Oliver D. Visick, Idris Adams, Phoebe Ney, Francesco S. Marzano, Francis L. W. Ratnieks
Nest sites are often considered to limit wild honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies in Europe where wild colony densities are low (mean 0.26/km2). Nest site availability can be challenging to quantify directly, especially in urban areas and farmland where colonies nest in different substrates.Here we assess nest site availability indirectly across large areas (78.5 km2) of mixed habitat (67% farmland, 25% urban and 8% woodland) by decoding 3310 waggle dances produced by scouts on swarms. During summers of 2021 and 2022, 14 artificial swarms were set up in two study areas in East Sussex, England.Swarms advertised three to nine nest locations (mean of 5.5) at distances of 0.1–11.2 km (median 1.2 km) all within 0.4–15.2 daylight hours after dancing commenced (median 2.7). We estimated the total number of nest locations, including those not advertised, by quantifying the overlap in locations advertised by two swarms (a form of mark–recapture), which gave a mean density of approximately three nest sites per km2.The probability of swarms advertising nest sites per km2, calculated using simulations of dance variation, was an average of 42% higher in urban areas (0.018/km2), 78% higher in woodland (0.023/km2) and 12% lower in farmland (0.011/km2) than random expectation. After controlling for distance, swarms were still more likely than expected to advertise nest sites in woodland but only in one study area.Our results indicate that nest sites do not limit wild colonies in the study areas given that our conservative estimate of nest site density (3/km2) exceeds the density of wild colonies on nearby landed estates (2/km2) and other locations in Europe (0.26/km2).
{"title":"Do nest sites limit wild honey bee colonies? Decoding swarm waggle dances to assess nest site availability","authors":"Oliver D. Visick, Idris Adams, Phoebe Ney, Francesco S. Marzano, Francis L. W. Ratnieks","doi":"10.1111/een.13361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13361","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Nest sites are often considered to limit wild honey bee, <jats:italic>Apis mellifera</jats:italic>, colonies in Europe where wild colony densities are low (mean 0.26/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>). Nest site availability can be challenging to quantify directly, especially in urban areas and farmland where colonies nest in different substrates.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here we assess nest site availability indirectly across large areas (78.5 km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) of mixed habitat (67% farmland, 25% urban and 8% woodland) by decoding 3310 waggle dances produced by scouts on swarms. During summers of 2021 and 2022, 14 artificial swarms were set up in two study areas in East Sussex, England.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Swarms advertised three to nine nest locations (mean of 5.5) at distances of 0.1–11.2 km (median 1.2 km) all within 0.4–15.2 daylight hours after dancing commenced (median 2.7). We estimated the total number of nest locations, including those not advertised, by quantifying the overlap in locations advertised by two swarms (a form of mark–recapture), which gave a mean density of approximately three nest sites per km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The probability of swarms advertising nest sites per km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, calculated using simulations of dance variation, was an average of 42% higher in urban areas (0.018/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>), 78% higher in woodland (0.023/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) and 12% lower in farmland (0.011/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) than random expectation. After controlling for distance, swarms were still more likely than expected to advertise nest sites in woodland but only in one study area.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results indicate that nest sites do not limit wild colonies in the study areas given that our conservative estimate of nest site density (3/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) exceeds the density of wild colonies on nearby landed estates (2/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) and other locations in Europe (0.26/km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>).</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cameron D. Schwing, Christopher J. Holmes, Ephantus J. Muturi, Christopher Dunlap, Jessica R. Holmes, Carla E. Cáceres
The assembly of host‐associated microbial communities is influenced by multiple factors, but the effect of microbiomes on host phenotypes is often not well understood. To address questions of food‐web effects on host microbiome assembly, we manipulated the resource environment (grass only [G] vs. grass + nutrients [GN]), competition type (intra‐ vs. inter‐specific) and density (high vs. low) for Culex restuans mosquito larvae. We predicted the microbial communities in fourth‐instar larvae would differ between these environmental treatments and that these treatments would translate into differences in the adult phenotype.Resource environment and density influenced the larval microbiome. In addition, the larval microbiome exhibited notable differences compared to the free‐living microbial communities.Resource‐driven differences in the larval samples can be attributed to Arcobacteraceae being more abundant in larvae reared in the GN treatments relative to those reared in the G treatments and Comamonadaceae being more abundant in the G treatment. Although significant, the difference in community structure between density treatments was difficult to discern. This appears to be driven by Weeksellaceae only being abundant in the high‐density, interspecific, GN treatment.Rearing larvae to adulthood under severe food limitation resulted in low survival (<25%) in both resource environments. Approximately 60% of survivors to adulthood were male. Larvae reared in the intraspecific, G treatment had the shortest development time to adulthood and emerged as the smallest adults.These results demonstrate how environmental variation can significantly alter the alpha and beta diversity of free‐living microbes, which in turn can significantly affect host phenotype and critical life history traits, such as development time, size at adulthood, and survival. These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental influences on microbiome diversity to understand and predict host outcomes, offering valuable insights for diverse applications in fields such as ecology, public health, and agriculture.
