Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142835
Youjia Fu, Junsong Fu, Huixia Xue, Zihao Xu
Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) plays a critical role in many applications, including customer service, personal assistants, and video understanding. Currently, the majority of research on MSA is focused on the development of multimodal representations, largely owing to the scarcity of unimodal annotations in MSA benchmark datasets. However, the sole reliance on multimodal representations to train models results in suboptimal performance due to the insufficient learning of each unimodal representation. To this end, we propose Self-HCL, which initially optimizes the unimodal features extracted from a pretrained model through the Unimodal Feature Enhancement Module (UFEM), and then uses these optimized features to jointly train multimodal and unimodal tasks. Furthermore, we employ a Hybrid Contrastive Learning (HCL) strategy to facilitate the learned representation of multimodal data, enhance the representation ability of multimodal fusion through unsupervised contrastive learning, and improve the model’s performance in the absence of unimodal annotations through supervised contrastive learning. Finally, based on the characteristics of unsupervised contrastive learning, we propose a new Unimodal Label Generation Module (ULGM) that can stably generate unimodal labels in a short training period. Extensive experiments on the benchmark datasets CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
{"title":"Self-HCL: Self-Supervised Multitask Learning with Hybrid Contrastive Learning Strategy for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis","authors":"Youjia Fu, Junsong Fu, Huixia Xue, Zihao Xu","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142835","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) plays a critical role in many applications, including customer service, personal assistants, and video understanding. Currently, the majority of research on MSA is focused on the development of multimodal representations, largely owing to the scarcity of unimodal annotations in MSA benchmark datasets. However, the sole reliance on multimodal representations to train models results in suboptimal performance due to the insufficient learning of each unimodal representation. To this end, we propose Self-HCL, which initially optimizes the unimodal features extracted from a pretrained model through the Unimodal Feature Enhancement Module (UFEM), and then uses these optimized features to jointly train multimodal and unimodal tasks. Furthermore, we employ a Hybrid Contrastive Learning (HCL) strategy to facilitate the learned representation of multimodal data, enhance the representation ability of multimodal fusion through unsupervised contrastive learning, and improve the model’s performance in the absence of unimodal annotations through supervised contrastive learning. Finally, based on the characteristics of unsupervised contrastive learning, we propose a new Unimodal Label Generation Module (ULGM) that can stably generate unimodal labels in a short training period. Extensive experiments on the benchmark datasets CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142838
Fahimeh Hajizadeh, Tarek Ould-Bachir, Jean Pierre David
High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have revolutionized FPGA application development by providing a more efficient and streamlined approach, significantly impacting digital design methodologies. Despite the capability of FPGAs to customize numerical representations in data paths, most HLS projects have focused on fixed-point precision, while floating-point representations remain limited to vendor-provided single, double, and half-precision formats. This paper proposes a customized floating-point library compatible with HLS to address these limitations. This library allows programmers to define the number of exponent and mantissa bits at compile time, providing greater flexibility and enabling the use of mixed precision. Moreover, this library includes optimized implementations of common components such as vector summation (VSUM), dot-product (DP), and matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). Results demonstrate that the proposed library reduces latency and resource utilization compared to vendor IP blocks, particularly in VSUM, DP, and MVM operations. For example, the mvm operation involving a 32 × 32 matrix, using vendor IP requires 22 clock cycles, whereas CuFP completes the same task in just 7 clock cycles, using approximately 60% fewer DSPs, 10% fewer LUTs, and 60% fewer FFs.
