S. Herman, P. Lipiński, R. Starzyński, Aleksandra Bednarz, P. Grzmil, M. Lenartowicz
Copper (Cu) is a trace element necessary for the growth and development of all living organisms, and is the third most abundant trace metal in the body after iron and zinc. Copper is essential for maintaining the life processes in all living cells, because several copper-dependent enzymes play an important role in key physiological processes like cellular respiration, oxygen radical scavenging, the transport of iron and neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintaining copper homeostasis implies maintaining the constancy of copper levels in the cells and fluids throughout the body, in order to support the enzymes and other factors that underlie normal life processes. Therefore, living organisms have developed complex mechanisms for maintaining their physiological copper level, because an excess copper level can be toxic for the cells. In the cell, copper homeostasis is controlled by a network of copper-binding proteins and transporters. Furthermore, copper uptake is mediated by the membrane transporter CTR1 and CTR2 proteins. In the cytoplasm, it is bound to a unique group of metallochaperones (ATOX1, CCS COX17) and transported to different cell compartments, where it is linked to the recipient proteins. The Cu-transporting ATPases (ATP7A and ATP7B) are responsible for transferring copper into the Golgi apparatus, where the copper is added to the active sites of enzymes, and it is also directed onto the path of excess cellular copper removal to prevent the occurrence of toxicity.
{"title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Copper Homeostasis in Mammals","authors":"S. Herman, P. Lipiński, R. Starzyński, Aleksandra Bednarz, P. Grzmil, M. Lenartowicz","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.23","url":null,"abstract":"Copper (Cu) is a trace element necessary for the growth and development of all living organisms, and is the third most abundant trace metal in the body after iron and zinc. Copper is essential for maintaining the life processes in all living cells, because several copper-dependent enzymes\u0000 play an important role in key physiological processes like cellular respiration, oxygen radical scavenging, the transport of iron and neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintaining copper homeostasis implies maintaining the constancy of copper levels in the cells and fluids throughout the body, in\u0000 order to support the enzymes and other factors that underlie normal life processes. Therefore, living organisms have developed complex mechanisms for maintaining their physiological copper level, because an excess copper level can be toxic for the cells. In the cell, copper homeostasis is\u0000 controlled by a network of copper-binding proteins and transporters. Furthermore, copper uptake is mediated by the membrane transporter CTR1 and CTR2 proteins. In the cytoplasm, it is bound to a unique group of metallochaperones (ATOX1, CCS COX17) and transported to different cell compartments,\u0000 where it is linked to the recipient proteins. The Cu-transporting ATPases (ATP7A and ATP7B) are responsible for transferring copper into the Golgi apparatus, where the copper is added to the active sites of enzymes, and it is also directed onto the path of excess cellular copper removal to\u0000 prevent the occurrence of toxicity.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45628286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Kowal, B. Kij-Mitka, Kamila Bednarek, H. Cernohorska, S. Kubíčková, M. Bugno-Poniewierska
In this study, the determination of three different cell lines in a two-year-old British shorthair tomcat, using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), is described. The FISH technique was instrumental in the identification of this chromosomal aberration, which had not been previously described in cats. The mosaic karyotype with three cell lines (37, X; 38, XY; and 39, XY+der(Y)), detected using X-, Yand autosomal B1-whole chromosome painting probes, were all visible in the metaphase and interphase nuclei. The ratios of the three cell lines were 3.6%, 85.6% and 10.8%, respectively. In addition, at the time of this examination, the cat had a temperamental disposition that had persisted beyond castration.
