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Mitigating reasoning hallucination through Multi-agent Collaborative Filtering 通过多代理协同过滤缓解推理幻觉
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125723
Jinxin Shi , Jiabao Zhao , Xingjiao Wu , Ruyi Xu , Yuan-Hao Jiang , Liang He
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance in various natural language tasks. However, in practical applications, LLMs frequently exhibit hallucinations, generating content that deviates from instructions or facts, especially in complex reasoning tasks. Existing research has simulated real human behavior by utilizing multi-agent debate, voting, and review, enhancing the model’s reasoning capabilities. However, simple multi-agent systems have not accomplished the progressive verification of all reasoning steps. Additionally, the issues of unstable response quality and the continuous learning ability of agents have not been addressed. Therefore, in this work, we propose a Multi-agent Collaborative Filtering framework (MCF) in the form of cross-examination among agents. This aims to cross-verify each step while filtering and selecting the highest-quality responses from the response space. Additionally, to enable agents to achieve continuous learning capabilities, this paper proposes methods for the automated construction and efficient retrieval of the experience repository. Extensive experiments on ten reasoning datasets of three types (Arithmetic, Commonsense, and Symbolic) indicate that MCF can enhance the diversity of large language models, overcome hallucinations, and filter out effective responses in a rich response space. Moreover, the improvement of agents’ reasoning capabilities through the experience repository is also verified. Compared to the state-of-the-art, the method proposed in this paper shows superior performance.
大型语言模型(LLM)在各种自然语言任务中表现出了卓越的性能。然而,在实际应用中,大型语言模型经常会出现幻觉,生成偏离指令或事实的内容,尤其是在复杂的推理任务中。现有研究通过利用多代理辩论、投票和审查来模拟真实的人类行为,从而增强了模型的推理能力。然而,简单的多代理系统无法完成所有推理步骤的逐步验证。此外,反应质量不稳定和代理的持续学习能力等问题也没有得到解决。因此,在这项工作中,我们提出了一个多代理协同过滤框架(MCF),其形式是代理之间的交叉检验。这样做的目的是在过滤和从响应空间中选择最高质量响应的同时,交叉验证每个步骤。此外,为了让代理实现持续学习能力,本文提出了自动构建和高效检索经验库的方法。在三种类型(算术推理、常识推理和符号推理)的十个推理数据集上进行的大量实验表明,MCF 可以增强大型语言模型的多样性,克服幻觉,并在丰富的响应空间中筛选出有效的响应。此外,通过经验库提高代理的推理能力也得到了验证。与最先进的方法相比,本文提出的方法表现出更优越的性能。
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引用次数: 0
A lightweight hierarchical aggregation task alignment network for industrial surface defect detection 用于工业表面缺陷检测的轻量级分层聚合任务排列网络
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125727
Shengping Lv , Tairan Liang , Kaibin Zhang , Shixin Jiang , Bin Ouyang , Quanzhou Li , Xiaoqing Li
Industrial surface defect detection is crucial for maintaining product quality, but it faces challenges such as complex background interference, numerous small defects, and significant variations in defect characteristics. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel lightweight hierarchical aggregation task alignment network (LHATA-Net) designed to enhance detection accuracy, computational efficiency, and generalization. LHATA-Net includes four innovative features: (1) a fast-efficient layer aggregation network (F-ELAN) for efficient feature extraction; (2) a hierarchical multiscale feature enhancement path aggregation network (HMFE-PAN) to improve detection of small defects in complex backgrounds; (3) a lightweight task aligned head (LTA-Head) to optimize feature interaction between classification and localization; and (4) a slide loss function (Slideloss) that integrates slide weighting function with binary cross entropy with logits loss function to tackle sample imbalance. To better validate the detector, we compile a large-scale dataset, DsPCBSD+, which includes real images of surface defects on printed circuit boards from practical industrial production. Experimental results demonstrate that LHATA-Net, with only 3.5M parameters and 18.4G floating point operations per second, achieves an inference speed of 54.2 frames per second. It also achieves average precision of 79.6%, 70.0%, and 85.8% at an intersection over union threshold of 0.5 on two steel surface defect datasets and the DsPCBSD+ dataset, respectively. It ranks first, second, and third compared to state-of-the-art (SOTA) real-time detectors. The Friedman test confirms that LHATA-Net surpasses SOTA detectors in overall performance, highlighting its superiority in practical engineering applications. The code is available at https://github.com/Tarzan-Leung/LHATA-Net.
