Patricia C. Guerra, Víctor M. Escobedo, Ernesto Gianoli
Parasitic plants may indirectly modify arthropod community structure by inducing resistance/susceptibility in host plants. In the Atacama Desert, the mistletoe Tristerix aphyllus initiates cascading effects on its cactus host, Echinopsis chiloensis, inducing susceptibility to stem‐borer beetles, whose brood chambers are colonized by a diverse arthropod community.We evaluated whether those cascading effects initiated by Tristerix generate a positive or negative feedback loop on this parasitic plant. A positive or negative feedback loop would occur if the mistletoe‐elicited indirect effects on arthropod community result in increased or decreased mistletoe fitness, respectively. Specifically, by way of field sampling, experimental manipulation of number of brood chambers, and structural equation modelling, we assessed the indirect impact of number of brood chambers on Tristerix fitness mediated by its influence on the abundance of arthropod trophic guilds (omnivores, nectarivores, herbivores and predators).We found that the number of brood chambers had a positive indirect effect on mistletoe fitness, likely mediated by the increased abundance of nectarivores. The number of brood chambers was positively associated with the abundance of predators, nectarivores and herbivores. However, nectarivores were the only trophic guild showing a positive association with both number of brood chambers and Tristerix fitness.This positive feedback loop, together with the known pattern of specific disperser‐mediated cyclic reinfection of cacti by Tristerix, would indicate that mistletoe infection may ultimately threaten cactus survival.
{"title":"Mistletoes benefit from initiating cascading effects in a cactus–stem borers–arthropods system: A positive feedback","authors":"Patricia C. Guerra, Víctor M. Escobedo, Ernesto Gianoli","doi":"10.1111/een.13371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13371","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Parasitic plants may indirectly modify arthropod community structure by inducing resistance/susceptibility in host plants. In the Atacama Desert, the mistletoe <jats:italic>Tristerix aphyllus</jats:italic> initiates cascading effects on its cactus host, <jats:italic>Echinopsis chiloensis</jats:italic>, inducing susceptibility to stem‐borer beetles, whose brood chambers are colonized by a diverse arthropod community.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We evaluated whether those cascading effects initiated by <jats:italic>Tristerix</jats:italic> generate a positive or negative feedback loop on this parasitic plant. A positive or negative feedback loop would occur if the mistletoe‐elicited indirect effects on arthropod community result in increased or decreased mistletoe fitness, respectively. Specifically, by way of field sampling, experimental manipulation of number of brood chambers, and structural equation modelling, we assessed the indirect impact of number of brood chambers on <jats:italic>Tristerix</jats:italic> fitness mediated by its influence on the abundance of arthropod trophic guilds (omnivores, nectarivores, herbivores and predators).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found that the number of brood chambers had a positive indirect effect on mistletoe fitness, likely mediated by the increased abundance of nectarivores. The number of brood chambers was positively associated with the abundance of predators, nectarivores and herbivores. However, nectarivores were the only trophic guild showing a positive association with both number of brood chambers and <jats:italic>Tristerix</jats:italic> fitness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This positive feedback loop, together with the known pattern of specific disperser‐mediated cyclic reinfection of cacti by <jats:italic>Tristerix</jats:italic>, would indicate that mistletoe infection may ultimately threaten cactus survival.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Friedrich, Mattia De Vivo, Christian Ulrich Baden, Michael E. Grevé, Christian Maus, Thomas Udelhoven, Henrik Krehenwinkel
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding holds great promise as a simple and efficient tool to detect plant–insect interactions. However, the influence of both abiotic and biotic factors on eDNA deposition in these interactions is not well understood. It especially remains to be tested how much eDNA abundances reflect the frequency or intensity of interactions between insects and plants.We experimentally analysed the quantitative deposition of eDNA from three insect species (the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula, the mustard beetle Phaedon cochleariae and the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda) on leaves of two host plants of varying attractiveness: savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda, preferred host) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, less preferred host). We tested for the effects of insect taxonomy, host plant, exposure time and abundances of interacting insects on the plant material.Our data show a clear quantitative ecological signal in eDNA deposition. Insect abundance and interaction time are reflected in the amount of deposited eDNA. Moreover, significantly more eDNA was deposited on cabbage, the preferred host plant. Besides these ecological drivers, a very strong taxonomic eDNA deposition bias between different insect taxa was observed.eDNA detection is strongly influenced by the ecological interactions of the targeted taxa, highlighting the utility of the tool to specifically detect trophic interactions between plants and arthropods. However, taxonomic biases in eDNA deposition preclude comparative analyses of interactions at the community level.