{"title":"CuFP: An HLS Library for Customized Floating-Point Operators","authors":"Fahimeh Hajizadeh, Tarek Ould-Bachir, Jean Pierre David","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142838","url":null,"abstract":"High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have revolutionized FPGA application development by providing a more efficient and streamlined approach, significantly impacting digital design methodologies. Despite the capability of FPGAs to customize numerical representations in data paths, most HLS projects have focused on fixed-point precision, while floating-point representations remain limited to vendor-provided single, double, and half-precision formats. This paper proposes a customized floating-point library compatible with HLS to address these limitations. This library allows programmers to define the number of exponent and mantissa bits at compile time, providing greater flexibility and enabling the use of mixed precision. Moreover, this library includes optimized implementations of common components such as vector summation (VSUM), dot-product (DP), and matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). Results demonstrate that the proposed library reduces latency and resource utilization compared to vendor IP blocks, particularly in VSUM, DP, and MVM operations. For example, the mvm operation involving a 32 × 32 matrix, using vendor IP requires 22 clock cycles, whereas CuFP completes the same task in just 7 clock cycles, using approximately 60% fewer DSPs, 10% fewer LUTs, and 60% fewer FFs.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142819
Jiayu Kang, Miao Yu, Boyang Sun, Yongchao Xiao, Baoquan Liu
The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter has become pivotal in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems owing to its numerous benefits. Typically, DC–DC converters are employed to boost the input voltage in grid-connected systems to meet the grid’s higher voltage requirements, but this approach increases equipment size and cost. To enhance inverter efficiency, this paper proposes a boost-type, three-phase CHB PV grid-connected inverter. This design can raise the input voltage and satisfy grid requirements with only a few additional components. Additionally, PV environmental fluctuations can cause variations in PV power generation, leading to a power imbalance in the inverter and potentially affecting the stability of the PV system. Based on this, we consider grid voltage fluctuations induced by unbalanced power output from the inverter and propose an improved control method based on the superposition of zero-sequence components. Finally, we construct a simulation model and conduct experimental verification using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The validation results demonstrate that this topology reduces equipment volume and effectively enhances the efficiency of PV power generation systems. Furthermore, the designed control method ensures system stability while effectively mitigating power imbalances caused by PV module and grid voltage fluctuations.
级联 H 桥（CHB）逆变器因其众多优点而在并网光伏（PV）系统中举足轻重。通常，在并网系统中采用直流-直流转换器来提升输入电压，以满足电网对电压的更高要求，但这种方法会增加设备的体积和成本。为了提高逆变器的效率，本文提出了一种升压型三相 CHB 光伏并网逆变器。这种设计只需增加几个组件，就能提高输入电压，满足电网要求。此外，光伏环境波动会引起光伏发电量的变化，导致逆变器功率不平衡，并可能影响光伏系统的稳定性。在此基础上，我们考虑了逆变器不平衡功率输出引起的电网电压波动，并提出了一种基于零序分量叠加的改进控制方法。最后，我们利用 MATLAB/Simulink 平台构建了一个仿真模型并进行了实验验证。验证结果表明，这种拓扑结构减少了设备体积，有效提高了光伏发电系统的效率。此外，所设计的控制方法在确保系统稳定性的同时，还能有效缓解光伏组件和电网电压波动造成的功率不平衡。
{"title":"Research on Boost-Type Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter and Its Power Control in Photovoltaic Power Generation System","authors":"Jiayu Kang, Miao Yu, Boyang Sun, Yongchao Xiao, Baoquan Liu","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142819","url":null,"abstract":"The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter has become pivotal in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems owing to its numerous benefits. Typically, DC–DC converters are employed to boost the input voltage in grid-connected systems to meet the grid’s higher voltage requirements, but this approach increases equipment size and cost. To enhance inverter efficiency, this paper proposes a boost-type, three-phase CHB PV grid-connected inverter. This design can raise the input voltage and satisfy grid requirements with only a few additional components. Additionally, PV environmental fluctuations can cause variations in PV power generation, leading to a power imbalance in the inverter and potentially affecting the stability of the PV system. Based on this, we consider grid voltage fluctuations induced by unbalanced power output from the inverter and propose an improved control method based on the superposition of zero-sequence components. Finally, we construct a simulation model and conduct experimental verification using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The validation results demonstrate that this topology reduces equipment volume and effectively enhances the efficiency of PV power generation systems. Furthermore, the designed control method ensures system stability while effectively mitigating power imbalances caused by PV module and grid voltage fluctuations.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142828
