Alejandro G. Farji‐Brener, Moisés Enríquez, Diego Rosey, Paulina Arroyo‐Gerala, Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez
For prey exhibiting alternative antipredator strategies, selecting the most effective one is critical for survival. However, what determines such selection remains an open question. We hypothesised that this selection depends on prey skill.We test this idea in Myrmeleon immaculatus De Geer, 1773 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) antlion larvae that exhibit two alternative antipredator behaviours: post‐contact immobility (PCI) and burying. As the larvae live under sandy soils, PCI is only a temporary strategy, and eventually, all larvae will burrow. However, deciding how long to remain immobile before burying may depend on how fast larvae bury themselves (i.e., how quickly the individual can camouflage itself in the substrate).In a tropical forest from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, we measured the PCI duration, bury time and body size of 45 larvae in a fine‐grained experimental substrate. We also measured the mandible length to assess their effects on burying skills.The PCI duration was consistently shorter in larvae that took less time to bury but was longer and more variable in larvae that took more time to bury. This effect was independent of larvae body size. Mandible length did not affect burial time.Our findings suggest that when a given prey should select between two mutually excluding antipredator strategies, the intrinsic skill to perform the most relevant one (how fast burying themselves, in this case) may modulate the duration of the other (PCI, in this case). This reinforces the role of predation as a selective force that modulates prey behaviours.
对于表现出多种反捕食策略的猎物来说，选择最有效的策略对其生存至关重要。然而，是什么决定了这种选择仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。我们假设这种选择取决于猎物的技能。我们在Myrmeleon immaculatus De Geer, 1773（神经目：Myrmeleontidae）蚁后幼虫身上验证了这一观点，它们表现出两种可供选择的反捕食行为：接触后不动（PCI）和掩埋。由于幼虫生活在沙质土壤中，PCI 只是一种临时策略，最终所有幼虫都会钻入土中。然而，决定在埋藏前保持不动多长时间可能取决于幼虫埋藏自身的速度（即个体在基质中伪装自身的速度）。在墨西哥尤卡坦半岛的热带森林中，我们测量了 45 只幼虫在细粒度实验基质中的 PCI 持续时间、埋藏时间和体型。我们还测量了下颚长度，以评估它们对掩埋技能的影响。埋藏时间较短的幼虫的PCI持续时间一直较短，而埋藏时间较长的幼虫的PCI持续时间较长，且变化较大。这种影响与幼虫的体型无关。下颚长度不影响掩埋时间。我们的研究结果表明，当特定的猎物在两种相互排斥的反捕食者策略之间进行选择时，执行最相关策略的内在技能（在本例中，掩埋自己的速度）可能会调节另一种策略（在本例中，PCI）的持续时间。这加强了捕食作为一种调节猎物行为的选择性力量的作用。
{"title":"What determines the antipredator strategy in antlion larvae? Burrowing ability decreases the duration of post‐contact immobility","authors":"Alejandro G. Farji‐Brener, Moisés Enríquez, Diego Rosey, Paulina Arroyo‐Gerala, Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez","doi":"10.1111/een.13384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13384","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>For prey exhibiting alternative antipredator strategies, selecting the most effective one is critical for survival. However, what determines such selection remains an open question. We hypothesised that this selection depends on prey skill.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We test this idea in <jats:italic>Myrmeleon immaculatus</jats:italic> De Geer, 1773 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) antlion larvae that exhibit two alternative antipredator behaviours: post‐contact immobility (PCI) and burying. As the larvae live under sandy soils, PCI is only a temporary strategy, and eventually, all larvae will burrow. However, deciding how long to remain immobile before burying may depend on how fast larvae bury themselves (i.e., how quickly the individual can camouflage itself in the substrate).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In a tropical forest from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, we measured the PCI duration, bury time and body size of 45 larvae in a fine‐grained experimental substrate. We also measured the mandible length to assess their effects on burying skills.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The PCI duration was consistently shorter in larvae that took less time to bury but was longer and more variable in larvae that took more time to bury. This effect was independent of larvae body size. Mandible length did not affect burial time.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our findings suggest that when a given prey should select between two mutually excluding antipredator strategies, the intrinsic skill to perform the most relevant one (how fast burying themselves, in this case) may modulate the duration of the other (PCI, in this case). This reinforces the role of predation as a selective force that modulates prey behaviours.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian Wen, Lu Xiao, Yan Zou, Kewei Chen, Yongyue Lu, Lang Fu, Yiqiang Weng, Fengqin Cao