{"title":"The quantity of deposited environmental DNA in plant–arthropod interactions depends on taxon, abundance and interaction time","authors":"Sarah Friedrich, Mattia De Vivo, Christian Ulrich Baden, Michael E. Grevé, Christian Maus, Thomas Udelhoven, Henrik Krehenwinkel","doi":"10.1111/een.13372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13372","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding holds great promise as a simple and efficient tool to detect plant–insect interactions. However, the influence of both abiotic and biotic factors on eDNA deposition in these interactions is not well understood. It especially remains to be tested how much eDNA abundances reflect the frequency or intensity of interactions between insects and plants.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We experimentally analysed the quantitative deposition of eDNA from three insect species (the southern green stink bug <jats:italic>Nezara viridula,</jats:italic> the mustard beetle <jats:italic>Phaedon cochleariae</jats:italic> and the fall armyworm <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</jats:italic>) on leaves of two host plants of varying attractiveness: savoy cabbage (<jats:italic>Brassica oleracea</jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>sabauda</jats:italic>, preferred host) and tomato (<jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum</jats:italic>, less preferred host). We tested for the effects of insect taxonomy, host plant, exposure time and abundances of interacting insects on the plant material.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our data show a clear quantitative ecological signal in eDNA deposition. Insect abundance and interaction time are reflected in the amount of deposited eDNA. Moreover, significantly more eDNA was deposited on cabbage, the preferred host plant. Besides these ecological drivers, a very strong taxonomic eDNA deposition bias between different insect taxa was observed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>eDNA detection is strongly influenced by the ecological interactions of the targeted taxa, highlighting the utility of the tool to specifically detect trophic interactions between plants and arthropods. However, taxonomic biases in eDNA deposition preclude comparative analyses of interactions at the community level.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noah Michaeli, Yoav Nadu, Aziz Subach, Inon Scharf
Habitat selection plays a critical role in the survival and reproduction of animals, with implications for all important behaviours. Animals are often limited in their familiarity with their habitat and rely on their senses and the habitat structure to detect suitable sites to settle in.We focus here on a trap‐building predator, the wormlion, which constructs pitfall traps in loose soil, and examine how the distance from suitable microhabitats and the presence of obstacles affect its habitat selection.We conducted four experiments. Experiment 1 assessed the impact of distance on the probability of wormlions reaching a suitable microhabitat. Experiment 2 examined the interaction between distance and obstacles. Experiment 3 investigated the influence of walls on the probability of reaching destinations. Experiment 4 evaluated walls as either leading paths or barriers.Our results showed that increasing distance from the destination negatively affected the probability of wormlions reaching it, with larger individuals more likely to cover greater distances. Obstacles interacted with distance, generally decreasing movement when present. Walls positively influenced orientation, aiding wormlions in reaching suitable sites, either by following the wall or locating the destination along the wall. The function of walls varied, sometimes facilitating movement and sometimes decreasing it, depending on their orientation and context.These findings suggest that walls may serve as navigational aids for wormlions in urban environments, assisting them in locating suitable microhabitats. This has implications for understanding habitat selection in urban ecosystems. Future research should explore the long‐term effects of walls on wormlion survival and habitat quality in more natural settings.