Mingxin Du, Boyong Gao, Shuaizhe Wang, Z. Liu, Xingchuang Xiong, Yuqi Luo
The advent of the digital era has put forward an urgent need for the digitization of metrology, and the digitization of metrology vocabularies is one of the fundamental and critical steps to achieve the digital transformation of metrology. Metrology vocabulary ontology can facilitate the exchange and sharing of data and is an important way to achieve the digitization of metrology vocabulary. Time metrology vocabulary is a special and important part of the whole metrology vocabulary, and constructing its ontology can reduce the problems caused by semantic confusion, help to smooth the progress of metrological work, and promote the digital transformation of metrology. Currently, the existing ontology for metrology vocabulary is primarily the MetrOnto ontology, but it lacks a systematic description of the vocabulary of time metrology. To address this issue, improve the metrology vocabulary ontology, and lay the groundwork for realizing the digital transformation of metrology, this paper takes time metrology vocabulary as the research object; proposes a classification principle that meets the inherent requirements of time transfer in the digital world; adopts the seven-step method of ontology construction to construct an ontology specialized in time metrology vocabulary, OTMV (Ontology of Time Metrology Vocabulary); and conducts an ontology consistency check, a machine-readable validation, a machine-understandable primary validation, and information retrieval validation on it. The validation results show that OTMV has correct syntactic and logical consistency and is capable of realizing machine-readable, machine-understandable, and information retrieval. The construction of this ontology provides a systematic description of the time measurement vocabulary that can address the problem of word expression of time metrology vocabulary in the digital world and lay the foundation for the digitization of our metrology vocabulary, as well as its readability, understandability, and sharing.
数字化时代的到来对计量数字化提出了迫切需求，而计量词汇的数字化是实现计量数字化转型的基础和关键步骤之一。计量词汇本体可以促进数据的交换和共享，是实现计量词汇数字化的重要途径。时间计量词汇是整个计量词汇中特殊而重要的一部分，构建其本体可以减少因语义混淆带来的问题，有助于计量工作的顺利进行，推动计量数字化转型。目前，现有的计量词汇本体主要是 MetrOnto 本体，但缺乏对时间计量词汇的系统描述。为解决这一问题，完善计量词汇本体，为实现计量数字化转型奠定基础，本文以时间计量词汇为研究对象，提出了符合数字化世界时间传递内在要求的分类原则；采用本体构建七步法，构建了时间计量词汇专业本体 OTMV（Ontology of Time Metrology Vocabulary），并对其进行了本体一致性检查、机读验证、机解初级验证和信息检索验证。验证结果表明，OTMV 具有正确的语法和逻辑一致性，能够实现机器可读、机器可理解和信息检索。该本体的构建为时间计量词汇提供了系统的描述，可以解决数字化世界中时间计量词汇的词语表达问题，为我国计量词汇的数字化及其可读性、可理解性和共享性奠定基础。
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Time Metrology Vocabulary Ontology","authors":"Mingxin Du, Boyong Gao, Shuaizhe Wang, Z. Liu, Xingchuang Xiong, Yuqi Luo","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142828","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of the digital era has put forward an urgent need for the digitization of metrology, and the digitization of metrology vocabularies is one of the fundamental and critical steps to achieve the digital transformation of metrology. Metrology vocabulary ontology can facilitate the exchange and sharing of data and is an important way to achieve the digitization of metrology vocabulary. Time metrology vocabulary is a special and important part of the whole metrology vocabulary, and constructing its ontology can reduce the problems caused by semantic confusion, help to smooth the progress of metrological work, and promote the digital transformation of metrology. Currently, the existing ontology for metrology vocabulary is primarily the MetrOnto ontology, but it lacks a systematic description of the vocabulary of time metrology. To address this issue, improve the metrology vocabulary ontology, and lay the groundwork for realizing the digital transformation of metrology, this paper takes time metrology vocabulary as the research object; proposes a classification principle that meets the inherent requirements of time transfer in the digital world; adopts the seven-step method of ontology construction to construct an ontology specialized in time metrology vocabulary, OTMV (Ontology of Time Metrology Vocabulary); and conducts an ontology consistency check, a machine-readable validation, a machine-understandable primary validation, and information retrieval validation on it. The validation results show that OTMV has correct syntactic and logical consistency and is capable of realizing machine-readable, machine-understandable, and information retrieval. The construction of this ontology provides a systematic description of the time measurement vocabulary that can address the problem of word expression of time metrology vocabulary in the digital world and lay the foundation for the digitization of our metrology vocabulary, as well as its readability, understandability, and sharing.