宿主相关微生物群落的组合受到多种因素的影响，但微生物群落对宿主表型的影响往往不甚明了。为了解决食物网对宿主微生物群落组成的影响问题，我们操纵了库蚊幼虫的资源环境（仅草[G]与草+营养物[GN]）、竞争类型（种内与种间）和密度（高与低）。我们预测四龄幼虫体内的微生物群落在这些环境处理中会有所不同，而且这些处理会转化为成虫表型的差异。资源环境和密度影响了幼虫微生物群落。此外，与自由生活的微生物群落相比，幼虫微生物群落表现出明显的差异。幼虫样本中由资源驱动的差异可归因于 Arcobacteraceae 在 GN 处理中饲养的幼虫比在 G 处理中饲养的幼虫数量更多，以及 Comamonadaceae 在 G 处理中数量更多。虽然密度处理之间的群落结构差异显著，但很难辨别。这似乎是由于Weeksellaceae仅在高密度、种间、GN处理中含量丰富。在食物严重不足的情况下将幼虫饲养到成年，两种资源环境中的存活率都很低（25%）。大约 60% 的成年存活者为雄性。在种内 G 处理中饲养的幼虫发育到成虫的时间最短，成虫体型最小。这些结果表明，环境变化可显著改变自由生活微生物的α和β多样性，进而显著影响宿主表型和关键的生活史特征，如发育时间、成年体型和存活率。这些发现凸显了考虑环境对微生物组多样性的影响对理解和预测宿主结果的重要性，为生态学、公共卫生和农业等领域的各种应用提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Causes and consequences of microbiome formation in mosquito larvae","authors":"Cameron D. Schwing, Christopher J. Holmes, Ephantus J. Muturi, Christopher Dunlap, Jessica R. Holmes, Carla E. Cáceres","doi":"10.1111/een.13360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13360","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>The assembly of host‐associated microbial communities is influenced by multiple factors, but the effect of microbiomes on host phenotypes is often not well understood. To address questions of food‐web effects on host microbiome assembly, we manipulated the resource environment (grass only [G] vs. grass + nutrients [GN]), competition type (intra‐ vs. inter‐specific) and density (high vs. low) for <jats:italic>Culex restuan</jats:italic>s mosquito larvae. We predicted the microbial communities in fourth‐instar larvae would differ between these environmental treatments and that these treatments would translate into differences in the adult phenotype.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Resource environment and density influenced the larval microbiome. In addition, the larval microbiome exhibited notable differences compared to the free‐living microbial communities.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Resource‐driven differences in the larval samples can be attributed to Arcobacteraceae being more abundant in larvae reared in the GN treatments relative to those reared in the G treatments and Comamonadaceae being more abundant in the G treatment. Although significant, the difference in community structure between density treatments was difficult to discern. This appears to be driven by Weeksellaceae only being abundant in the high‐density, interspecific, GN treatment.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Rearing larvae to adulthood under severe food limitation resulted in low survival (<25%) in both resource environments. Approximately 60% of survivors to adulthood were male. Larvae reared in the intraspecific, G treatment had the shortest development time to adulthood and emerged as the smallest adults.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>These results demonstrate how environmental variation can significantly alter the alpha and beta diversity of free‐living microbes, which in turn can significantly affect host phenotype and critical life history traits, such as development time, size at adulthood, and survival. These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental influences on microbiome diversity to understand and predict host outcomes, offering valuable insights for diverse applications in fields such as ecology, public health, and agriculture.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-29DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1996.tb00001.x
T. M. WITHERS, M. O. HARRIS
Movements of ovipositing Hessian flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were quantified in plant arrays that varied in one of three ways: (i) in distances between patches of host plants, (ii) in the size of host plant patches, and (iii) in the density of host plants within arrays of non‐host plants. Durations and frequencies of a range of behaviours were quantified, with the expectation that females would adjust some, but not necessarily all, behaviours when the distribution of host and non‐host plants was altered.Foraging behaviours that were adjusted when plant distribution was altered were seen as evidence for non‐random movement (sensu Morris & Kareiva, 1991), Non‐random components of movement consisted of non‐random settlement on host plants and area‐restricted search after visiting host plants. Ovipositing females also exhibited directed responses to plants; however, directed responses appeared to be based on generalized visual stimuli from grasses rather than species‐specific plant stimuli (e.g. odours).Several behavioural parameters did not change when plant arrays were altered. Females stayed in wheat patches for relatively constant periods of time and laid similar numbers of eggs before leaving wheat patches regardless of the number of plants in the patch or the time taken to find the patch.Non‐random movements resulted in the placement of eggs on hosts rather than non‐hosts, while random movement contributed to egg laying over larger areas.
