seasons were only apparent for C. ichillus, and comparisons across species revealed differences in activity peaks, such as a unique peak early in the night for A. nigriceps. Our data provide some of the first substantial activity information for the species evaluated and help elucidate temporal patterns of canopy bridge usage to be expected for arboreal Neotropical wildlife. Knowing when to expect bridge use helps both guide the design of mitigation plans for future projects that include natural and artificial canopy bridges and identify the best monitoring methods. Given the high rate of nocturnal activity we observed, we recommend mitigation plans consider limiting human activity on linear infrastructure at night, if possible, and consider the requirements of nocturnal species in bridge designs. We also recommend camera trapping for monitoring.
{"title":"Rush hour: arboreal mammal activity patterns in natural canopy bridges in the Peruvian Amazon","authors":"Tremaine Gregory, Farah Carrasco‐Rueda, Diego Balbuena, J. Kolowski","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211209","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Canopy bridges are an increasingly popular method to mitigate linear infrastructure fragmentation impacts, but little is known about when, over the course of the day and night, they are used. Natural canopy bridges monitored with camera traps provide an excellent source of information on community-wide arboreal mammal activity patterns, which are otherwise challenging to document. Natural bridges represent a hotspot of activity, being bottleneck crossing points over linear infrastructure, and cameras provide 24-hour monitoring capability. We monitored 20 natural canopy bridges over pipeline clearings distributed at two sites in the Peruvian Amazon for over a year using camera traps. Across 11 492 camera trap nights, we recorded 5165 events of 27 arboreal mammal species and used these events to describe both overall mammal activity in natural canopy bridges and activity patterns for the most frequently registered species: Aotus nigriceps, Potos flavus, Bassaricyon alleni, Caluromys lanatus, Coendou ichillus, and Sapajus apella. The long duration of our study allowed us to investigate potential changes in activity patterns resulting from seasonality and disturbance associated with pipeline construction, and the inclusion of two study sites allowed comparisons between them. We found substantially more mammalian activity in bridges during the night (87.4%) than the day, with only one of the most frequently registered species being diurnal (S. apella). Changes in activity between disturbance phases and seasons were only apparent for C. ichillus, and comparisons across species revealed differences in activity peaks, such as a unique peak early in the night for A. nigriceps. Our data provide some of the first substantial activity information for the species evaluated and help elucidate temporal patterns of canopy bridge usage to be expected for arboreal Neotropical wildlife. Knowing when to expect bridge use helps both guide the design of mitigation plans for future projects that include natural and artificial canopy bridges and identify the best monitoring methods. Given the high rate of nocturnal activity we observed, we recommend mitigation plans consider limiting human activity on linear infrastructure at night, if possible, and consider the requirements of nocturnal species in bridge designs. We also recommend camera trapping for monitoring.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43117545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211211
Chanpen Saralamba, Juan Manuel José-Domínguez, Norberto Asensio
Gibbons (Hylobatidae) are species highly adapted to tree-top living. Thus, their movement can be compromised due to the negative impact roads have on canopy habitats. In this study, we built two single-rope artificial canopy bridges and a ladder bridge at two out of five locations where a group of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand were known to cross a main park road. We compared road crossing frequencies, home-range characteristics, and other ad libitum observations during the periods before and after bridge installation. After bridge construction was complete, the group took 10 weeks to use the single rope bridges to navigate over the road. During 442 group follow observation hours and 539 bridge observation hours, 131 crosses over the road were observed. The adult female usually crossed the road first, and the group showed a clear preference for the single-rope bridges over the ladder bridge (92 crossings versus 5). Gibbons crossed the road approximately once a day and crossed mostly at the bridge locations both before and after bridge construction. There were not significant changes in crossing rates from before (crossing between the tree branches and on the ground) to after bridge installation at both the places where bridges were installed (crossing using the bridges). Nonetheless, with more crossings being in the bridges than on the ground after bridge installation, crossings were presumably safer. These findings suggest that gibbons will cross a road on the ground, risking predation, encountering people, or being hit by a vehicle, but artificial canopy bridges provided a safer crossing option since gibbons no longer crossed on the road or jumped across wide gaps at the two locations where bridges were constructed. Maintaining canopy connectivity over roads using artificial bridges logically improves home range connectivity, potentially gene flow, and safety of canopy dwellers. However, connecting areas which were not previously connected should be considered carefully. The new connection could disrupt group dynamics, particularly for species that defend territories, such as gibbons.