{"title":"Pit builders are assisted by walls to find suitable sites for pit construction but are slowed down by obstacles and their initial distance from the destination","authors":"Noah Michaeli, Yoav Nadu, Aziz Subach, Inon Scharf","doi":"10.1111/een.13368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13368","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Habitat selection plays a critical role in the survival and reproduction of animals, with implications for all important behaviours. Animals are often limited in their familiarity with their habitat and rely on their senses and the habitat structure to detect suitable sites to settle in.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We focus here on a trap‐building predator, the wormlion, which constructs pitfall traps in loose soil, and examine how the distance from suitable microhabitats and the presence of obstacles affect its habitat selection.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We conducted four experiments. Experiment 1 assessed the impact of distance on the probability of wormlions reaching a suitable microhabitat. Experiment 2 examined the interaction between distance and obstacles. Experiment 3 investigated the influence of walls on the probability of reaching destinations. Experiment 4 evaluated walls as either leading paths or barriers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results showed that increasing distance from the destination negatively affected the probability of wormlions reaching it, with larger individuals more likely to cover greater distances. Obstacles interacted with distance, generally decreasing movement when present. Walls positively influenced orientation, aiding wormlions in reaching suitable sites, either by following the wall or locating the destination along the wall. The function of walls varied, sometimes facilitating movement and sometimes decreasing it, depending on their orientation and context.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>These findings suggest that walls may serve as navigational aids for wormlions in urban environments, assisting them in locating suitable microhabitats. This has implications for understanding habitat selection in urban ecosystems. Future research should explore the long‐term effects of walls on wormlion survival and habitat quality in more natural settings.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141869200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa Minter, Kanchon K. Dasamahapatra, Mike D. Morecroft, Chris D. Thomas, Jane K. Hill
Variation in insect size is often related to temperature during development and may affect the persistence of populations under future climate warming if smaller individuals have reduced fitness. Montane species are particularly vulnerable to climate‐driven local extinctions due to range retractions at their warm range margins, and so we examined spatial and temporal variation in body size in the butterfly Erebia epiphron (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the United Kingdom, where it is restricted to two montane regions in England and Scotland. We examined spatial and temporal variation in body size in relation to temperature.We sampled 19 populations (6–15 individuals per population) in England and Scotland between 2018 and 2019 spanning elevations from 380 to 720 m and examined museum specimens collected between 1890 and 1980. We examined individual body size (forewing length) and its relationship with the local temperature of sites, as well as temporal variation in body size over the last century in relation to the temperature during larval development.The forewing lengths of field‐collected individuals in England were on average 7%–8% smaller than in Scotland (England, mean = 14.9 mm, Scotland, mean = 15.9 mm), and warmer sites also had smaller individuals (0.13 mm reduction in wing length per 1°C increase in local site mean temperature). However, we found no effect of temporal temperature variation on body size changes during larval development.The observed smaller body size in English populations could have impacts on fecundity and dispersal ability. Future work should seek to understand the life‐cycle lengths, genetics and phenotypic plasticity of these two populations to evaluate potential explanations for regional differences.
{"title":"Reduced size in a montane butterfly at its warm range boundaries","authors":"Melissa Minter, Kanchon K. Dasamahapatra, Mike D. Morecroft, Chris D. Thomas, Jane K. Hill","doi":"10.1111/een.13369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13369","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Variation in insect size is often related to temperature during development and may affect the persistence of populations under future climate warming if smaller individuals have reduced fitness. Montane species are particularly vulnerable to climate‐driven local extinctions due to range retractions at their warm range margins, and so we examined spatial and temporal variation in body size in the butterfly <jats:italic>Erebia epiphron</jats:italic> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the United Kingdom, where it is restricted to two montane regions in England and Scotland. We examined spatial and temporal variation in body size in relation to temperature.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We sampled 19 populations (6–15 individuals per population) in England and Scotland between 2018 and 2019 spanning elevations from 380 to 720 m and examined museum specimens collected between 1890 and 1980. We examined individual body size (forewing length) and its relationship with the local temperature of sites, as well as temporal variation in body size over the last century in relation to the temperature during larval development.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The forewing lengths of field‐collected individuals in England were on average 7%–8% smaller than in Scotland (England, mean = 14.9 mm, Scotland, mean = 15.9 mm), and warmer sites also had smaller individuals (0.13 mm reduction in wing length per 1°C increase in local site mean temperature). However, we found no effect of temporal temperature variation on body size changes during larval development.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The observed smaller body size in English populations could have impacts on fecundity and dispersal ability. Future work should seek to understand the life‐cycle lengths, genetics and phenotypic plasticity of these two populations to evaluate potential explanations for regional differences.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franziska Deppe, Christoph Achterberg, Johanna‐Marie Dittmar, Steffen Kunz, Lara Müller, Lara Näckel, Luisa Wittkamp, Klaus Fischer
Agricultural intensification causes the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, which negatively impacts farmland biodiversity. The concomitant isolation of essential resources may favour increased dispersal ability in flying insects, resulting in differences in flight morphology and dispersal propensity across landscapes.We collected the butterfly Coenonympha pamphilus in four replicated landscape pairs, each consisting of (a) a highly fragmented and intensified ‘modern’ and (b) a less fragmented ‘traditional’ agricultural landscape. We compared condition (i.e. storage reserves), flight morphology, dispersal capacity and propensity of the collected butterflies between both landscape types. We also tested for the impact of landscape composition and configuration at different spatial scales on butterfly traits.No differences between landscape types per se could be found, but a variety of landscape features affected butterfly traits, indicating complex interactions between landscape heterogeneity and dispersal. In particular, landscapes with a high proportion of crop fields appeared to be selected for phenotypes enhancing dispersal ability.Since dispersal is a key factor for the persistence of metapopulations in fragmented landscapes, we argue that limitations on dispersal in relation to compositional and configurational landscape heterogeneity should be considered in the debate on insect declines in agricultural landscapes.