工业表面缺陷检测对保持产品质量至关重要,但它面临着复杂的背景干扰、众多的小缺陷以及缺陷特征的显著变化等挑战。为应对这些挑战,本文介绍了一种新型轻量级分层聚合任务配准网络(LHATA-Net),旨在提高检测精度、计算效率和泛化能力。LHATA-Net 包括四个创新功能:(1) 快速高效层聚合网络 (F-ELAN),用于高效特征提取;(2) 分层多尺度特征增强路径聚合网络 (HMFE-PAN),用于改进复杂背景中的小缺陷检测;(3) 轻量级任务对齐头 (LTA-Head),用于优化分类和定位之间的特征交互;(4) 滑动损失函数 (Slideloss),将滑动加权函数与二元交叉熵和对数损失函数整合在一起,以解决样本不平衡问题。为了更好地验证检测器,我们编制了一个大规模数据集 DsPCBSD+,其中包括实际工业生产中印刷电路板表面缺陷的真实图像。实验结果表明,LHATA-Net 只需 350 万个参数和每秒 18.4G 次浮点运算,就能达到每秒 54.2 帧的推理速度。此外,在两个钢铁表面缺陷数据集和 DsPCBSD+ 数据集上,当交叉联合阈值为 0.5 时,它的平均精度分别达到了 79.6%、70.0% 和 85.8%。与最先进的实时检测器(SOTA)相比,它分别排名第一、第二和第三。弗里德曼测试证实,LHATA-Net 在整体性能上超过了 SOTA 检测器,突出了其在实际工程应用中的优势。代码可在 https://github.com/Tarzan-Leung/LHATA-Net 上获取。
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引用次数: 0
Data envelopment analysis based performance evaluation of hospitals – Implementation of novel picture fuzzy BCC model 基于数据包络分析的医院绩效评估 - 新型图片模糊 BCC 模型的实施
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125775
Ali Mahmoodirad , Dragan Pamucar , Sadegh Niroomand , Vladimir Simic
In the real-world performance evaluation problems by data envelopment analysis (DEA), dealing with deterministic type data may not be such effective as the real performance of a decision making unit may fluctuate in a period of time. This issue can be an important cause for using fuzzy DEA models for a fair performance evaluation. In this study for the first time a BCC DEA model with picture fuzzy type data is introduced. The picture fuzzy sets and numbers provide more advantage than the classical fuzzy numbers for decision makers to reflect the uncertain nature of a parameter. To tackle the introduced picture fuzzy BCC model, a credibility measure of the possibility theory is used. This is the first time that the possibility theory is extended to a picture fuzzy environment. Therefore, the proposed relations and formula are novel in this study. In addition, as a contribution, the proposed picture fuzzy BCC model and its solution procedure are applied to performance evaluation of a set of hospitals as a real case study. As computational study on the case study, first, according to the managers, the hospitals are evaluated and analyzed. Furthermore, a detailed sensitivity analysis with several experiments is performed to study the impact of the confidence level values of the proposed picture fuzzy credibility measure on the efficiency of the hospitals. According to the ANOVA test results, the considered experiments have significance value of zero which shows the high difference among the obtained results. In addition, a comparative study with the BCC models of the literature is done and the advantages of the proposed BCC model of this study are known. Finally, a detailed managerial insights are presented.