{"title":"Movement dynamics of gibbons after the construction of canopy bridges over a park road","authors":"Chanpen Saralamba, Juan Manuel José-Domínguez, Norberto Asensio","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211211","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Gibbons (Hylobatidae) are species highly adapted to tree-top living. Thus, their movement can be compromised due to the negative impact roads have on canopy habitats. In this study, we built two single-rope artificial canopy bridges and a ladder bridge at two out of five locations where a group of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand were known to cross a main park road. We compared road crossing frequencies, home-range characteristics, and other ad libitum observations during the periods before and after bridge installation. After bridge construction was complete, the group took 10 weeks to use the single rope bridges to navigate over the road. During 442 group follow observation hours and 539 bridge observation hours, 131 crosses over the road were observed. The adult female usually crossed the road first, and the group showed a clear preference for the single-rope bridges over the ladder bridge (92 crossings versus 5). Gibbons crossed the road approximately once a day and crossed mostly at the bridge locations both before and after bridge construction. There were not significant changes in crossing rates from before (crossing between the tree branches and on the ground) to after bridge installation at both the places where bridges were installed (crossing using the bridges). Nonetheless, with more crossings being in the bridges than on the ground after bridge installation, crossings were presumably safer. These findings suggest that gibbons will cross a road on the ground, risking predation, encountering people, or being hit by a vehicle, but artificial canopy bridges provided a safer crossing option since gibbons no longer crossed on the road or jumped across wide gaps at the two locations where bridges were constructed. Maintaining canopy connectivity over roads using artificial bridges logically improves home range connectivity, potentially gene flow, and safety of canopy dwellers. However, connecting areas which were not previously connected should be considered carefully. The new connection could disrupt group dynamics, particularly for species that defend territories, such as gibbons.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47578790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211104
Giselle M. Narváez-Rivera, S. Lindshield
Although artificial crossing structures are increasingly implemented by conservationists and wildlife managers to connect fragmented wildlife habitat, the study of artificial crossing structure design, particularly of canopy bridges, is an emerging field of study in primatology. We address this issue by evaluating five competing bridge models with varying width, material stiffness, and substrate spacing. We assessed bridge preference and performance by sampling the behavior of three species of Costa Rican monkeys (Alouatta palliata: n = 4, Ateles geoffroyi: n = 3, Cebus imitator: n = 3). In a semi-wild setting, we used focal individual sampling with instantaneous recording once every minute for ten-minute intervals and all occurrences sampling whenever study subjects used the bridge. We hypothesized that monkeys prefer bridges that are more stable, and that are made of materials that resemble tree branches. During nearly 37 sampling hours we observed 119 crossing events. We found that study subjects prefer bridge models that are built using more rigid materials, such as the bamboo pole bridge, or wider bridges that offer more stability than narrower bridges. The bridge type and the materials used to build the bridges are both significant predictors of bridge use. While preference for bridges and their performance varies by species, the bamboo pole bridge model and the horizontal mesh bridge were preferred and performed best in our study. The simple liana bridge model was the least preferred by all species and performed poorly in comparison to the other models. Our findings will help us better understand how design and materials impact the use of canopy bridges by monkeys, which can help improve biological corridors and offer new information for the management and conservation of primates living near infrastructure corridors and other kinds of dangerous matrix.