Competition, as an interspecific interaction, significantly influences both species evolution and ecosystem stability; furthermore, its outcome can be shaped by interspecific dynamics and chemical communication.We studied the orchard populations of mealybugs, Planococcus lilacinus, and fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis, assessing both their damage rates and interactions with fire ants, Solenopsis invicta. We analysed their competitive dynamics across various rearing conditions and identified the chemical cues from honeydew and ant semiochemicals that mediate this competition.The abundance of S. invicta significantly influenced the damage rates of the pests we studied. An increase in the abundance of S. invicta reduced the damage caused by B. dorsalis but increased that caused by P. lilacinus. Competition in varied rearing environments revealed that B. dorsalis had a superior ability to exploit food resources in the absence of S. invicta. However, the presence of S. invicta reversed this competitive outcome.Further results showed that P. lilacinus honeydew attracted S. invicta, which in turn deterred B. dorsalis from laying eggs. This suggests a strategy by P. lilacinus to repel B. dorsalis and protect its population. Key honeydew attractants, such as ethyl lactate and cis‐linalooloxide, and repellents, including d‐limonene and dodecanoic acid from S. invicta, were identified.Our findings highlight the competition between B. dorsalis and P. lilacinus and emphasize the role of S. invicta in mediating these interactions through chemical communication. This contributes to our understanding of how these two pests coexist and has significant implications for developing new pest management strategies.
竞争作为一种种间相互作用，对物种进化和生态系统稳定性都有重大影响；此外，竞争的结果还可能受种间动态和化学交流的影响。我们研究了果园中粉蚧（Planococcus lilacinus）和果蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis）的种群，评估了它们的危害率以及与火蚁（Solenopsis invicta）的相互作用。我们分析了它们在不同饲养条件下的竞争动态，并确定了蜜露和蚂蚁半化学物质中介导这种竞争的化学线索。入侵蚁的数量对我们研究的害虫的危害率有显著影响。蜜腺小蜂数量的增加会降低背壳虫造成的危害，但会增加丁香小蜂造成的危害。在不同的饲养环境中的竞争表明，在没有金龟子的情况下，多刺蛾有更强的利用食物资源的能力。然而，S. invicta的存在逆转了这一竞争结果。进一步的研究结果表明，丁香蝽的蜜露吸引了S. invicta，而S. invicta反过来又阻止了B.这表明丁香蝽采取了一种策略来驱赶 B. dorsalis 并保护其种群。我们确定了主要的蜜露吸引剂（如乳酸乙酯和顺式芳樟醇醚）和驱避剂（包括来自 S. invicta 的 d-柠檬烯和十二酸）。我们的研究结果突显了 B. dorsalis 和 P. lilacinus 之间的竞争，并强调了 S. invicta 通过化学交流在调解这些相互作用中的作用。这有助于我们了解这两种害虫是如何共存的，并对制定新的害虫管理策略具有重要意义。
{"title":"Fire ants mediate competition between scale insects and fruit flies","authors":"Jian Wen, Lu Xiao, Yan Zou, Kewei Chen, Yongyue Lu, Lang Fu, Yiqiang Weng, Fengqin Cao","doi":"10.1111/een.13377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13377","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Competition, as an interspecific interaction, significantly influences both species evolution and ecosystem stability; furthermore, its outcome can be shaped by interspecific dynamics and chemical communication.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We studied the orchard populations of mealybugs, <jats:italic>Planococcus lilacinus</jats:italic>, and fruit flies, <jats:italic>Bactrocera dorsalis</jats:italic>, assessing both their damage rates and interactions with fire ants, <jats:italic>Solenopsis invicta</jats:italic>. We analysed their competitive dynamics across various rearing conditions and identified the chemical cues from honeydew and ant semiochemicals that mediate this competition.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The abundance of <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic> significantly influenced the damage rates of the pests we studied. An increase in the abundance of <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic> reduced the damage caused by <jats:italic>B. dorsalis</jats:italic> but increased that caused by <jats:italic>P. lilacinus</jats:italic>. Competition in varied rearing environments revealed that <jats:italic>B. dorsalis</jats:italic> had a superior ability to exploit food resources in the absence of <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic>. However, the presence of <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic> reversed this competitive outcome.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Further results showed that <jats:italic>P. lilacinus</jats:italic> honeydew attracted <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic>, which in turn deterred <jats:italic>B. dorsalis</jats:italic> from laying eggs. This suggests a strategy by <jats:italic>P. lilacinus</jats:italic> to repel <jats:italic>B. dorsalis</jats:italic> and protect its population. Key honeydew attractants, such as ethyl lactate and cis‐linalooloxide, and repellents, including d‐limonene and dodecanoic acid from <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic>, were identified.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our findings highlight the competition between <jats:italic>B. dorsalis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. lilacinus</jats:italic> and emphasize the role of <jats:italic>S. invicta</jats:italic> in mediating these interactions through chemical communication. This contributes to our understanding of how these two pests coexist and has significant implications for developing new pest management strategies.