{"title":"Cytogenetic Diagnosis of a British Shorthair Tomcat with a 37, X/38, XY/39, XY+der(Y) Karyotype","authors":"W. Kowal, B. Kij-Mitka, Kamila Bednarek, H. Cernohorska, S. Kubíčková, M. Bugno-Poniewierska","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.25","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the determination of three different cell lines in a two-year-old British shorthair tomcat, using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), is described. The FISH technique was instrumental in the identification of this chromosomal aberration, which had not been\u0000 previously described in cats. The mosaic karyotype with three cell lines (37, X; 38, XY; and 39, XY+der(Y)), detected using X-, Yand autosomal B1-whole chromosome painting probes, were all visible in the metaphase and interphase nuclei. The ratios of the three cell lines were 3.6%, 85.6% and\u0000 10.8%, respectively. In addition, at the time of this examination, the cat had a temperamental disposition that had persisted beyond castration.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49084469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Stanicka, K. Zając, D. Lachowska-Cierlik, Kinga Lesiak, Monika Lewalska, A. Cichy, J. Żbikowski, E. Żbikowska
In several ecosystems, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1853) (Gastropoda, Tateidae) is considered among the worst invasive species. Its tolerance to a broad range of environmental conditions has favoured its success in colonising new environments worldwide. However, population crashes may occur, leading to significant fluctuations in snail densities. Such crashes might be linked to morphological changes in the shell whorls, like the emergence of a haired keel (carinatus morphotype). In this study, we investigated the link between the appearance of the carinatus morphotype and the crashes in population densities over three years, based on field observations. The presented results show that after the emergence of the so-called carinatus morphotype, the population of P. antipodarum collapsed and did not recover for the next two years. This may indicate that the carinatus morphotype is a defensive reaction to extremely unfavourable environmental conditions.
{"title":"What Does the Haired Keel on the Shell Whorls of Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda, Tateidae) Mean?","authors":"A. Stanicka, K. Zając, D. Lachowska-Cierlik, Kinga Lesiak, Monika Lewalska, A. Cichy, J. Żbikowski, E. Żbikowska","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.26","url":null,"abstract":"In several ecosystems, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1853) (Gastropoda, Tateidae) is considered among the worst invasive species. Its tolerance to a broad range of environmental conditions has favoured its success in colonising new environments worldwide. However, population\u0000 crashes may occur, leading to significant fluctuations in snail densities. Such crashes might be linked to morphological changes in the shell whorls, like the emergence of a haired keel (carinatus morphotype). In this study, we investigated the link between the appearance of the carinatus\u0000 morphotype and the crashes in population densities over three years, based on field observations. The presented results show that after the emergence of the so-called carinatus morphotype, the population of P. antipodarum collapsed and did not recover for the next two years.\u0000 This may indicate that the carinatus morphotype is a defensive reaction to extremely unfavourable environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48263091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Grzegorzewska, D. Wojtysiak, K. Jaszcza, A. Sechman
Sodium fluoride (NaF), although helpful in preventing dental decay, may negatively affect the body. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-h in vitro treatment of livers isolated from 14-day-old chicken embryos with NaF at doses of 1.7 (D1), 3.5 (D2), 7.1 (D3) and 14.2 mM (D4), with regard to apoptosis, cell proliferation and tissue structure. The mRNA expression of the apoptosis regulators CYCS, APAF1, BCL2, CASP3, CASP9 and TMBIM1 was analysed by the qPCR method. Apoptotic cells were detected by a TUNEL assay. The tissue and DNA structure were also analysed by histological staining (H&E, Feulgen). The number of proliferating cells was determined and the apoptosis regulatory proteins were localised by the immunohistochemical staining of PCNA, CASP3 and APAF1. The results showed that the mRNA expression of CYCS, BCL2, CASP3, CASP9 and APAF1 increased significantly in the D1 group, as did that of CASP9 in the D3 group and of BCL2 and APAF1 in the D4 group. The number of apoptotic cells increased significantly in the D4 group, where they increased from 18% to 49%. On the other hand, the number of proliferating cells decreased gradually, in a dose-dependent manner, from 84% in the control group to 5.5% in the D4 group. The expression of apoptosis-regulating factors also increased: in the D3 and D4 groups, the CASP3 immunopositive reaction was more intensive in single cells in the embryonic livers, whereas that of APAF1 increased in the hepatocytes as well as in the hepatic blood vessel walls. The mechanism of the effect of NaF on apoptosis in the embryonic liver is very complex. In the groups exposed to higher doses of NaF, apoptosis was significantly stimulated, while proliferation was inhibited and the tissue structure was damaged. The expression of apoptosis regulators at the mRNA and protein levels increased, but the mRNA expression did not depend on the NaF dose. These results reveal that NaF, by changing the balance between apoptosis and the proliferation of hepatocytes, may disturb the development and function of the liver in embryonic chickens. Therefore, the risk of exposure to NaF should be considered when determining the standards for human and animal exposure to this compound.