{"title":"Landscape effects on dispersal‐related traits in a sedentary butterfly in agricultural landscapes","authors":"Franziska Deppe, Christoph Achterberg, Johanna‐Marie Dittmar, Steffen Kunz, Lara Müller, Lara Näckel, Luisa Wittkamp, Klaus Fischer","doi":"10.1111/een.13367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13367","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Agricultural intensification causes the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, which negatively impacts farmland biodiversity. The concomitant isolation of essential resources may favour increased dispersal ability in flying insects, resulting in differences in flight morphology and dispersal propensity across landscapes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We collected the butterfly <jats:italic>Coenonympha pamphilus</jats:italic> in four replicated landscape pairs, each consisting of (a) a highly fragmented and intensified ‘modern’ and (b) a less fragmented ‘traditional’ agricultural landscape. We compared condition (i.e. storage reserves), flight morphology, dispersal capacity and propensity of the collected butterflies between both landscape types. We also tested for the impact of landscape composition and configuration at different spatial scales on butterfly traits.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>No differences between landscape types per se could be found, but a variety of landscape features affected butterfly traits, indicating complex interactions between landscape heterogeneity and dispersal. In particular, landscapes with a high proportion of crop fields appeared to be selected for phenotypes enhancing dispersal ability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Since dispersal is a key factor for the persistence of metapopulations in fragmented landscapes, we argue that limitations on dispersal in relation to compositional and configurational landscape heterogeneity should be considered in the debate on insect declines in agricultural landscapes.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoltán László, Bálint Szilágyi, Borbála Macalik, Mátyás Biró, Constantin‐Teodor Iordache, Marco Nicula, Dorina Podar
Plant galls are unique outgrowths caused by various organisms, including insects, serving as nourishment for the inducer's larvae. Despite the taxonomists and ecologists attempts to elucidate the mechanisms behind plant gall formation, its understanding is still incomplete. Modern genetic techniques allow in‐depth analysis of the molecular processes, but variations across species entangle the analysis. Establishing laboratory‐friendly plant–gall inducer communities is crucial, yet past attempts have faced challenges.Our study partly aimed to create a laboratory community involving wild roses (Rosa sp.) and rose gall wasps belonging to the genus Diplolepis as gall‐inducing insects. Controlled indoor conditions were optimized for plant growth. Wild roses were transplanted, then exposed to gall inducers, and monitored.Successfully initialized gall growth was measured and analysed, revealing insights into the impact of plant vigour on gall size as a secondary aim.Our study successfully established a novel laboratory community for further research on gall formation mechanisms.