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resting animals are highly vulnerable to predation, making the location and manner in which they rest crucial for their survival. Some lepidopteran larvae and spiders rest while suspended in the air at night. Although previous studies have hypothesised that nocturnal suspended resting serves as an anti‐predator defence, this hypothesis has not yet been tested.We found that Pogonopygia nigralbata larvae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) rest on leaves of the host plant Illicium anisatum (Austrobaileyales: Schisandraceae) during the day but hang from leaves by a thread at night. As some predators, such as praying mantises, centipedes and tree frogs, were observed on host plants at night, the larvae might hang from leaves to avoid encounters with these predators.To test this hypothesis, we artificially placed model prey (i.e., live mealworms) on I. anisatum trees during the day and at night. We compared the attack rates on model prey suspended from leaves with those directly attached to the leaves. Model prey were attacked more frequently during the day than at night. Suspended models were attacked less frequently than those attached leaves at night. A mealworm attached to a leaf was also consumed by a centipede at night. Additionally, centipedes were found more frequently on the host plant I. anisatum at night than during the day. Furthermore, our laboratory experiments showed that P. nigralbata larvae were frequently consumed by praying mantises and centipedes.Our results suggest that the nocturnal suspended resting of P. nigralbata larvae plays a crucial role in evading nocturnal predators, such as praying mantises and centipedes.
休息的动物极易遭到捕食，因此它们休息的地点和方式对其生存至关重要。一些鳞翅目幼虫和蜘蛛在夜间悬空休息。尽管以前的研究假设夜间悬浮休息是一种反捕食者防御手段，但这一假设尚未得到验证。我们发现，Pogonopygia nigralbata 幼虫（鳞翅目：尺蠖科：啮齿目）白天在寄主植物 Illicium anisatum（Austrobaileyales: Schisandraceae）的叶子上休息，晚上则用线悬挂在叶子上。由于夜间在寄主植物上观察到螳螂、蜈蚣和树蛙等天敌，幼虫可能会悬挂在叶片上，以避免遭遇这些天敌。为了验证这一假设，我们白天和晚上都在 I. anisatum 树上人工放置了模型猎物（即活的黄粉虫）。我们比较了悬挂在树叶上的模型猎物和直接附着在树叶上的猎物的攻击率。模型猎物在白天的攻击频率高于夜间。在夜间，悬挂在树叶上的猎物模型受到攻击的频率低于附着在树叶上的猎物模型。附着在叶子上的黄粉虫在夜间也被蜈蚣吃掉。此外，在寄主植物 I. anisatum 上发现蜈蚣的频率夜间高于白天。此外，我们的实验室实验还表明，夜蛾幼虫经常被螳螂和蜈蚣吃掉。我们的研究结果表明，P. nigralbata幼虫的夜间悬浮休息在躲避螳螂和蜈蚣等夜间捕食者方面起着至关重要的作用。
{"title":"Suspended resting of caterpillars as an anti‐predator strategy","authors":"Satoru Matsubara, Shinji Sugiura","doi":"10.1111/een.13374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13374","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Resting animals are highly vulnerable to predation, making the location and manner in which they rest crucial for their survival. Some lepidopteran larvae and spiders rest while suspended in the air at night. Although previous studies have hypothesised that nocturnal suspended resting serves as an anti‐predator defence, this hypothesis has not yet been tested.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found that <jats:italic>Pogonopygia nigralbata</jats:italic> larvae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) rest on leaves of the host plant <jats:italic>Illicium anisatum</jats:italic> (Austrobaileyales: Schisandraceae) during the day but hang from leaves by a thread at night. As some predators, such as praying mantises, centipedes and tree frogs, were observed on host plants at night, the larvae might hang from leaves to avoid encounters with these predators.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>To test this hypothesis, we artificially placed model prey (i.e., live mealworms) on <jats:italic>I</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anisatum</jats:italic> trees during the day and at night. We compared the attack rates on model prey suspended from leaves with those directly attached to the leaves. Model prey were attacked more frequently during the day than at night. Suspended models were attacked less frequently than those attached leaves at night. A mealworm attached to a leaf was also consumed by a centipede at night. Additionally, centipedes were found more frequently on the host plant <jats:italic>I</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anisatum</jats:italic> at night than during the day. Furthermore, our laboratory experiments showed that <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nigralbata</jats:italic> larvae were frequently consumed by praying mantises and centipedes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results suggest that the nocturnal suspended resting of <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nigralbata</jats:italic> larvae plays a crucial role in evading nocturnal predators, such as praying mantises and centipedes.