在现实世界的数据包络分析(DEA)绩效评估问题中,处理确定型数据可能并不那么有效,因为决策单位的实际绩效可能会在一段时间内波动。这个问题可能是使用模糊 DEA 模型进行公平绩效评估的一个重要原因。本研究首次引入了带有图片模糊型数据的 BCC DEA 模型。与传统的模糊数相比,图片模糊集和数在反映参数的不确定性方面为决策者提供了更多优势。为解决引入的图片模糊 BCC 模型问题,使用了可能性理论的可信度度量。这是首次将可能性理论扩展到图片模糊环境中。因此,本研究提出的关系和公式是新颖的。此外,作为一项贡献,本研究还将所提出的图片模糊 BCC 模型及其求解程序作为实际案例应用于一组医院的绩效评估。作为案例研究的计算研究,首先,根据管理者对医院进行评估和分析。此外,还通过多次实验进行了详细的敏感性分析,研究了所提出的图片模糊可信度度量的置信度值对医院效率的影响。根据方差分析检验结果,所考虑的实验的显著性值均为零,这表明所得结果之间存在很大差异。此外,还与文献中的 BCC 模型进行了比较研究,并了解了本研究提出的 BCC 模型的优势。最后,提出了详细的管理启示。
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引用次数: 0
DAN: Neural network based on dual attention for anomaly detection in ICS DAN:基于双重注意力的神经网络,用于综合监控系统中的异常检测
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125766
Lijuan Xu , Bailing Wang , Dawei Zhao , Xiaoming Wu
In the interpretability research on anomalies of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) with Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (GCN), the causality between the equipment components is a non-negligible factor. Nonetheless, few existing interpretable anomaly detection methods keeps a good balance of detection and interpretation, because of inadequate insufficient learning of causality and improper representation of nodes in GCN. In this paper, we propose a Dual Attention Network (DAN) for a multivariate time series anomaly detection approach, in which temporal causality based on attention is used for representing the relationship of device components. With this condition, the performance of detection is hardly satisfactory. In addition, in the existing graph neural networks, hyperparameters are used to construct an adjacency matrix, so that the detection accuracy is greatly affected. To address the above problems, we introduce a graph neural network based on an attention mechanism to further learn the causal relationship between device components, and propose an adjacency matrix construction method based on the median, to break through the constraint of hyperparameters. In terms of interpretation and detection effect, the performed experiments using the SWaT and WADI datasets from highly simulated real water plants, demonstrate the validity and universality of the DAN.1
在利用图卷积神经网络(GCN)对工业控制系统(ICS)的异常情况进行可解释性研究时,设备组件之间的因果关系是一个不可忽视的因素。然而,由于对因果关系的学习不足以及 GCN 中节点的表示不当,现有的可解释异常检测方法很少能在检测和解释之间保持良好的平衡。在本文中,我们为多元时间序列异常检测方法提出了一种双注意力网络(DAN),其中基于注意力的时间因果关系被用于表示设备组件的关系。在这种情况下,检测性能很难令人满意。此外,在现有的图神经网络中,超参数用于构建邻接矩阵,因此检测精度受到很大影响。针对上述问题,我们引入了基于注意力机制的图神经网络,进一步学习设备组件之间的因果关系,并提出了基于中值的邻接矩阵构建方法,突破了超参数的限制。在解释和检测效果方面,利用高度模拟真实水厂的 SWaT 和 WADI 数据集进行的实验证明了 DAN 的有效性和普遍性。
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引用次数: 0
Vision-based human action quality assessment: A systematic review 基于视觉的人类行动质量评估:系统回顾
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125642
Jiang Liu , Huasheng Wang , Katarzyna Stawarz , Shiyin Li , Yao Fu , Hantao Liu
Human Action Quality Assessment (AQA), which aims to automatically evaluate the performance of actions executed by humans, is an emerging field of human action analysis. Although many review articles have been conducted for human action analysis fields such as action recognition and action prediction, there is a lack of up-to-date and systematic reviews related to AQA. This paper aims to provide a systematic literature review of existing papers on vision-based human AQA. This systematic review was rigorously conducted following the PRISMA guideline through the databases of Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science in July 2024. Ninety-six research articles were selected for the final analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review presents an overview of various aspects of AQA, including existing applications, data acquisition methods, public datasets, state-of-the-art methods and evaluation metrics. We observe an increase in the number of studies in AQA since 2019, primarily due to the advent of deep learning methods and motion capture devices. We categorize these AQA methods into skeleton-based and video-based methods based on the data modality used. There are different evaluation metrics for various AQA tasks. SRC is the most commonly used evaluation metric, with fifty-six out of ninety-six selected papers using it to evaluate their models. Sports event scoring, surgical skill evaluation and rehabilitation assessment are the most popular three scenarios in this direction based on existing papers and there are more new scenarios being explored such as piano skill assessment. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future research directions are provided, which can be a helpful guide for researchers to explore AQA.