{"title":"Foraging for oviposition sites in the Hessian fly: random and non‐random aspects of movement","authors":"T. M. WITHERS, M. O. HARRIS","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2311.1996.tb00001.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1996.tb00001.x","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Movements of ovipositing Hessian flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were quantified in plant arrays that varied in one of three ways: (i) in distances between patches of host plants, (ii) in the size of host plant patches, and (iii) in the density of host plants within arrays of non‐host plants. Durations and frequencies of a range of behaviours were quantified, with the expectation that females would adjust some, but not necessarily all, behaviours when the distribution of host and non‐host plants was altered.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Foraging behaviours that were adjusted when plant distribution was altered were seen as evidence for non‐random movement (<jats:italic>sensu</jats:italic> Morris & Kareiva, 1991), Non‐random components of movement consisted of non‐random settlement on host plants and area‐restricted search after visiting host plants. Ovipositing females also exhibited directed responses to plants; however, directed responses appeared to be based on generalized visual stimuli from grasses rather than species‐specific plant stimuli (e.g. odours).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Several behavioural parameters did not change when plant arrays were altered. Females stayed in wheat patches for relatively constant periods of time and laid similar numbers of eggs before leaving wheat patches regardless of the number of plants in the patch or the time taken to find the patch.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Non‐random movements resulted in the placement of eggs on hosts rather than non‐hosts, while random movement contributed to egg laying over larger areas.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jack M. L. Smith, Andrew M. Catherall‐Ostler, Rahia Mashoodh, Rebecca M. Kilner
The burying beetle (Nicrophorus vespilloides) is thought to be predominantly sexually monomorphic. Males carry an additional abdominal segment and produce pheromones, but otherwise the sexes are alike.Both sexes bear bright orange bands on their black elytra, which probably function as part of a warning display rather than in mate choice. In wild populations, the sexes do not differ in mean body size, nor in its variation.Here we describe a form of sexual size dimorphism in wild populations that has previously been overlooked. We show that males have wider heads than females, for any given pronotum width (body size), and that the scaling relationship between head width and pronotum width is hyperallometric in males, but isometric in females. We also show how absolute head width, as well as the extent of sexual dimorphism in head width, differs among seven wild populations inhabiting different woodlands that are within c.10 km of each other.We suggest that head size dimorphism is functionally related to bite force. We hypothesise that dimorphism could be due to divergent selection arising from task specialisation during biparental care, as the duties of care favoured by males are likely to require a greater bite force.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in head size in wild burying beetles","authors":"Jack M. L. Smith, Andrew M. Catherall‐Ostler, Rahia Mashoodh, Rebecca M. Kilner","doi":"10.1111/een.13359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13359","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>The burying beetle (<jats:italic>Nicrophorus vespilloides</jats:italic>) is thought to be predominantly sexually monomorphic. Males carry an additional abdominal segment and produce pheromones, but otherwise the sexes are alike.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Both sexes bear bright orange bands on their black elytra, which probably function as part of a warning display rather than in mate choice. In wild populations, the sexes do not differ in mean body size, nor in its variation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here we describe a form of sexual size dimorphism in wild populations that has previously been overlooked. We show that males have wider heads than females, for any given pronotum width (body size), and that the scaling relationship between head width and pronotum width is hyperallometric in males, but isometric in females. We also show how absolute head width, as well as the extent of sexual dimorphism in head width, differs among seven wild populations inhabiting different woodlands that are within c.10 km of each other.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We suggest that head size dimorphism is functionally related to bite force. We hypothesise that dimorphism could be due to divergent selection arising from task specialisation during biparental care, as the duties of care favoured by males are likely to require a greater bite force.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexey S. Borisov, Sergey N. Borisov, Ivan K. Iakovlev, Vladimir V. Onishko, Mikhail Yu. Ganin, Sergey M. Tsurikov, Alexei V. Tiunov