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous insects evolved diapause to cope with seasonally re‐occurring adverse conditions, affecting multiple life‐history traits, including reproduction, survival and voltinism. The spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—a major disturbance agent in spruce‐dominated forests of Eurasia—enters reproductive diapause to survive harsh winters. Induction of facultative diapause is mainly regulated by short daylengths, but modified by warm temperatures, potentially postponing entry into diapause. Knowledge on the interplay of these cues under natural conditions is still lacking despite its importance for phenology and management in a changing climate.We conducted a comprehensive field study over 3 years along an elevational gradient in South‐West Germany to quantify diapause expression in I. typographus under a broad range of natural photoperiod and temperature conditions.Most individuals entered diapause in mid‐August (daylengths <14 h), regardless of temperature. However, some individuals still reproduced at warm temperatures (>22–26°C) in late October (daylengths ~10 h), even following cold nights below 5°C. However, fecundity of these late‐breeding individuals was reduced.In comparison to previous findings, we revealed a later diapause induction in I. typographus due to warm temperatures. Within‐population variability in the timing of diapause induction is an effective strategy to increase the amount of late‐breeding individuals and thus voltinism in a warming climate. Bark beetle phenology models should hence (i) include temperature as diapause‐modifying cue in addition to photoperiod and (ii) consider potential differences between populations from diverse geographic origins.
{"title":"High plasticity in diapause responses benefits bark beetles in a changing climate","authors":"Sven Hofmann, Markus Kautz, Martin Schebeck","doi":"10.1111/een.13378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13378","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Numerous insects evolved diapause to cope with seasonally re‐occurring adverse conditions, affecting multiple life‐history traits, including reproduction, survival and voltinism. The spruce bark beetle <jats:italic>Ips typographus—</jats:italic>a major disturbance agent in spruce‐dominated forests of Eurasia—enters reproductive diapause to survive harsh winters. Induction of facultative diapause is mainly regulated by short daylengths, but modified by warm temperatures, potentially postponing entry into diapause. Knowledge on the interplay of these cues under natural conditions is still lacking despite its importance for phenology and management in a changing climate.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We conducted a comprehensive field study over 3 years along an elevational gradient in South‐West Germany to quantify diapause expression in <jats:italic>I. typographus</jats:italic> under a broad range of natural photoperiod and temperature conditions.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Most individuals entered diapause in mid‐August (daylengths <14 h), regardless of temperature. However, some individuals still reproduced at warm temperatures (>22–26°C) in late October (daylengths ~10 h), even following cold nights below 5°C. However, <jats:italic>fecundity</jats:italic> of these late‐breeding individuals was reduced.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In comparison to previous findings, we revealed a later diapause induction in <jats:italic>I. typographus</jats:italic> due to warm temperatures. Within‐population variability in the timing of diapause induction is an effective strategy to increase the amount of late‐breeding individuals and thus voltinism in a warming climate. Bark beetle phenology models should hence (i) include temperature as diapause‐modifying cue in addition to photoperiod and (ii) consider potential differences between populations from diverse geographic origins.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Marina Alma, Andres Arenas, Patrica Carina Fernandez, Micaela Buteler
The ability to respond to local stimuli individually and propagate information among colony members has allowed social organisms to generate collective responses. Leaf‐cutting ants are an excellent model to study this because, apart from exchanging information among groups assigned to different tasks (foragers, gardeners, and midden workers—ants working in refuse dumps), they also do so with their symbiotic fungus.Here, we tested the role of refuse dumps as an information centre influencing the foraging decisions of Acromyrmex lobicornis under field conditions. To simulate the presence of discarded resources, oat flakes were added to the refuse dumps of treated colonies, while the refuse dumps of controls remained untreated. After 24 h and for 6 weeks, we offered new clean oat flakes on the foraging trails simultaneously with cornflakes, another palatable resource that was never experienced by the ants on the dump.Although the oat flakes were suitable for the ants and harmless to the fungus, the acceptance index—a ratio of oat flakes foraged to total oat and cornflakes offered—decreased by 55% 24 h after the ants interacted with oat flakes in the refuse dump. After 6 weeks, the acceptance index recovered to levels that did not differ from initial values.Therefore, ants might use waste to obtain information about the suitability of resources found in foraging trails. We explore potential mechanisms underlying the transmission of information from refuse dumps to foraging trails, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of collective decision‐making in social insect colonies.