人类动作质量评估(AQA)旨在自动评估人类执行动作的性能,是人类动作分析的一个新兴领域。虽然已有许多综述文章针对动作识别和动作预测等人类动作分析领域,但与 AQA 相关的最新系统性综述还很缺乏。本文旨在对有关基于视觉的人类 AQA 的现有论文进行系统的文献综述。本系统性综述遵循 PRISMA 准则,于 2024 年 7 月通过 Scopus、IEEE Xplore 和 Web of Science 数据库进行了严格审查。在采用纳入和排除标准后,最终筛选出 96 篇研究文章进行分析。本综述概述了 AQA 的各个方面,包括现有应用、数据采集方法、公共数据集、最新方法和评估指标。我们发现,自 2019 年以来,AQA 方面的研究数量有所增加,这主要是由于深度学习方法和运动捕捉设备的出现。根据所使用的数据模式,我们将这些 AQA 方法分为基于骨骼的方法和基于视频的方法。各种 AQA 任务有不同的评价指标。SRC是最常用的评估指标,在96篇入选论文中,有56篇使用它来评估其模型。根据现有论文,体育赛事评分、外科技能评估和康复评估是该方向最受欢迎的三个场景,还有更多新场景正在探索中,如钢琴技能评估。此外,还提供了现有的挑战和未来的研究方向,为研究人员探索 AQA 提供了有益的指导。
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引用次数: 0
A reinforcement learning-enhanced multi-objective iterated greedy algorithm for weeding-robot operation scheduling problems 针对除草机器人作业调度问题的强化学习增强型多目标迭代贪婪算法
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125760
Zhonghua Miao, Hengwei Guo, Quan-ke Pan, Chen Peng, Ziyu Xu
With technological advancements, robots have been widely used in various fields and play a vital role in the production execution system of a smart farm. However, the operation scheduling problem of robots within production execution systems has not received much attention so far. To enable efficient management, this paper develops a multi-objective mathematical model concerning both the efficiency and economic indicators. We propose a population-based iterated greedy algorithm enhanced with Q-learning (Q_DPIG) for a multi-weeding-robots operation scheduling problem. An index-based heuristic (IBH) is designed to generate a diverse set of initial solutions, while an adaptive destruction phase, guided by the Q-learning framework, ensures effective neighborhood search and solution optimization. Additionally, a local search method focusing on the high-load and the critical robots is employed to further optimize the two objectives. Finally, Q_DPIG is demonstrated to be effective and significantly outperform the state-of-the-art algorithms through comprehensive test datasets and a real case study from a farmland management center.
随着技术的进步,机器人已广泛应用于各个领域,并在智能农场的生产执行系统中发挥着重要作用。然而,机器人在生产执行系统中的操作调度问题至今尚未得到广泛关注。为了实现高效管理,本文建立了一个涉及效率和经济指标的多目标数学模型。我们提出了一种基于种群的迭代贪婪算法,并用 Q-learning (Q_DPIG) 对多机器人操作调度问题进行了增强。基于索引的启发式(IBH)旨在生成一组多样化的初始解,而在 Q-learning 框架指导下的自适应破坏阶段确保了有效的邻域搜索和解优化。此外,还采用了一种局部搜索方法,重点关注高负载机器人和关键机器人,以进一步优化这两个目标。最后,通过综合测试数据集和一个农田管理中心的实际案例研究,证明了 Q_DPIG 的有效性,其性能明显优于最先进的算法。
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引用次数: 0
Scheduling identical parallel machines involving flexible maintenance activities 对涉及灵活维护活动的相同并联机器进行调度
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125722
Chunhao Li , Feng Wang , Jatinder N.D. Gupta , Tsui-Ping Chung
Motivated by a practical situation in chip manufacturing process, for the first time in the literature, this paper considers an identical parallel-machine scheduling problem with new flexible maintenance activities to minimize makespan where a maintenance activity is needed if and only if the machine capability has deteriorated by a critical value. To address the proposed problem, a mixed integer linear programming model and a lower bound are established. Since this problem is NP-hard, a combined constructive heuristic algorithm with six priority rules is developed. In order to improve the solution obtained by the proposed combined heuristic algorithm, an embedded learning mechanism is combined with the existing artificial immune system (AIS) algorithm to help self-adjust and modify the search direction. The effectiveness of the proposed combined constructive heuristic and the AIS algorithms is empirically tested on the randomly generated problem instances. These computational results show that the proposed AIS algorithm can generate better near-optimal solutions than several adaptations of the existing algorithms.