Dragonflies are well‐known migratory insects, and stable isotopes have been used successfully to study their migrations in America and Asia but less so in Europe.Here we used the isotopic composition of hydrogen (δ2H value) in metabolically inert wing tissues of the dragonfly Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840) to investigate migration patterns and likely origin of immigrants into the European part of Russia. During spring–summer, sexually mature dragonflies arrive to Russia for reproduction and individuals of the summer generation (descendants of immigrants) presumably migrate in the opposite direction in the fall.Analyses included 39 specimens of immigrant S. fonscolombii dragonflies, 11 specimens from 3 species of resident dragonflies (including S. fonscolombii) from the European part of Russia and 16 specimens representing 9 resident dragonfly species from Iran.The average δ2H values of the wings of immigrant S. fonscolombii (−71.9 ± 23.4‰) were significantly higher than those of resident dragonflies in European Russia (−121.7 ± 9.5‰) and similar to those of resident dragonfly species from Iran (−72.3 ± 18.4‰).Based on a geostatistical model of the global δ2H values in precipitation, and considering the distribution of S. fonscolombii, the most probable natal area of immigrants arriving in European Russia is located in Southwest Asia. The suggested migration zone covers regions located between approximately 26°–28° N in the south and 56°–58° N in the north, while the migration distance can reach 2000–4000 km.
{"title":"Origin of the Red‐veined Darter dragonflies migrating into the European part of Russia revealed by stable isotopes of hydrogen","authors":"Alexey S. Borisov, Sergey N. Borisov, Ivan K. Iakovlev, Vladimir V. Onishko, Mikhail Yu. Ganin, Sergey M. Tsurikov, Alexei V. Tiunov","doi":"10.1111/een.13358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13358","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Dragonflies are well‐known migratory insects, and stable isotopes have been used successfully to study their migrations in America and Asia but less so in Europe.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here we used the isotopic composition of hydrogen (δ<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>H value) in metabolically inert wing tissues of the dragonfly <jats:italic>Sympetrum fonscolombii</jats:italic> (Selys, 1840) to investigate migration patterns and likely origin of immigrants into the European part of Russia. During spring–summer, sexually mature dragonflies arrive to Russia for reproduction and individuals of the summer generation (descendants of immigrants) presumably migrate in the opposite direction in the fall.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Analyses included 39 specimens of immigrant <jats:italic>S. fonscolombii</jats:italic> dragonflies, 11 specimens from 3 species of resident dragonflies (including <jats:italic>S. fonscolombii</jats:italic>) from the European part of Russia and 16 specimens representing 9 resident dragonfly species from Iran.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The average δ<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>H values of the wings of immigrant <jats:italic>S. fonscolombii</jats:italic> (−71.9 ± 23.4‰) were significantly higher than those of resident dragonflies in European Russia (−121.7 ± 9.5‰) and similar to those of resident dragonfly species from Iran (−72.3 ± 18.4‰).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Based on a geostatistical model of the global δ<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>H values in precipitation, and considering the distribution of <jats:italic>S. fonscolombii</jats:italic>, the most probable natal area of immigrants arriving in European Russia is located in Southwest Asia. The suggested migration zone covers regions located between approximately 26°–28° N in the south and 56°–58° N in the north, while the migration distance can reach 2000–4000 km.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shohei G. Tsujimoto, Dai Koide, Naoki H. Kumagai, Makihiko Ikegami, Jun Nishihiro