{"title":"The refuse dump provides information that influences the foraging preferences of leaf‐cutting ants","authors":"Andrea Marina Alma, Andres Arenas, Patrica Carina Fernandez, Micaela Buteler","doi":"10.1111/een.13380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13380","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>The ability to respond to local stimuli individually and propagate information among colony members has allowed social organisms to generate collective responses. Leaf‐cutting ants are an excellent model to study this because, apart from exchanging information among groups assigned to different tasks (foragers, gardeners, and midden workers—ants working in refuse dumps), they also do so with their symbiotic fungus.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we tested the role of refuse dumps as an information centre influencing the foraging decisions of <jats:italic>Acromyrmex lobicornis</jats:italic> under field conditions. To simulate the presence of discarded resources, oat flakes were added to the refuse dumps of treated colonies, while the refuse dumps of controls remained untreated. After 24 h and for 6 weeks, we offered new clean oat flakes on the foraging trails simultaneously with cornflakes, another palatable resource that was never experienced by the ants on the dump.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Although the oat flakes were suitable for the ants and harmless to the fungus, the acceptance index—a ratio of oat flakes foraged to total oat and cornflakes offered—decreased by 55% 24 h after the ants interacted with oat flakes in the refuse dump. After 6 weeks, the acceptance index recovered to levels that did not differ from initial values.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Therefore, ants might use waste to obtain information about the suitability of resources found in foraging trails. We explore potential mechanisms underlying the transmission of information from refuse dumps to foraging trails, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of collective decision‐making in social insect colonies.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flávio Camarota, Arleu B. Viana‐Junior, Diogo M. Vidal, Paulo H. G. Zarbin, Frederico S. Neves
Communication is critical for social insects and largely mediated by cuticular hydrocarbon compounds (CHCs). The CHCs are diverse and involved in different functions, including nestmate recognition, and protection against desiccation. Their production is costly and context‐dependent, and organisms must prioritise those necessary for survival and fitness in a given habitat. While environmental and abiotic factors are key determinants of the CHCs' profile, we still know little about the effects of elevation in CHC composition in tropical mountain social insects.We investigated the role of elevation on the abundance and composition of CHCs in the termite species Nasutitermes coxipoensis, a widespread termite species in Brazil. We studied the populations of N. coxipoensis in the largest Brazilian mountain range.Besides assessing the differences in CHC composition, we conducted behavioural assays to test the recognition ability of different colonies within the elevational gradient.We found an effect of elevation in the chemical profile of CHCs in N. coxipoensis, with an increased abundance of n‐alkanes and dimethyl‐alkanes with increasing elevation. When evaluating the effect of elevation on the dissimilarity of CHC compounds, we observed that n‐alkanes and dimethyl alkanes were affected differently, but in general, compounds increased their dissimilarity with elevational distance.Finally, changes in CHC profiles did not affect aggression between neighbouring colonies along the elevation gradient.Our results indicate that environmental factors play a limited role in shaping termite chemical profiles along a tropical elevation gradient, with no influence on aggression between neighbouring colonies from distinct elevations.