受芯片制造过程中实际情况的启发,本文在文献中首次考虑了一个相同的并行机器调度问题,该问题具有新的灵活维护活动,以最大限度地缩短生产周期,其中只有当机器能力下降到临界值时才需要进行维护活动。为了解决所提出的问题,本文建立了一个混合整数线性规划模型和一个下限。由于该问题具有 NP 难度,因此开发了一种包含六条优先规则的组合式构造启发式算法。为了改进所提出的组合启发式算法所得到的解,将嵌入式学习机制与现有的人工免疫系统(AIS)算法相结合,以帮助自我调整和修改搜索方向。在随机生成的问题实例上,对所提出的组合式构造启发式算法和 AIS 算法的有效性进行了实证测试。计算结果表明,所提出的 AIS 算法能比现有算法的几种适应性算法生成更好的近优解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Consistent positive correlation sample distribution: Alleviating the negative sample noise issue in contrastive adaptation 一致的正相关样本分布:缓解对比适应中的负样本噪声问题
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125669
Xing Wei , Zelin Pan , Jiansheng Peng , Chong Zhao , Zhen Wei , Fan Yang , Yang Lu
Contrastive learning has been widely applied in domain adaptation tasks due to its powerful representation learning capabilities in recent years. Constructing positive and negative sample pairs through different augmented views of instances promotes the effective application of contrastive learning in domain adaptation. However, most existing methods are based on Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE), which primarily focuses on instance-level information and lacks attention to the relationships between different instances. These methods treat all negative samples as noise interference, leading to an increased distance between negative samples and anchor samples, disregarding instances in the negative samples that share the same category as the anchor sample. Consequently, these methods do not offer significant advantages in domain adaptation for image classification tasks. To address this issue, we propose a method called Consistent Positive Correlation Sample Distribution (CPCSD) to mitigate the problem of class collision among negative samples by leveraging the semantic similarity between instances. We introduce a positive correlation distribution loss within the contrastive adaptation framework to compute the similarity distribution between batches of augmented views and align them. Additionally, we sharpen the target similarity distribution to obtain a more emphasized relationship distribution, thereby alleviating the issue of negative sample noise in contrastive adaptation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed model has significant advantages in contrastive adaptation algorithms and improves the performance of downstream domain adaptation tasks.
近年来,对比学习因其强大的表征学习能力而被广泛应用于领域适应任务中。通过实例的不同增强视图来构建正负样本对,促进了对比学习在领域适应中的有效应用。然而,现有的大多数方法都是基于噪声对比估计(NCE)的,这种方法主要关注实例级信息,缺乏对不同实例之间关系的关注。这些方法将所有负样本视为噪声干扰,导致负样本与锚样本之间的距离增大,从而忽略了负样本中与锚样本属于同一类别的实例。因此,这些方法在图像分类任务的领域适应性方面没有显著优势。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种名为 "一致正相关样本分布"(CPCSD)的方法,利用实例之间的语义相似性来缓解负样本之间的类别碰撞问题。我们在对比适应框架中引入了正相关分布损失,以计算批次增强视图之间的相似性分布并对齐它们。此外,我们还对目标相似性分布进行了锐化,以获得更突出的关系分布,从而缓解了对比适应中的负样本噪声问题。大量实验证明,我们提出的模型在对比适应算法中具有显著优势,并能提高下游领域适应任务的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction and reliability analysis of ultimate axial strength for outer circular CFRP-strengthened CFST columns with CTGAN and hybrid MFO-ET model 利用 CTGAN 和混合 MFO-ET 模型对 CFRP 加固 CFST 外圆柱的极限轴向强度进行预测和可靠性分析
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125704
Viet-Linh Tran , Jaehong Lee , Jin-Kook Kim
This study develops a novel hybrid machine learning model to estimate the ultimate axial strength and conduct a reliability analysis for outer circular carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns. The experimental datasets are collected and enriched using the conditional tabular generative adversarial network (CTGAN). The column length, the steel properties (cross-section diameter, thickness, and yield strength), the CFRP properties (thickness, tensile strength, and elastic modulus), and concrete strength are selected as input variables to develop the Extra Trees (ET) model hybridized with Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm for the ultimate axial strength estimation. The results reveal that the CTGAN can efficiently capture the actual data distribution of CFRP-strengthened CFST columns and the developed hybrid MFO-ET model can accurately predict the ultimate axial strength with a high accuracy (R2 of 0.985, A10 of 0.867, RMSE of 182.810 kN, and MAE of 124.534 kN) based on the synthetic database. In addition, compared with the best empirical model, the MFO-ET model increases the R2 by (6.78% and 13.48%) and A10 by (108.19% and 122.88%) and reduces the RMSE by (68.19% and 66.24%) and MAE by (71.33% and 68.48%) based on real and synthetic databases, respectively. Notably, a reliability analysis is performed to evaluate the safety of the developed MFO-ET model using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Finally, a web application tool is created to make the developed MFO-ET model easier for users to design practical applications.