Climate change affects various scales of biotic interaction through phenological shifts. The emergence phenology of cicadas is ecologically important because these insects have large effects on the ecosystem as herbivores, as food resources, and in nutrient flux from subterranean resources. However, little is known about the weather factors affecting their emergence patterns in the field because their nymphal stages grow underground for several years.Here, we used long‐term observation data on the first singing date (i.e. the first emergence of male individuals) of Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, recorded by the Japan Meteorological Agency and citizen scientists throughout Japan, to (1) explore the most influential weather factors across a variety of time spans on the first singing date of G. nigrofuscata and (2) determine whether the temporal trend of the first singing date could be explained by temporal weather trends caused by climate change by using a state space model.Our results indicated that higher temperatures from midsummer to early winter in the previous year are bringing the cicadas' emergence forward, and the annual increase in temperature is causing the advancement of emergence patterns. Other weather factors, such as precipitation and humidity, did not have a strong effect.Our findings suggest that increased growth rates at the nymphal stage due to warming in the previous year influence cicada emergence timing. To understand the mechanisms of how rising temperatures are advancing cicada emergence, we need an approach based on the physiology and ecology of their nymphs.
{"title":"Exploring the factors influencing the first singing date of a cicada, Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata: How will it be affected by climate change?","authors":"Shohei G. Tsujimoto, Dai Koide, Naoki H. Kumagai, Makihiko Ikegami, Jun Nishihiro","doi":"10.1111/een.13357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13357","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Climate change affects various scales of biotic interaction through phenological shifts. The emergence phenology of cicadas is ecologically important because these insects have large effects on the ecosystem as herbivores, as food resources, and in nutrient flux from subterranean resources. However, little is known about the weather factors affecting their emergence patterns in the field because their nymphal stages grow underground for several years.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we used long‐term observation data on the first singing date (i.e. the first emergence of male individuals) of <jats:italic>Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata</jats:italic>, recorded by the Japan Meteorological Agency and citizen scientists throughout Japan, to (1) explore the most influential weather factors across a variety of time spans on the first singing date of <jats:italic>G. nigrofuscata</jats:italic> and (2) determine whether the temporal trend of the first singing date could be explained by temporal weather trends caused by climate change by using a state space model.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results indicated that higher temperatures from midsummer to early winter in the previous year are bringing the cicadas' emergence forward, and the annual increase in temperature is causing the advancement of emergence patterns. Other weather factors, such as precipitation and humidity, did not have a strong effect.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our findings suggest that increased growth rates at the nymphal stage due to warming in the previous year influence cicada emergence timing. To understand the mechanisms of how rising temperatures are advancing cicada emergence, we need an approach based on the physiology and ecology of their nymphs.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrients and drought alter tri-trophic interactions in cool-temperate forests\u0000 Los nutrientes y la sequía alteran las interacciones tritróficas en los bosques templados fríos","authors":"Jaquelina Marisa Chaij, Melina Jeanette Aranda, Enrique José Chaneton, Noemi Mazía","doi":"10.1111/een.13350","DOIUrl":"10.1111/een.13350","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endozoochorous seed dispersal by invertebrates, although infrequently documented, is gaining attention for its feasibility in plants with small seeds. Recent studies have highlighted terrestrial isopods as potential dual agents, acting both as seed dispersers and predators, especially for herbaceous plants with fleshy fruits and tiny seeds. However, the determinants of these contrasting roles are not well understood.The present study explores intraspecific variation in Porcellio scaber, examining its dual role as a seed predator and disperser for Monotropastrum humile (Ericaceae), a plant with fleshy fruits and minute seeds (0.30–0.35 mm in length). We particularly focus on the impact of the sex and body size (5.44–11.99 mm) of the isopod P. scaber on seed dispersal or predation.Our results indicate a significant correlation between seed dispersal effectiveness and isopod body size, with some variation attributed to sex differences. Smaller P. scaber individuals predominantly prey on seeds, whereas larger individuals are more likely to facilitate seed dispersal, maintaining seed viability.Overall, our findings reveal that body size is a crucial factor in defining the ecological role of P. scaber. This challenges the conventional approach of using species‐level average data in seed dispersal studies, emphasising the need to consider intraspecific variations for a comprehensive understanding of seed dispersal.