{"title":"In vitroSodium Fluoride Treatment Significantly Affects Apoptosis and Proliferation in the Liver of Embryonic Chickens","authors":"A. Grzegorzewska, D. Wojtysiak, K. Jaszcza, A. Sechman","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.20","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium fluoride (NaF), although helpful in preventing dental decay, may negatively affect the body. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-h in vitro treatment of livers isolated from 14-day-old chicken embryos with NaF at doses of 1.7 (D1), 3.5 (D2), 7.1 (D3)\u0000 and 14.2 mM (D4), with regard to apoptosis, cell proliferation and tissue structure. The mRNA expression of the apoptosis regulators CYCS, APAF1, BCL2, CASP3, CASP9 and TMBIM1 was analysed by the qPCR method. Apoptotic cells were detected by a TUNEL\u0000 assay. The tissue and DNA structure were also analysed by histological staining (H&E, Feulgen). The number of proliferating cells was determined and the apoptosis regulatory proteins were localised by the immunohistochemical staining of PCNA, CASP3 and APAF1. The results showed that the\u0000 mRNA expression of CYCS, BCL2, CASP3, CASP9 and APAF1 increased significantly in the D1 group, as did that of CASP9 in the D3 group and of BCL2 and APAF1 in the D4 group. The number of apoptotic cells increased significantly in the\u0000 D4 group, where they increased from 18% to 49%. On the other hand, the number of proliferating cells decreased gradually, in a dose-dependent manner, from 84% in the control group to 5.5% in the D4 group. The expression of apoptosis-regulating factors also increased: in the D3 and D4 groups,\u0000 the CASP3 immunopositive reaction was more intensive in single cells in the embryonic livers, whereas that of APAF1 increased in the hepatocytes as well as in the hepatic blood vessel walls. The mechanism of the effect of NaF on apoptosis in the embryonic liver is very complex. In the groups\u0000 exposed to higher doses of NaF, apoptosis was significantly stimulated, while proliferation was inhibited and the tissue structure was damaged. The expression of apoptosis regulators at the mRNA and protein levels increased, but the mRNA expression did not depend on the NaF dose. These results\u0000 reveal that NaF, by changing the balance between apoptosis and the proliferation of hepatocytes, may disturb the development and function of the liver in embryonic chickens. Therefore, the risk of exposure to NaF should be considered when determining the standards for human and animal exposure\u0000 to this compound.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44477480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we describe the morphological characteristics of the preimaginal stages of Ctenothrips distinctus, as well as its life cycle in temperate climate conditions. We also revise the key characters of the second larval instar of C. distinctus, which were previously confused with those of Taeniothrips picipes (Zetterstedt, 1828). The morphological characteristics of the C. distinctus propupa and pupa represent their adaptations to moulting in the soil, not on the host plant. The study of the biology of C. distinctus is supplemented by an analysis of the impact of the foraging by this insect on its host plant Convallaria majalis. Based on the morphological, anatomical and histological analyses of Lily of the Valley leaves, we show that both adults and larval instars feed on the epidermal cells of both the upper and lower sides of the leaf blade in C. majalis. However, the assimilation parenchyma cells located immediately below the epidermis at the feeding site retain their shape.
{"title":"The Life Cycle of Ctenothrips distinctus (UZEL, 1895) (Insecta: Thysanoptera) and its Influence on the Host Plant Convallaria majalis L.","authors":"H. Kucharczyk, M. Kucharczyk, D. Tchórzewska","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.22","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe the morphological characteristics of the preimaginal stages of Ctenothrips distinctus, as well as its life cycle in temperate climate conditions. We also revise the key characters of the second larval instar of C. distinctus, which were previously\u0000 confused with those of Taeniothrips picipes (Zetterstedt, 1828). The morphological characteristics of the C. distinctus propupa and pupa represent their adaptations to moulting in the soil, not on the host plant. The study of the biology of C. distinctus is supplemented\u0000 by an analysis of the impact of the foraging by this insect on its host plant Convallaria majalis. Based on the morphological, anatomical and histological analyses of Lily of the Valley leaves, we show that both adults and larval instars feed on the epidermal cells of both the upper\u0000 and lower sides of the leaf blade in C. majalis. However, the assimilation parenchyma cells located immediately below the epidermis at the feeding site retain their shape.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45268531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Bojarski, A. Osikowski, Sebastian Hofman, Leszek Szała, J. Szczygieł, A. Rombel-Bryzek
Contamination of water environments with herbicides is a common problem nowadays. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of Roundup on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) after 1, 3 and 10 days of exposure. The used concentrations corresponded to 1 and 5 mg/l of the active ingredient (glyphosate potassium salt). The haematological analysis performed showed a decrease of the RBC count, as well as an increase of the other erythrocyte indices (Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC). Most of these changes were dependent on the concentration and time. An increase of the WBC count and the percentage of immature neutrophils occurred, thus indicating the presence of inflammation. In the studied blood biochemical parameters, only minor and temporary changes were observed. The histopathological analysis revealed no alterations in the gills, liver and kidney. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that the haematological parameters are more sensitive and reliable markers of the common carp's exposure to Roundup than the other parameters that were tested.