{"title":"Successful gall induction on wild roses by gall wasps under lab conditions","authors":"Zoltán László, Bálint Szilágyi, Borbála Macalik, Mátyás Biró, Constantin‐Teodor Iordache, Marco Nicula, Dorina Podar","doi":"10.1111/een.13366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13366","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Plant galls are unique outgrowths caused by various organisms, including insects, serving as nourishment for the inducer's larvae. Despite the taxonomists and ecologists attempts to elucidate the mechanisms behind plant gall formation, its understanding is still incomplete. Modern genetic techniques allow in‐depth analysis of the molecular processes, but variations across species entangle the analysis. Establishing laboratory‐friendly plant–gall inducer communities is crucial, yet past attempts have faced challenges.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our study partly aimed to create a laboratory community involving wild roses (<jats:italic>Rosa</jats:italic> sp.) and rose gall wasps belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Diplolepis</jats:italic> as gall‐inducing insects. Controlled indoor conditions were optimized for plant growth. Wild roses were transplanted, then exposed to gall inducers, and monitored.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Successfully initialized gall growth was measured and analysed, revealing insights into the impact of plant vigour on gall size as a secondary aim.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our study successfully established a novel laboratory community for further research on gall formation mechanisms.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julliana Barretto, Emilio Alfonso Suárez‐Domínguez, Carlos A. Cultid‐Medina, Federico Escobar
Dynamic occupancy model estimates the probabilities of occupancy, detection, extinction and colonization of individuals throughout seasons and is, thus, a useful tool for identifying whether individuals select a site to improve population phenology and fitness.We used multi‐season dynamics occupancy models to assess how abiotic factors (monthly variation, percentage of forest and edge and temperature) and biotic factors (female abundance) affect the demographic dynamics of coprophagous beetles Deltochilum mexicanum and Dichotomius satanas that differ in their habitat preferences in a human‐modified landscape in a cloud forest in Mexico.For both species, we captured a total of 1069 individuals with a density of 48.2 individuals per trap in forest areas and 14.8 individuals per trap in non‐forest areas. The species differed in their spatiotemporal occupancy dynamics in the landscape. Specifically, we found that monthly variation, percentage of forest cover and percentage of edge affected the models for both species. Each species showed a specific set of explanatory covariates for the model parameters, indicating that phenological and demographic regulatory mechanisms act as drivers of the spatiotemporal occupancy in a year period.We highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors (landscape characteristics) as drivers of occupancy, especially in highly heterogeneous landscapes. Such understanding is relevant to establish the effects of the landscape on the distribution and occurrence of dung beetles by determining how forest and generalist species differ in colonization and extinction patterns with respect to their phenology.
{"title":"To stay or not to stay? Temporal shifts in dung beetle occupancy in a cloud forest landscape","authors":"Julliana Barretto, Emilio Alfonso Suárez‐Domínguez, Carlos A. Cultid‐Medina, Federico Escobar","doi":"10.1111/een.13364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13364","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Dynamic occupancy model estimates the probabilities of occupancy, detection, extinction and colonization of individuals throughout seasons and is, thus, a useful tool for identifying whether individuals select a site to improve population phenology and fitness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We used multi‐season dynamics occupancy models to assess how abiotic factors (monthly variation, percentage of forest and edge and temperature) and biotic factors (female abundance) affect the demographic dynamics of coprophagous beetles <jats:italic>Deltochilum mexicanum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dichotomius satanas</jats:italic> that differ in their habitat preferences in a human‐modified landscape in a cloud forest in Mexico.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>For both species, we captured a total of 1069 individuals with a density of 48.2 individuals per trap in forest areas and 14.8 individuals per trap in non‐forest areas. The species differed in their spatiotemporal occupancy dynamics in the landscape. Specifically, we found that monthly variation, percentage of forest cover and percentage of edge affected the models for both species. Each species showed a specific set of explanatory covariates for the model parameters, indicating that phenological and demographic regulatory mechanisms act as drivers of the spatiotemporal occupancy in a year period.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors (landscape characteristics) as drivers of occupancy, especially in highly heterogeneous landscapes. Such understanding is relevant to establish the effects of the landscape on the distribution and occurrence of dung beetles by determining how forest and generalist species differ in colonization and extinction patterns with respect to their phenology.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiantian Liu, Weizhou Ren, Wantong Jiang, Jiatai Wang, Xinqiang Xi
The life history of parasitoids is divided into a parasitic immature stage living in or on a host invertebrate and a free‐living adult stage. We still have little consensus on how larvae and adult parasitoids differ in their responses to environmental heat waves. We tested the performance of two cosmopolitan drosophila pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), when exposed to 35 and 40°C heat waves in the larval and adult stage, respectively. Additionally, we tested if heat hardening in the larval stage influenced the thermal tolerance of adult parasitoids. P. vindemiae had a higher tolerance to heat waves than T. drosophilae in both the larval and adult stages. We did not find significantly increased thermal tolerance of adult wasps that experienced heat hardening during the larval stage. A 35°C heat wave had no effect on P. vindemiae. Larval T. drosophilae that experienced a 35°C heat wave had longer development times, but individuals that survived showed no significant decrease in longevity and fecundity compared with those without warming experience. By contrast, adult T. drosophilae suffered less mortality from the 35°C heat wave, but individuals that survived had significantly reduced longevity and fecundity. A 40°C heat wave resulted in higher mortality in the larval stage than in the adult stage for both parasitoid species. Our study clearly revealed the contrasting responses to heat waves in the larval and adult stages of two parasitoids and highlighted the importance of ontogenetic differences in thermal tolerance in predicting parasitoid distributions and population dynamics.