尽管野生动物保护者和野生动物管理者越来越多地采用人工交叉结构来连接零散的野生动物栖息地，但人工交叉结构设计的研究，特别是树冠桥的设计，是灵长类动物学中一个新兴的研究领域。我们通过评估具有不同宽度、材料刚度和基板间距的五种相互竞争的桥模型来解决这个问题。我们通过对三种哥斯达黎加猴子(Alouatta palliata: n = 4, Ateles geoffroyi: n = 3, Cebus imitator: n = 3)的行为进行抽样来评估桥的偏好和表现。在半野生环境中，我们采用焦点个体抽样，每分钟进行一次瞬时记录，间隔10分钟，每次研究对象使用桥时都进行所有事件抽样。我们假设猴子更喜欢更稳定的桥，这种桥是由类似树枝的材料制成的。在近37个采样小时内，我们观察到119次交叉事件。我们发现，研究对象更喜欢用刚性材料建造的桥梁模型，比如竹竿桥，或者比窄桥更稳定的宽桥。桥梁类型和用于建造桥梁的材料都是桥梁使用的重要预测因素。虽然不同物种对桥梁及其性能的偏好不同，但竹竿桥模型和水平网格桥模型在我们的研究中是首选的，并且效果最好。简单藤本桥模型是所有物种最不喜欢的模型，与其他模型相比表现较差。我们的研究结果将帮助我们更好地了解设计和材料如何影响猴子对树冠桥的使用，这可以帮助改善生物走廊，并为生活在基础设施走廊和其他危险基质附近的灵长类动物的管理和保护提供新的信息。
{"title":"Assessing the importance of artificial canopy bridge design for Costa Rican monkeys in an experimental setting","authors":"Giselle M. Narváez-Rivera, S. Lindshield","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although artificial crossing structures are increasingly implemented by conservationists and wildlife managers to connect fragmented wildlife habitat, the study of artificial crossing structure design, particularly of canopy bridges, is an emerging field of study in primatology. We address this issue by evaluating five competing bridge models with varying width, material stiffness, and substrate spacing. We assessed bridge preference and performance by sampling the behavior of three species of Costa Rican monkeys (Alouatta palliata: n = 4, Ateles geoffroyi: n = 3, Cebus imitator: n = 3). In a semi-wild setting, we used focal individual sampling with instantaneous recording once every minute for ten-minute intervals and all occurrences sampling whenever study subjects used the bridge. We hypothesized that monkeys prefer bridges that are more stable, and that are made of materials that resemble tree branches. During nearly 37 sampling hours we observed 119 crossing events. We found that study subjects prefer bridge models that are built using more rigid materials, such as the bamboo pole bridge, or wider bridges that offer more stability than narrower bridges. The bridge type and the materials used to build the bridges are both significant predictors of bridge use. While preference for bridges and their performance varies by species, the bamboo pole bridge model and the horizontal mesh bridge were preferred and performed best in our study. The simple liana bridge model was the least preferred by all species and performed poorly in comparison to the other models. Our findings will help us better understand how design and materials impact the use of canopy bridges by monkeys, which can help improve biological corridors and offer new information for the management and conservation of primates living near infrastructure corridors and other kinds of dangerous matrix.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44980705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211113
K. Nekaris, Katherine Hedger, Amanda Hathaway, Esther Adinda, N. Ahmad, M. Balestri, M. Imron, Sophie Manson, V. Nijman, Marco Campera
Fragmentation of tropical forests has severe consequences for global biodiversity. The island of Java, Indonesia has a long history of deforestation and outside the protected area system, the island contains a patchwork of small forest fragments among expanding agricultural land, human settlements, and infrastructure. The arboreal Javan slow loris’ (Nycticebus javanicus) remaining habitat largely occurs in these anthropogenic landscapes. Arboreal canopy bridges have proven to be a successful conservation intervention for Javan slow lorises but must be built on the private land of farmers. Here, we describe the process of collaborating with local farmers to construct and maintain canopy bridges over their farms to aid in connecting habitat for Javan slow lorises. We held non-structured conversations with ten farmers to understand their perceptions of the bridges. We found an overall positive attitude towards slow lorises, as well as acknowledgement of the economic importance of the bridges. Farmers also recommended improvements, including ensuring equity of the bridges in the community and increased financial commitment from the conservation project. There is growing appreciation amongst conservationists that trust and collaboration with local communities are essential for carrying out successful initiatives. We recommend regular discussions with community members in similar interventions to ensure the long-term trust and involvement of local people.