{"title":"Effects of Exposure to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide on Haematological Parameters, Plasma Biochemical Indices and the Microstructure of Selected Organs of the Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)","authors":"B. Bojarski, A. Osikowski, Sebastian Hofman, Leszek Szała, J. Szczygieł, A. Rombel-Bryzek","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.24","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of water environments with herbicides is a common problem nowadays. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of Roundup on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) after 1, 3 and 10 days of exposure. The used concentrations corresponded to 1 and 5 mg/l of\u0000 the active ingredient (glyphosate potassium salt). The haematological analysis performed showed a decrease of the RBC count, as well as an increase of the other erythrocyte indices (Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC). Most of these changes were dependent on the concentration and time. An increase of the\u0000 WBC count and the percentage of immature neutrophils occurred, thus indicating the presence of inflammation. In the studied blood biochemical parameters, only minor and temporary changes were observed. The histopathological analysis revealed no alterations in the gills, liver and kidney. Thus,\u0000 the results of the present study suggest that the haematological parameters are more sensitive and reliable markers of the common carp's exposure to Roundup than the other parameters that were tested.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45975415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grzegorz Myćka, A. D. Musiał, M. Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Bogusława Długosz, K. Piórkowska, A. Bieniek, T. Szmatoła, K. Ropka-Molik
In this study, a molecular characterisation of the PLN gene with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and complete transcriptome sequencing data was performed on 868 horses, supported by Sanger sequencing and the PCR-RFLP method. The PLN gene encodes phospholamban – an integral membrane protein – and while phosphorylated inhibits the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) transport of Ca2+ into reticulum in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. According to the current knowledge, we hypothesised that the presence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PLN gene sequence may be related to an individual's lifestyle and would remain under selection pressure. The obtained results indicated the occurrence of 14 polymorphisms of which 7 were upstream, and 7 downstream PLN gene variants according to the EquCan3.0 reference. The mRNA sequencing confirmed the presence of 3' and 5' UTR regions belonging to the PLN transcript that was in accordance with EquCab2.0, and was missed in the current version. The comparison of two reference genomes and the validation of the NGS data allowed for the 3'UTR variant (rs1146603334) to be detected, showing differences in the genotype and allele distributions across five horse breeds. A similar genotype frequency in warmblood breeds of horses (Arabians and Thoroughbreds), compared to native and heavy horses (Polish Konik, Draft and Hucul horses), indicated that this locus was under selection pressure.
{"title":"PLNGene Analysis in Horses: Multiway Approach for the Investigation and Validation of Molecular Variation","authors":"Grzegorz Myćka, A. D. Musiał, M. Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Bogusława Długosz, K. Piórkowska, A. Bieniek, T. Szmatoła, K. Ropka-Molik","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-4.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-4.21","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a molecular characterisation of the PLN gene with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and complete transcriptome sequencing data was performed on 868 horses, supported by Sanger sequencing and the PCR-RFLP method. The PLN gene encodes phospholamban – an\u0000 integral membrane protein – and while phosphorylated inhibits the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) transport of Ca2+ into reticulum in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. According to the current knowledge, we hypothesised that the presence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms\u0000 (SNPs) in the PLN gene sequence may be related to an individual's lifestyle and would remain under selection pressure. The obtained results indicated the occurrence of 14 polymorphisms of which 7 were upstream, and 7 downstream PLN gene variants according to the EquCan3.0 reference.\u0000 The mRNA sequencing confirmed the presence of 3' and 5' UTR regions belonging to the PLN transcript that was in accordance with EquCab2.0, and was missed in the current version. The comparison of two reference genomes and the validation of the NGS data allowed for the 3'UTR variant\u0000 (rs1146603334) to be detected, showing differences in the genotype and allele distributions across five horse breeds. A similar genotype frequency in warmblood breeds of horses (Arabians and Thoroughbreds), compared to native and heavy horses (Polish Konik, Draft and Hucul horses), indicated\u0000 that this locus was under selection pressure.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46067586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present data on the population structure, body size variations and allometric growth patterns for a common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) population from Southwestern Poland. We measured 339 lizards (89 males, 75 females, 63 subadults and 111 juveniles). The sex ratio did not differ from 1:1; however, we recorded intra-seasonal variations. There was significant sexual size dimorphism (males were smaller in body length), as well as tail length (males had longer tails) and body mass dimorphism (females were heavier). We also found sexual differences in the allometric pattern of tail growth, i.e. there was an isometry for males but a negative allometry for females.