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142823
Fábio Passos, Gabriel Santos, Marcelino Bicho dos Santos
This paper presents the design and implementation of a highly accurate smart temperature sensor designed in 65 nm CMOS technology. The sensor exhibits a ±0.15 °C (3σ) error across a wide temperature range from −40 °C to 125 °C, catering to diverse application needs. Leveraging advanced CMOS technology, the sensor employs an adaptive decimation filter that allows us to control the conversion time, ensuring that the accuracy of the conversion is maintained even in challenging conditions. The proposed sensor architecture integrates advanced techniques for temperature sensing for improved accuracy and reliability. Through meticulous circuit design and the usage of dynamic element matching, chopping, and calibration/trimming, the sensor demonstrates exceptional performance characteristics, making it suitable for various industrial, automotive, and consumer electronics applications demanding high precision temperature monitoring.
{"title":"A ±0.15 °C (3σ) Inaccuracy CMOS Smart Temperature Sensor from 40 °C to 125 °C with a 10 ms Conversion Time-Leveraging an Adaptative Decimation Filter in 65 nm CMOS Technology","authors":"Fábio Passos, Gabriel Santos, Marcelino Bicho dos Santos","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142823","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and implementation of a highly accurate smart temperature sensor designed in 65 nm CMOS technology. The sensor exhibits a ±0.15 °C (3σ) error across a wide temperature range from −40 °C to 125 °C, catering to diverse application needs. Leveraging advanced CMOS technology, the sensor employs an adaptive decimation filter that allows us to control the conversion time, ensuring that the accuracy of the conversion is maintained even in challenging conditions. The proposed sensor architecture integrates advanced techniques for temperature sensing for improved accuracy and reliability. Through meticulous circuit design and the usage of dynamic element matching, chopping, and calibration/trimming, the sensor demonstrates exceptional performance characteristics, making it suitable for various industrial, automotive, and consumer electronics applications demanding high precision temperature monitoring.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142829
R. Matei, D. Chiper
This paper presents a design approach for a class of rotationally invariant 2D filters of finite impulse response (FIR) type, which may form circular filter banks with imposed specifications. The design is conducted analytically in the frequency domain and starts from a maximally flat low-pass prototype based on a trapezoidal function with specified width and slope. Its trigonometric approximation is derived using the Fourier series expressed analytically, truncated to a number of terms depending on the imposed accuracy. The chosen trapezoidal function leads to significantly smaller ringing oscillations compared to the approximation of an ideal square characteristic. By shifting the LP prototype to various frequencies, the desired filter bank is generated, where the component filters have a specified bandwidth, steepness, and overlap. The 2D circular filter bank results by applying a specific frequency mapping to the factored frequency response of the prototype filter. Thus, the frequency responses of the 2D filter bank components will also result in factored form, which is an advantage in implementation. The circular filter bank is designed in two versions, a uniform and a non-uniform (dyadic) filter bank. The designed filter banks have accurate shapes and relatively low order for the specified parameters. These filter banks are then used in a sub-band image decomposition application. Finally, an efficient implementation of these filters at the system level is proposed based on polyphase decomposition and the block filtering technique with a high degree of parallelism, resulting in a lower computational complexity.