{"title":"Local farmers’ attitudes towards artificial wildlife bridges in a fragmented agroforestry environment","authors":"K. Nekaris, Katherine Hedger, Amanda Hathaway, Esther Adinda, N. Ahmad, M. Balestri, M. Imron, Sophie Manson, V. Nijman, Marco Campera","doi":"10.1163/14219980-20211113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-20211113","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Fragmentation of tropical forests has severe consequences for global biodiversity. The island of Java, Indonesia has a long history of deforestation and outside the protected area system, the island contains a patchwork of small forest fragments among expanding agricultural land, human settlements, and infrastructure. The arboreal Javan slow loris’ (Nycticebus javanicus) remaining habitat largely occurs in these anthropogenic landscapes. Arboreal canopy bridges have proven to be a successful conservation intervention for Javan slow lorises but must be built on the private land of farmers. Here, we describe the process of collaborating with local farmers to construct and maintain canopy bridges over their farms to aid in connecting habitat for Javan slow lorises. We held non-structured conversations with ten farmers to understand their perceptions of the bridges. We found an overall positive attitude towards slow lorises, as well as acknowledgement of the economic importance of the bridges. Farmers also recommended improvements, including ensuring equity of the bridges in the community and increased financial commitment from the conservation project. There is growing appreciation amongst conservationists that trust and collaboration with local communities are essential for carrying out successful initiatives. We recommend regular discussions with community members in similar interventions to ensure the long-term trust and involvement of local people.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46576099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10004
A. T. Allan, Laura R. LaBarge, Caroline Howlett, Annie L. Bailey, Benjamin Jones, Zachary Mason, Thomas Pinfield, Felix Schröder, Alex Whitaker, Amy F. White, Henry Wilkinson, R. A. Hill
Meat-eating among non-human primates has been well documented but its prevalence among Afromontane baboons is understudied. In this study we report the predatory and meat-eating behaviours of a habituated group of gray-footed chacma baboons (Papio ursinus griseipes) living in an Afromontane environment in South Africa. We calculated a vertebrate-eating rate of 1 every 78.5 hours, increasing to 58.1 hours when unsuccessful predation attempts were included. A key food source was young antelopes, particularly bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), which were consumed once every 115 observation hours. Similar to other baboon research sites, predations seemed mostly opportunistic, adult males regularly scrounged and monopolised prey, there was no evidence they used an active kill bite, and active sharing was absent. This is the first baboon study to report predation of rock python (Python sebae) eggs and likely scavenging of a leopard (Panthera pardus) kill (bushbuck) cached in a tree. We also describe several scramble kleptoparasitism events, tolerating active defence from antelope parents, and the baboons inhibiting public information about predations. In the latter case, baboons with meat often hid beyond the periphery of the group, reducing the likelihood of scrounging by competitors. This often led to prey carcasses being discarded without being fully exploited and potentially providing resources to scavengers. We also highlight the absence of encounters with numerous species, suggesting the baboons are a key component of several species’ landscapes of fear. Given these findings it seems likely that their ecological role in the Soutpansberg has been undervalued, and such conclusions may also hold for other baboon populations.
{"title":"Patterns of predation and meat-eating by chacma baboons in an Afromontane environment","authors":"A. T. Allan, Laura R. LaBarge, Caroline Howlett, Annie L. Bailey, Benjamin Jones, Zachary Mason, Thomas Pinfield, Felix Schröder, Alex Whitaker, Amy F. White, Henry Wilkinson, R. A. Hill","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Meat-eating among non-human primates has been well documented but its prevalence among Afromontane baboons is understudied. In this study we report the predatory and meat-eating behaviours of a habituated group of gray-footed chacma baboons (Papio ursinus griseipes) living in an Afromontane environment in South Africa. We calculated a vertebrate-eating rate of 1 every 78.5 hours, increasing to 58.1 hours when unsuccessful predation attempts were included. A key food source was young antelopes, particularly bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), which were consumed once every 115 observation hours. Similar to other baboon research sites, predations seemed mostly opportunistic, adult males regularly scrounged and monopolised prey, there was no evidence they used an active kill bite, and active sharing was absent. This is the first baboon study to report predation of rock python (Python sebae) eggs and likely scavenging of a leopard (Panthera pardus) kill (bushbuck) cached in a tree. We also describe several scramble kleptoparasitism events, tolerating active defence from antelope parents, and the baboons inhibiting public information about predations. In the latter case, baboons with meat often hid beyond the periphery of the group, reducing the likelihood of scrounging by competitors. This often led to prey carcasses being discarded without being fully exploited and potentially providing resources to scavengers. We also highlight the absence of encounters with numerous species, suggesting the baboons are a key component of several species’ landscapes of fear. Given these findings it seems likely that their ecological role in the Soutpansberg has been undervalued, and such conclusions may also hold for other baboon populations.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45290431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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