{"title":"Body Size Structure and Sex Ratio in a Population of the Common Lizard Zootoca vivipara (Lichtenstein, 1823) from SW Poland","authors":"Kacper Jurczyk, B. Borczyk","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-3.12","url":null,"abstract":"We present data on the population structure, body size variations and allometric growth patterns for a common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) population from Southwestern Poland. We measured 339 lizards (89 males, 75 females, 63 subadults and 111 juveniles). The sex ratio did not differ\u0000 from 1:1; however, we recorded intra-seasonal variations. There was significant sexual size dimorphism (males were smaller in body length), as well as tail length (males had longer tails) and body mass dimorphism (females were heavier). We also found sexual differences in the allometric pattern\u0000 of tail growth, i.e. there was an isometry for males but a negative allometry for females.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. S. H. Yousefkhani, A. Yasser, M. Naser, Fariba Yousefabadi, G. Gasimova
Global warming is considered to be a major threat to biodiversity and to have an erosive effect on the survival of endangered species. Amphibians are known as a vulnerable group of vertebrates that live and reproduce in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The subtropical regions of the world are among the land areas where amphibians will suffer the most from climate change. In the present study, the effect of climate change on Bufo eichwaldi inhabiting Hyrcanian forests was investigated. According to our results, the lowest temperature in the coldest season is the most important variable for the presence of this species. Due to the beginning of reproductive activity and mating taking place in late January until the end of February, this variable will have a direct effect on the rate of breeding and thus on the conservation of this species, because the species can find a new suitable area outside of high humanisation and increase its chance of successful breeding. Of course, climate change will cause the average annual temperature to rise by 2070, and this will favour the early onset of reproduction. Therefore, according to the analysis and scenarios considered in this study, global warming cannot have a negative effect on the toad species. However, a careful assessment of the status of other competing species in conjunction with the Talysh toad could provide a better explanation of the impact of climate change.
{"title":"Response to Global Warming of Eichwald's Toad, Bufo eichwaldi Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov and Rosanov, 2008 (Anura; Amphibia) in Iran and Azerbaijan","authors":"S. S. H. Yousefkhani, A. Yasser, M. Naser, Fariba Yousefabadi, G. Gasimova","doi":"10.3409/fb_70-3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-3.14","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming is considered to be a major threat to biodiversity and to have an erosive effect on the survival of endangered species. Amphibians are known as a vulnerable group of vertebrates that live and reproduce in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The subtropical regions of the world are among the land areas where amphibians will suffer the most from climate change. In the present study, the effect of climate change on Bufo eichwaldi inhabiting Hyrcanian forests was investigated. According to our results, the lowest temperature in the coldest season is the most important variable for the presence of this species. Due to the beginning of reproductive activity and mating taking place in late January until the end of February, this variable will have a direct effect on the rate of breeding and thus on the conservation of this species, because the species can find a new suitable area outside of high humanisation and increase its chance of successful breeding. Of course, climate change will cause the average annual temperature to rise by 2070, and this will favour the early onset of reproduction. Therefore, according to the analysis and scenarios considered in this study, global warming cannot have a negative effect on the toad species. However, a careful assessment of the status of other competing species in conjunction with the Talysh toad could provide a better explanation of the impact of climate change.","PeriodicalId":50438,"journal":{"name":"Folia Biologica-Krakow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45182919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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