{"title":"Changes in the cuticular profile but not aggression of termites along a tropical elevation gradient","authors":"Flávio Camarota, Arleu B. Viana‐Junior, Diogo M. Vidal, Paulo H. G. Zarbin, Frederico S. Neves","doi":"10.1111/een.13379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13379","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Communication is critical for social insects and largely mediated by cuticular hydrocarbon compounds (CHCs). The CHCs are diverse and involved in different functions, including nestmate recognition, and protection against desiccation. Their production is costly and context‐dependent, and organisms must prioritise those necessary for survival and fitness in a given habitat. While environmental and abiotic factors are key determinants of the CHCs' profile, we still know little about the effects of elevation in CHC composition in tropical mountain social insects.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We investigated the role of elevation on the abundance and composition of CHCs in the termite species <jats:italic>Nasutitermes coxipoensis</jats:italic>, a widespread termite species in Brazil. We studied the populations of <jats:italic>N. coxipoensis</jats:italic> in the largest Brazilian mountain range.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Besides assessing the differences in CHC composition, we conducted behavioural assays to test the recognition ability of different colonies within the elevational gradient.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found an effect of elevation in the chemical profile of CHCs in <jats:italic>N. coxipoensis</jats:italic>, with an increased abundance of <jats:italic>n</jats:italic>‐alkanes and dimethyl‐alkanes with increasing elevation. When evaluating the effect of elevation on the dissimilarity of CHC compounds, we observed that <jats:italic>n</jats:italic>‐alkanes and dimethyl alkanes were affected differently, but in general, compounds increased their dissimilarity with elevational distance.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Finally, changes in CHC profiles did not affect aggression between neighbouring colonies along the elevation gradient.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results indicate that environmental factors play a limited role in shaping termite chemical profiles along a tropical elevation gradient, with no influence on aggression between neighbouring colonies from distinct elevations.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) arise in the presence of parasites even when infection does not occur and can include changes to host behaviour, physiology or morphology. Using the Drosophila nigrospiracula—Macrocheles subbadius fly‐mite system, we investigated the impact of parasite exposure (sans infection) during the pupal and adult pre‐reproductive stages.First, we exposed fly pupae to mites—either indirectly (caged mites) or directly (free‐roaming mites) to test the effects of parasite exposure on pupation success. Second, we tested how exposing adult female flies to mites prior to reproduction affects fecundity during the post‐exposure reproductive period.We found that direct exposure to mites significantly decreased the rate of successful eclosion (development from pupa to adult) compared with unexposed pupae; however, the duration of pupation was not significantly affected. The indirect exposure did not have a significant effect on either successful eclosion or duration of pupation. We also found that indirectly exposed (caged mites) females had a significant decrease in the number of offspring produced, but only for the first few days post eclosion, suggesting the effect was reversible after mite removal.NCEs arise after mite exposure during the pupal and pre‐reproductive life stage of Drosophila, in the form of decreased eclosion success and fecundity. Investigating the NCEs associated with parasite exposure at various life stages of the host is important in understanding the ecology of fear and its total impact on hosts throughout their entire lifespan, with consequences for host ontogeny and population growth.
{"title":"Ecology of fear: ontogeny‐mediated non‐consumptive effects in a parasite–host system","authors":"Lisa R. MacLeod, Lien T. Luong","doi":"10.1111/een.13381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13381","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) arise in the presence of parasites even when infection does not occur and can include changes to host behaviour, physiology or morphology. Using the <jats:italic>Drosophila nigrospiracula—Macrocheles subbadius</jats:italic> fly‐mite system, we investigated the impact of parasite exposure (<jats:italic>sans</jats:italic> infection) during the pupal and adult pre‐reproductive stages.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>First, we exposed fly pupae to mites—either indirectly (caged mites) or directly (free‐roaming mites) to test the effects of parasite exposure on pupation success. Second, we tested how exposing adult female flies to mites prior to reproduction affects fecundity during the post‐exposure reproductive period.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found that direct exposure to mites significantly decreased the rate of successful eclosion (development from pupa to adult) compared with unexposed pupae; however, the duration of pupation was not significantly affected. The indirect exposure did not have a significant effect on either successful eclosion or duration of pupation. We also found that indirectly exposed (caged mites) females had a significant decrease in the number of offspring produced, but only for the first few days post eclosion, suggesting the effect was reversible after mite removal.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>NCEs arise after mite exposure during the pupal and pre‐reproductive life stage of <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic>, in the form of decreased eclosion success and fecundity. Investigating the NCEs associated with parasite exposure at various life stages of the host is important in understanding the ecology of fear and its total impact on hosts throughout their entire lifespan, with consequences for host ontogeny and population growth.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, we reported brood parasitism in the tiny predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae); adult females of this species prefer to add their eggs to a cluster of eggs of another predatory mite species, Gynaeseius liturivorus (Acari: Phytoseiidae), which guards its own eggs against egg predators.Here, we investigated the cues used by the blind N. californicus to detect eggs of G. liturivorus.We show that N. californicus locates oviposition sites of G. liturivorus using volatiles emanating from eggs of the latter species.Adult female G. liturivorus spent more time guarding oviposition sites that contain more eggs, which resulted in a higher per capita survival of the eggs. We therefore hypothesized that N. californicus would prefer oviposition sites with more G. liturivorus eggs.Indeed, N. californicus preferably laid their egg at oviposition sites containing more than six G. liturivorus eggs, which corresponds to the average number laid by a female G. liturivorus during 1 day.Our results suggest that N. californicus uses egg volatiles to localize oviposition sites of G. liturivorus, where the eggs of the former are effectively protected against egg predators.