本研究开发了一种新型混合机器学习模型,用于估算碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)加固混凝土填充钢管(CFST)外圆柱的极限轴向强度并进行可靠性分析。实验数据集由条件表格生成式对抗网络(CTGAN)收集和丰富。选择支柱长度、钢材属性(横截面直径、厚度和屈服强度)、CFRP 属性(厚度、抗拉强度和弹性模量)和混凝土强度作为输入变量,开发了与飞蛾-火焰优化算法(MFO)混合的额外树(ET)模型,用于极限轴向强度估算。结果表明,基于合成数据库,CTGAN 可以有效捕捉 CFRP 加固 CFST 柱的实际数据分布,所开发的 MFO-ET 混合模型可以准确预测极限轴向强度,且精度较高(R2 为 0.985,A10 为 0.867,RMSE 为 182.810 kN,MAE 为 124.534 kN)。此外,与最佳经验模型相比,基于真实数据库和合成数据库的 MFO-ET 模型分别提高了 R2(6.78% 和 13.48%)和 A10(108.19% 和 122.88%),降低了 RMSE(68.19% 和 66.24%)和 MAE(71.33% 和 68.48%)。值得注意的是,还利用蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)进行了可靠性分析,以评估所开发的 MFO-ET 模型的安全性。最后,创建了一个网络应用工具,使开发的 MFO-ET 模型更易于用户设计实际应用。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing structural knowledge in code smell identification: A fusion learning framework combining AST-based metrics with semantic embeddings 增强代码气味识别中的结构知识:基于 AST 的指标与语义嵌入相结合的融合学习框架
IF 7.5 1区 计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125725
Quanxin Yang , Dongjin Yu , Sixuan Wang , Yihang Xu , Xin Chen , Jie Chen , Bin Hu
Identifying code smells is a crucial task in software engineering that aims to uncover potential problems and bad practices in source code. Existing learning-based approaches have achieved good results in identifying code smells by learning features such as software code metrics, syntax, and semantics. However, some gaps in existing research still need to be addressed: (1) Software code metrics are challenging to extract and vary across different levels of code granularity; (2) Highly abstract code semantics rarely convey the structural details of the code. To address these issues, we propose using Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)-based metrics to replace software code metrics for identifying code smells. The proposed AST-based metrics are easy to extract, treat code at all granularity levels uniformly, and precisely describe the structural details of the code. Additionally, we propose a fusion learning framework that combines AST-based metrics and semantic embeddings to identify code smells and their severity. Extensive experimental results reveal that our proposed AST-based metrics have the potential to replace software code metrics in identifying code smells, and the proposed fusion learning framework outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on the same dataset.
识别代码气味是软件工程中的一项重要任务,旨在发现源代码中的潜在问题和不良做法。现有的基于学习的方法通过学习软件代码度量、语法和语义等特征,在识别代码气味方面取得了良好的效果。然而,现有研究中仍有一些不足之处需要解决:(1) 软件代码度量标准的提取具有挑战性,并且在不同层次的代码粒度中存在差异;(2) 高度抽象的代码语义很少能传达代码的结构细节。为解决这些问题,我们建议使用基于抽象语法树(AST)的度量标准来替代软件代码度量标准,以识别代码气味。所提出的基于 AST 的度量标准易于提取,能统一处理所有粒度级别的代码,并能精确描述代码的结构细节。此外,我们还提出了一种融合学习框架,将基于 AST 的度量标准与语义嵌入相结合,以识别代码气味及其严重程度。广泛的实验结果表明,我们提出的基于 AST 的度量标准有可能取代软件代码度量标准来识别代码气味,而且在相同的数据集上,我们提出的融合学习框架优于最先进的方法。
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Expert Systems with Applications
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