{"title":"Design and Polyphase Implementation of Rotationally Invariant 2D FIR Filter Banks Based on Maximally Flat Prototype","authors":"R. Matei, D. Chiper","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142829","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a design approach for a class of rotationally invariant 2D filters of finite impulse response (FIR) type, which may form circular filter banks with imposed specifications. The design is conducted analytically in the frequency domain and starts from a maximally flat low-pass prototype based on a trapezoidal function with specified width and slope. Its trigonometric approximation is derived using the Fourier series expressed analytically, truncated to a number of terms depending on the imposed accuracy. The chosen trapezoidal function leads to significantly smaller ringing oscillations compared to the approximation of an ideal square characteristic. By shifting the LP prototype to various frequencies, the desired filter bank is generated, where the component filters have a specified bandwidth, steepness, and overlap. The 2D circular filter bank results by applying a specific frequency mapping to the factored frequency response of the prototype filter. Thus, the frequency responses of the 2D filter bank components will also result in factored form, which is an advantage in implementation. The circular filter bank is designed in two versions, a uniform and a non-uniform (dyadic) filter bank. The designed filter banks have accurate shapes and relatively low order for the specified parameters. These filter banks are then used in a sub-band image decomposition application. Finally, an efficient implementation of these filters at the system level is proposed based on polyphase decomposition and the block filtering technique with a high degree of parallelism, resulting in a lower computational complexity.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142833
M. Aricò, G. Dardanelli, M. La Guardia, M. Lo Brutto
The spread of new survey strategies for the documentation and 3D reconstruction of complex cultural heritage sites enables the implementation of virtual web navigation systems that are useful for their virtual fruition. In particular, remote indoor/outdoor exploration enhances our knowledge of cultural heritage sites, even in inaccessible or difficult-to-visit states. However, the 3D data acquisition of complex sites for documentation remains a challenge, and the 3D virtual exploration of these datasets is often limited to property software implementations. This work describes the 3D documentation and construction of an indoor/outdoor web visualization system based on the WebGL open-source technology of a complex cultural heritage site. The case study regards the complex of “Santa Maria della Grotta” in Marsala (Italy), which is composed of a church that is located mostly underground and is connected to a human-dug hypogea on the site of a Punic necropolis. The aim of the work was to obtain detailed 3D documentation of the indoor and outdoor spaces through the integration of mobile laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry survey, and to develop a virtual web navigation system for the remote exploration of the site. The indoor/outdoor web navigation system provides users with a simple, web-browser-based 3D visualization, enabling the dissemination of the monuments’ knowledge on the web through an economically sustainable solution based on open-source technologies.