最近，我们报道了微小捕食螨Neoseiulus californicus（Acari：Phytoseiidae）的育雏寄生现象；该物种的成年雌螨喜欢将自己的卵添加到另一种捕食螨Gynaeseius liturivorus（Acari：Phytoseiidae）的卵群中，后者会保护自己的卵免受捕食者的攻击。在这里，我们研究了失明的加州蛱蝶用来探测 G. liturivorus 卵的线索。我们的研究表明，加州蛱蝶利用蝮蛇卵散发的挥发性物质来确定蝮蛇卵的产卵地点。成年雌性 G. liturivorus 会花更多时间守卫含有更多卵子的产卵地点，这导致卵子的人均存活率更高。因此，我们假设加州尼罗河蛙更喜欢有更多加州尼罗河蛙卵的产卵地点。事实上，加州蛱蝶更喜欢在有 6 枚以上 G. liturivorus 卵的产卵地点产卵，这相当于一只雌性 G. liturivorus 在 1 天内产卵的平均数量。我们的研究结果表明，加州蛱蝶利用卵的挥发性物质来确定 G. liturivorus 的产卵地点，从而有效地保护前者的卵免受天敌的捕食。
{"title":"Host egg volatiles are involved in brood parasitism in predatory mites","authors":"Yasuyuki Choh, Arne Janssen","doi":"10.1111/een.13376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13376","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Recently, we reported brood parasitism in the tiny predatory mite <jats:italic>Neoseiulus californicus</jats:italic> (Acari: Phytoseiidae); adult females of this species prefer to add their eggs to a cluster of eggs of another predatory mite species, <jats:italic>Gynaeseius liturivorus</jats:italic> (Acari: Phytoseiidae), which guards its own eggs against egg predators.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we investigated the cues used by the blind <jats:italic>N. californicus</jats:italic> to detect eggs of <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic>.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We show that <jats:italic>N. californicus</jats:italic> locates oviposition sites of <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic> using volatiles emanating from eggs of the latter species.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Adult female <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic> spent more time guarding oviposition sites that contain more eggs, which resulted in a higher per capita survival of the eggs. We therefore hypothesized that <jats:italic>N. californicus</jats:italic> would prefer oviposition sites with more <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic> eggs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Indeed, <jats:italic>N. californicus</jats:italic> preferably laid their egg at oviposition sites containing more than six <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic> eggs, which corresponds to the average number laid by a female <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic> during 1 day.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results suggest that <jats:italic>N. californicus</jats:italic> uses egg volatiles to localize oviposition sites of <jats:italic>G. liturivorus</jats:italic>, where the eggs of the former are effectively protected against egg predators.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The deleterious effects of pesticides on pollinating insect abundance are well established but the relationship among pesticide application, pollinator decline and the corresponding change in marketable yield is not fully understood.In this study, we assessed what level of pesticide exposure causes maximum pollinator loss and at that level of pollinator loss if there is any crop yield loss.We primarily assessed pollinator crop flower visitation in 27 aubergine farms with different degrees of pesticide application. Subsequently, we also observed pollinator activity and aubergine yield (fruit set) in a semi‐controlled field experiment with four different pesticide treatments.Pesticide application frequency was the most important driver of pollinator visitation compared with quantity. Pesticide spray above once a week caused a drastic drop in pollinator visitation in a non‐linear fashion showing a threshold of pesticide application.In high pesticide frequency experimental plots, pollinator visitation was significantly lower than in control, low and medium frequency plots. This resulted in lowering of aubergine fruit set by 27.4% in high pesticide frequency plots. Use of synthetic pesticides to safeguard yield seems to be doing just the opposite by bringing down yield from pesticide‐induced pollinator limitation.