无脊椎动物的种子内吸传播虽然很少被记录，但由于其在种子较小的植物中的可行性而日益受到关注。最近的研究突出表明，陆生等脚类动物具有潜在的双重作用，既是种子传播者，又是捕食者，尤其是对果实肉质、种子细小的草本植物而言。然而，人们对这些截然不同的角色的决定因素还不甚了解。本研究探讨了 Porcellio scaber 的种内变异，研究了它作为种子捕食者和散播者的双重角色对 Monotropastrum humile（菊科）的影响。我们特别关注了等足类动物 P. scaber 的性别和体型（5.44-11.99 毫米）对种子传播或捕食的影响。我们的研究结果表明，种子传播效果与等足类动物的体型有明显的相关性，其中一些差异归因于性别差异。体型较小的等脚类动物主要捕食种子，而体型较大的个体则更有可能促进种子的传播，保持种子的活力。总之，我们的研究结果表明，体型是决定糙尾蟾蜍生态角色的关键因素。这对在种子扩散研究中使用物种水平平均数据的传统方法提出了挑战，强调了考虑种内差异以全面了解种子扩散的必要性。
{"title":"Influence of body size on the dual role of isopod Porcellio scaber in seed dispersal and predation of the mycoheterotrophic plant Monotropastrum humile","authors":"Kenji Suetsugu, Michimasa Yamasaki","doi":"10.1111/een.13356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13356","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Endozoochorous seed dispersal by invertebrates, although infrequently documented, is gaining attention for its feasibility in plants with small seeds. Recent studies have highlighted terrestrial isopods as potential dual agents, acting both as seed dispersers and predators, especially for herbaceous plants with fleshy fruits and tiny seeds. However, the determinants of these contrasting roles are not well understood.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The present study explores intraspecific variation in <jats:italic>Porcellio scaber</jats:italic>, examining its dual role as a seed predator and disperser for <jats:italic>Monotropastrum humile</jats:italic> (Ericaceae), a plant with fleshy fruits and minute seeds (0.30–0.35 mm in length). We particularly focus on the impact of the sex and body size (5.44–11.99 mm) of the isopod <jats:italic>P. scaber</jats:italic> on seed dispersal or predation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results indicate a significant correlation between seed dispersal effectiveness and isopod body size, with some variation attributed to sex differences. Smaller <jats:italic>P. scaber</jats:italic> individuals predominantly prey on seeds, whereas larger individuals are more likely to facilitate seed dispersal, maintaining seed viability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Overall, our findings reveal that body size is a crucial factor in defining the ecological role of <jats:italic>P. scaber</jats:italic>. This challenges the conventional approach of using species‐level average data in seed dispersal studies, emphasising the need to consider intraspecific variations for a comprehensive understanding of seed dispersal.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Fromenthal, Shelby A. Rinehart, Jacob Dybiec, J. Cherry
Insects perform important ecological roles that influence ecosystem functions, including primary production and nutrient cycling. Likewise, wetland ecosystems perform important functions and provide numerous services, yet they are highly vulnerable to loss. Wetland restoration and construction can provide habitat for insects and other organisms and recover ecosystem functions. While the community structure of plants and non‐insect macroinvertebrates in restored and constructed wetlands often fails to recover to comparable levels of reference wetlands, less is known about the recovery of insect communities in restored wetlands. We aimed to determine if differences in biological structure (i.e., plant biomass and soil organic matter) between one reference and two constructed Juncus roemerianus‐dominated tidal marshes extend to their respective insect communities. We classified insect communities into taxonomic families and functional feeding groups in one reference marsh and two constructed marshes in Alabama, USA. Sampling methods included replicated pan trapping, line‐transect netting, floral observations and floral clippings. We also conducted light trapping at one site per marsh. All insect taxa and functional groups were identified monthly from April to October 2021 and analysed for taxon richness, abundance and H′ diversity. Floral density and herbivory scars on J. roemerianus shoots were also measured during flowering and peak growing seasons, respectively. While insect abundance and taxon richness were similar among sites, the reference marsh generally supported a more diverse insect community than the constructed marshes, although nocturnal flying insects were less diverse. Additionally, temporal shifts in community composition, based on relative abundances of insect taxa and functional feeding groups, differed among marshes, likely reflecting differences in habitats in the surrounding landscapes of each site. By comparing structural differences (i.e., taxonomic and functional) of insect communities in reference and constructed marshes, we can further understand the community composition of an understudied group of organisms, thereby informing restoration strategies to recover habitat and support the health of tidal marshes.