为记录和三维重建复杂的文化遗址而采用的新勘测战略的推广，使得虚拟网络导航系 统的实施成为可能。特别是，远程室内/室外勘探增强了我们对文化遗址的了解，即使是在交通不便或难以到达的地方。然而，对复杂遗址进行三维数据采集以进行记录仍然是一项挑战，而且对这些数据集进行三维虚拟探索往往仅限于地产软件的实施。本作品介绍了基于 WebGL 开源技术的复杂文化遗址三维记录和室内/室外网络可视化系统的构建。案例研究涉及马萨拉（意大利）的 "Santa Maria della Grotta "建筑群，该建筑群由一座教堂组成，教堂大部分位于地下，并与布匿古城遗址上的人挖洞穴相连。这项工作的目的是通过整合移动激光扫描和航空摄影测量，获得室内外空间的详细三维文件，并开发一个虚拟网络导航系统，用于遗址的远程勘探。室内/室外网络导航系统为用户提供了一个简单的、基于网络浏览器的三维可视化系统，通过基于开源技术的经济上可持续的解决方案，在网络上传播古迹知识。
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Documentation and Virtual Web Navigation System for the Indoor and Outdoor Exploration of a Complex Cultural Heritage Site","authors":"M. Aricò, G. Dardanelli, M. La Guardia, M. Lo Brutto","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142833","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of new survey strategies for the documentation and 3D reconstruction of complex cultural heritage sites enables the implementation of virtual web navigation systems that are useful for their virtual fruition. In particular, remote indoor/outdoor exploration enhances our knowledge of cultural heritage sites, even in inaccessible or difficult-to-visit states. However, the 3D data acquisition of complex sites for documentation remains a challenge, and the 3D virtual exploration of these datasets is often limited to property software implementations. This work describes the 3D documentation and construction of an indoor/outdoor web visualization system based on the WebGL open-source technology of a complex cultural heritage site. The case study regards the complex of “Santa Maria della Grotta” in Marsala (Italy), which is composed of a church that is located mostly underground and is connected to a human-dug hypogea on the site of a Punic necropolis. The aim of the work was to obtain detailed 3D documentation of the indoor and outdoor spaces through the integration of mobile laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry survey, and to develop a virtual web navigation system for the remote exploration of the site. The indoor/outdoor web navigation system provides users with a simple, web-browser-based 3D visualization, enabling the dissemination of the monuments’ knowledge on the web through an economically sustainable solution based on open-source technologies.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142821
Chaelim Jeong
This manuscript examines the output characteristics of a dual three-phase synchronous reluctance motor (DT-SynRM) according to two winding arrangements under normal and half-control modes. In the case of the DT-SynRM, it can operate by using all of the dual three-phase systems (the normal control) or one of the dual three-phase systems (the half control). In this paper, conventional winding function theory (WFT) is applied, because the output characteristic can be predicted by the inductance behavior. According to the WFT, the inductance value can be affected by the winding function, the turn function, and the inverse air gap function. As a result, the rotor barrier shape as well as the winding configuration are the most important factors that have an effect on the performance of the DT-SynRM. Therefore, the effect of the rotor barrier design on the performance is analyzed when the winding configuration and control mode are different. Finally, the validity of the torque characteristic is substantiated through experimental verification.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Dual Three-Phase Synchronous Reluctance Motor According to Winding Configuration","authors":"Chaelim Jeong","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142821","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript examines the output characteristics of a dual three-phase synchronous reluctance motor (DT-SynRM) according to two winding arrangements under normal and half-control modes. In the case of the DT-SynRM, it can operate by using all of the dual three-phase systems (the normal control) or one of the dual three-phase systems (the half control). In this paper, conventional winding function theory (WFT) is applied, because the output characteristic can be predicted by the inductance behavior. According to the WFT, the inductance value can be affected by the winding function, the turn function, and the inverse air gap function. As a result, the rotor barrier shape as well as the winding configuration are the most important factors that have an effect on the performance of the DT-SynRM. Therefore, the effect of the rotor barrier design on the performance is analyzed when the winding configuration and control mode are different. Finally, the validity of the torque characteristic is substantiated through experimental verification.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142834
Chuxin Cao, Jianhong Huang, Man Wu, Zhizhe Lin, Yan Sun
In multivariate and multistep time series prediction research, we often face the problems of insufficient spatial feature extraction and insufficient time-dependent mining of historical series data, which also brings great challenges to multivariate time series analysis and prediction. Inspired by the attention mechanism and residual module, this study proposes a multivariate time series prediction method based on a convolutional-residual gated recurrent hybrid model (CNN-DA-RGRU) with a two-layer attention mechanism to solve the multivariate time series prediction problem in these two stages. Specifically, the convolution module of the proposed model is used to extract the relational features among the sequences, and the two-layer attention mechanism can pay more attention to the relevant variables and give them higher weights to eliminate the irrelevant features, while the residual gated loop module is used to extract the time-varying features of the sequences, in which the residual block is used to achieve the direct connectivity to enhance the expressive power of the model, to solve the gradient explosion and vanishing scenarios, and to facilitate gradient propagation. Experiments were conducted on two public datasets using the proposed model to determine the model hyperparameters, and ablation experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the model; by comparing it with several models, the proposed model was found to achieve good results in multivariate time series-forecasting tasks.