{"title":"Pollinator visitation decline due to pesticide application beyond threshold frequency brings down crop yield","authors":"Manobrata Das, Ayan Paul, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Parthiba Basu","doi":"10.1111/een.13375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13375","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>The deleterious effects of pesticides on pollinating insect abundance are well established but the relationship among pesticide application, pollinator decline and the corresponding change in marketable yield is not fully understood.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In this study, we assessed what level of pesticide exposure causes maximum pollinator loss and at that level of pollinator loss if there is any crop yield loss.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We primarily assessed pollinator crop flower visitation in 27 aubergine farms with different degrees of pesticide application. Subsequently, we also observed pollinator activity and aubergine yield (fruit set) in a semi‐controlled field experiment with four different pesticide treatments.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Pesticide application frequency was the most important driver of pollinator visitation compared with quantity. Pesticide spray above once a week caused a drastic drop in pollinator visitation in a non‐linear fashion showing a threshold of pesticide application.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In high pesticide frequency experimental plots, pollinator visitation was significantly lower than in control, low and medium frequency plots. This resulted in lowering of aubergine fruit set by 27.4% in high pesticide frequency plots. Use of synthetic pesticides to safeguard yield seems to be doing just the opposite by bringing down yield from pesticide‐induced pollinator limitation.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samm K. Reynolds, C. Scott Clem, Blair Fitz‐Gerald, Andrew D. Young
Hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a group of insects containing many migratory species that provide critical ecosystem services including pollination, decomposition and biological control. Their migratory behaviour remains largely overlooked and unacknowledged, but an influx of contemporary research is beginning to shift this.The goal of this review is to summarise and synthesise the past 150+ years of global hover fly migration research from over 50 papers in multiple languages. Here, we provide comprehensive evidence for hover fly migration through the lens of the methodologies used for studying these phenomena, the biological mechanisms for migration and the associated ecological and economic impacts. We also include an inventory of all recognised migratory species and discuss taxonomic patterns.In total, we compiled accounts of 46 species that are considered migratory, most of which were sourced from Europe. Recent reports, however, have also described hover fly migration in North America, Asia, the Middle East and Australia. Approximately 70% of these species are from the subfamily Syrphinae, which are important biological control agents.The migratory behaviour of hover flies has substantial impacts on ecosystem services and may be linked to long‐distance gene flow for many angiosperms via pollen transportation. These insects are also likely redistributing biological control services at a continental scale on an annual basis, which has major repercussions for the management of crop pests such as aphids. The sensitivity of hover fly migration to anthropogenic impacts is not well known, but shifting climatic conditions, pollution and increased habitat fragmentation are likely impactful and should be further explored.Despite recent advances and increased interest in the subject, hover fly migration remains understudied and many major knowledge gaps continue to persist.
{"title":"A comprehensive review of long‐distance hover fly migration (Diptera: Syrphidae)","authors":"Samm K. Reynolds, C. Scott Clem, Blair Fitz‐Gerald, Andrew D. Young","doi":"10.1111/een.13373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13373","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a group of insects containing many migratory species that provide critical ecosystem services including pollination, decomposition and biological control. Their migratory behaviour remains largely overlooked and unacknowledged, but an influx of contemporary research is beginning to shift this.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The goal of this review is to summarise and synthesise the past 150+ years of global hover fly migration research from over 50 papers in multiple languages. Here, we provide comprehensive evidence for hover fly migration through the lens of the methodologies used for studying these phenomena, the biological mechanisms for migration and the associated ecological and economic impacts. We also include an inventory of all recognised migratory species and discuss taxonomic patterns.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In total, we compiled accounts of 46 species that are considered migratory, most of which were sourced from Europe. Recent reports, however, have also described hover fly migration in North America, Asia, the Middle East and Australia. Approximately 70% of these species are from the subfamily Syrphinae, which are important biological control agents.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The migratory behaviour of hover flies has substantial impacts on ecosystem services and may be linked to long‐distance gene flow for many angiosperms via pollen transportation. These insects are also likely redistributing biological control services at a continental scale on an annual basis, which has major repercussions for the management of crop pests such as aphids. The sensitivity of hover fly migration to anthropogenic impacts is not well known, but shifting climatic conditions, pollution and increased habitat fragmentation are likely impactful and should be further explored.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Despite recent advances and increased interest in the subject, hover fly migration remains understudied and many major knowledge gaps continue to persist.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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