{"title":"Contrasting responses of drosophila pupal parasitoids to heat waves in the larval and adult stages","authors":"Tiantian Liu, Weizhou Ren, Wantong Jiang, Jiatai Wang, Xinqiang Xi","doi":"10.1111/een.13365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13365","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The life history of parasitoids is divided into a parasitic immature stage living in or on a host invertebrate and a free‐living adult stage. We still have little consensus on how larvae and adult parasitoids differ in their responses to environmental heat waves.\u0000We tested the performance of two cosmopolitan drosophila pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), when exposed to 35 and 40°C heat waves in the larval and adult stage, respectively. Additionally, we tested if heat hardening in the larval stage influenced the thermal tolerance of adult parasitoids.\u0000P. vindemiae had a higher tolerance to heat waves than T. drosophilae in both the larval and adult stages. We did not find significantly increased thermal tolerance of adult wasps that experienced heat hardening during the larval stage.\u0000A 35°C heat wave had no effect on P. vindemiae. Larval T. drosophilae that experienced a 35°C heat wave had longer development times, but individuals that survived showed no significant decrease in longevity and fecundity compared with those without warming experience. By contrast, adult T. drosophilae suffered less mortality from the 35°C heat wave, but individuals that survived had significantly reduced longevity and fecundity. A 40°C heat wave resulted in higher mortality in the larval stage than in the adult stage for both parasitoid species.\u0000Our study clearly revealed the contrasting responses to heat waves in the larval and adult stages of two parasitoids and highlighted the importance of ontogenetic differences in thermal tolerance in predicting parasitoid distributions and population dynamics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melanie Szasz, Katherine G. Evans, Steven A. Juliano
Aedes eggs may hatch in synchrony, yielding individuals of similar age and size, or asynchrony, yielding individuals of different ages and sizes, depending on rainfall. Multiple freshwater species have similar variation in developmental synchrony of immatures.We tested alternative hypotheses that asynchronous hatch modifies intraspecific competition among Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) compared with synchronous hatch via: (1) priority effects; or (2) reduced temporal overlap. We placed pairs of newly hatched larvae into water‐filled vials with food at either the same time (synchronous) or 4 days apart (asynchronous) and recorded survival, sex, development time and wing length for the resulting adults.For second‐eclosing adults, asynchronous hatch yielded larger adult females compared to synchronous hatch, but there were no effects on male sizes, nor on survival or development times. For first‐eclosing adults, asynchronous hatch yielded both larger sizes and shorter development times for both sexes compared with synchronous hatch. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hatch asynchrony reduced the impact of intraspecific competition, possibly by reducing the time that larvae co‐occurred.We found limited evidence for priority effects, suggesting that the dominant effect of hatch asynchrony of 4 days is reduced intraspecific competition, probably via reduced temporal overlap. These results suggest that priority advantage is only one possible effect of asynchrony and that there may be benefits to developmental asynchrony under certain circumstances. Further experiments with different degrees of asynchrony, at different resource levels, would enhance our understanding of intraspecific competition among larval mosquitoes and likely other freshwater taxa with variable hatch asynchrony.