{"title":"A Multivariate Time Series Prediction Method Based on Convolution-Residual Gated Recurrent Neural Network and Double-Layer Attention","authors":"Chuxin Cao, Jianhong Huang, Man Wu, Zhizhe Lin, Yan Sun","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142834","url":null,"abstract":"In multivariate and multistep time series prediction research, we often face the problems of insufficient spatial feature extraction and insufficient time-dependent mining of historical series data, which also brings great challenges to multivariate time series analysis and prediction. Inspired by the attention mechanism and residual module, this study proposes a multivariate time series prediction method based on a convolutional-residual gated recurrent hybrid model (CNN-DA-RGRU) with a two-layer attention mechanism to solve the multivariate time series prediction problem in these two stages. Specifically, the convolution module of the proposed model is used to extract the relational features among the sequences, and the two-layer attention mechanism can pay more attention to the relevant variables and give them higher weights to eliminate the irrelevant features, while the residual gated loop module is used to extract the time-varying features of the sequences, in which the residual block is used to achieve the direct connectivity to enhance the expressive power of the model, to solve the gradient explosion and vanishing scenarios, and to facilitate gradient propagation. Experiments were conducted on two public datasets using the proposed model to determine the model hyperparameters, and ablation experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the model; by comparing it with several models, the proposed model was found to achieve good results in multivariate time series-forecasting tasks.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/electronics13142827
Sungbum Kim, Jewan Bang, Taeshik Shon
Various smart home companies are adding displays to smart home control devices and are also releasing smart home control functions for devices with displays. Since smart home management devices with displays are multifunctional, they can store more digital evidence than traditional management devices. Therefore, we propose a smart home environment forensic methodology focused on wallpads, which are smart home management devices with displays. And we validate the proposed methodology by building a smart home environment centered around wallpads and conducting tests with three vendors (Samsung, Kocom, and Commax). Following the proposed methodology, we identified the software and hardware specifications of devices within the testbed, particularly the wallpads. Based on this, we were able to extract network packets, disk images, and individual files stored internally using methods such as packet capture, vulnerability exploits, serial ports, and chip-off. Through analysis, we confirmed that significant user-related information and videos are stored in these control devices. The digital evidence obtained through the proposed methodology can be used as critical legal evidence, and this study contributes to efficiently analyzing important security issues and evidential data in various smart home IoT environments.
{"title":"Forensic Analysis for Cybersecurity of Smart Home Environments with Smart Wallpads","authors":"Sungbum Kim, Jewan Bang, Taeshik Shon","doi":"10.3390/electronics13142827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142827","url":null,"abstract":"Various smart home companies are adding displays to smart home control devices and are also releasing smart home control functions for devices with displays. Since smart home management devices with displays are multifunctional, they can store more digital evidence than traditional management devices. Therefore, we propose a smart home environment forensic methodology focused on wallpads, which are smart home management devices with displays. And we validate the proposed methodology by building a smart home environment centered around wallpads and conducting tests with three vendors (Samsung, Kocom, and Commax). Following the proposed methodology, we identified the software and hardware specifications of devices within the testbed, particularly the wallpads. Based on this, we were able to extract network packets, disk images, and individual files stored internally using methods such as packet capture, vulnerability exploits, serial ports, and chip-off. Through analysis, we confirmed that significant user-related information and videos are stored in these control devices. The digital evidence obtained through the proposed methodology can be used as critical legal evidence, and this study contributes to efficiently analyzing important security issues and evidential data in various smart home IoT environments.","PeriodicalId":504598,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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