{"title":"Hatching asynchrony affects intraspecific competition among larval mosquitoes","authors":"Melanie Szasz, Katherine G. Evans, Steven A. Juliano","doi":"10.1111/een.13363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13363","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Aedes</jats:italic> eggs may hatch in synchrony, yielding individuals of similar age and size, or asynchrony, yielding individuals of different ages and sizes, depending on rainfall. Multiple freshwater species have similar variation in developmental synchrony of immatures.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We tested alternative hypotheses that asynchronous hatch modifies intraspecific competition among <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti</jats:italic> (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) compared with synchronous hatch via: (1) priority effects; or (2) reduced temporal overlap. We placed pairs of newly hatched larvae into water‐filled vials with food at either the same time (synchronous) or 4 days apart (asynchronous) and recorded survival, sex, development time and wing length for the resulting adults.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>For second‐eclosing adults, asynchronous hatch yielded larger adult females compared to synchronous hatch, but there were no effects on male sizes, nor on survival or development times. For first‐eclosing adults, asynchronous hatch yielded both larger sizes and shorter development times for both sexes compared with synchronous hatch. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hatch asynchrony reduced the impact of intraspecific competition, possibly by reducing the time that larvae co‐occurred.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found limited evidence for priority effects, suggesting that the dominant effect of hatch asynchrony of 4 days is reduced intraspecific competition, probably via reduced temporal overlap. These results suggest that priority advantage is only one possible effect of asynchrony and that there may be benefits to developmental asynchrony under certain circumstances. Further experiments with different degrees of asynchrony, at different resource levels, would enhance our understanding of intraspecific competition among larval mosquitoes and likely other freshwater taxa with variable hatch asynchrony.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Host selection behaviour plays a pivotal role in determining the success of parasitoids, especially in environments where host quality varies. In heterogeneous environments, parasitoids frequently encounter hosts that are infected.We conducted experiments to ascertain whether the ecto‐parasitoid Bracon brevicornis can differentiate between healthy caterpillars and those infected with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and examined the implications of this host selection behaviour.In an olfactometer choice assay, B. brevicornis avoided Bt‐infected Spodoptera litura hosts. In a no‐choice assay, the female parasitoid displayed a lower paralysis rate on infected hosts, indicating a strong selection behaviour. Furthermore, we explored the impact of infection duration by exposing female wasps to larvae infected for 24, 48 and 72 h with Bt. Both choice and no‐choice assays demonstrated that female B. brevicornis refrains from ovipositing on infected larvae, regardless of the infection duration.Direct exposure to Bt through consumption did not affect the fitness of the tested parasitoid wasp. However, post‐24‐h Bt infection, host larvae showed an increased total hemocyte density, particularly high phagocytic cell numbers, and enhanced melanization, rendering the host larva unsuitable for parasitoid development.Taken together, our study underscores that parasitoids exhibit robust host selection behaviour by actively avoiding infected hosts. This insight is valuable for devising new pest control strategies in agriculture that safeguard beneficial parasitoids.
{"title":"Making a healthy choice: Tactical host selection behaviour of a parasitoid wasp","authors":"Aswathi Sasidharan, Enakshi Ghosh, Radhika Venkatesan","doi":"10.1111/een.13362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13362","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Host selection behaviour plays a pivotal role in determining the success of parasitoids, especially in environments where host quality varies. In heterogeneous environments, parasitoids frequently encounter hosts that are infected.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We conducted experiments to ascertain whether the ecto‐parasitoid <jats:italic>Bracon brevicornis</jats:italic> can differentiate between healthy caterpillars and those infected with <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis</jats:italic> (Bt) and examined the implications of this host selection behaviour.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In an olfactometer choice assay, <jats:italic>B. brevicornis</jats:italic> avoided Bt‐infected <jats:italic>Spodoptera litura</jats:italic> hosts. In a no‐choice assay, the female parasitoid displayed a lower paralysis rate on infected hosts, indicating a strong selection behaviour. Furthermore, we explored the impact of infection duration by exposing female wasps to larvae infected for 24, 48 and 72 h with Bt. Both choice and no‐choice assays demonstrated that female <jats:italic>B. brevicornis</jats:italic> refrains from ovipositing on infected larvae, regardless of the infection duration.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Direct exposure to Bt through consumption did not affect the fitness of the tested parasitoid wasp. However, post‐24‐h Bt infection, host larvae showed an increased total hemocyte density, particularly high phagocytic cell numbers, and enhanced melanization, rendering the host larva unsuitable for parasitoid development.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Taken together, our study underscores that parasitoids exhibit robust host selection behaviour by actively avoiding infected hosts. This insight is valuable for devising new pest control strategies in agriculture that safeguard beneficial parasitoids.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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