{"title":"Variation in insect community structure between natural and constructed tidal marshes","authors":"E. Fromenthal, Shelby A. Rinehart, Jacob Dybiec, J. Cherry","doi":"10.1111/een.13353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13353","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Insects perform important ecological roles that influence ecosystem functions, including primary production and nutrient cycling. Likewise, wetland ecosystems perform important functions and provide numerous services, yet they are highly vulnerable to loss. Wetland restoration and construction can provide habitat for insects and other organisms and recover ecosystem functions. While the community structure of plants and non‐insect macroinvertebrates in restored and constructed wetlands often fails to recover to comparable levels of reference wetlands, less is known about the recovery of insect communities in restored wetlands.\u0000We aimed to determine if differences in biological structure (i.e., plant biomass and soil organic matter) between one reference and two constructed Juncus roemerianus‐dominated tidal marshes extend to their respective insect communities. We classified insect communities into taxonomic families and functional feeding groups in one reference marsh and two constructed marshes in Alabama, USA.\u0000Sampling methods included replicated pan trapping, line‐transect netting, floral observations and floral clippings. We also conducted light trapping at one site per marsh. All insect taxa and functional groups were identified monthly from April to October 2021 and analysed for taxon richness, abundance and H′ diversity. Floral density and herbivory scars on J. roemerianus shoots were also measured during flowering and peak growing seasons, respectively.\u0000While insect abundance and taxon richness were similar among sites, the reference marsh generally supported a more diverse insect community than the constructed marshes, although nocturnal flying insects were less diverse. Additionally, temporal shifts in community composition, based on relative abundances of insect taxa and functional feeding groups, differed among marshes, likely reflecting differences in habitats in the surrounding landscapes of each site.\u0000By comparing structural differences (i.e., taxonomic and functional) of insect communities in reference and constructed marshes, we can further understand the community composition of an understudied group of organisms, thereby informing restoration strategies to recover habitat and support the health of tidal marshes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandi J. Pessman, Rosaria J. Rae, Veronica Wagner, Chandreyee Mitra
If environments stay relatively constant over an individual's lifetime, a juvenile that accurately perceives environmental conditions, like population density, may adjust adult traits to better match their environment, thereby increasing success. While previous studies have explored how adult exposure to population density affects physiological and behavioural plasticity, the influence of juvenile density experience on adult traits is less studied. Using the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, we explored whether perceived acoustic population density during development affected adult physiology and behaviour. We simulated high‐ and low‐densities using live ambient male song. Upon maturation, we measured metabolic (resting respiration) rate, reproductive investment (testes and accessory gland masses), calling song characteristics and aggressive behaviours from pairwise contests between males from different densities. Male rearing density did not affect resting metabolic rates or reproductive organ masses. However, high‐density males had significantly faster, longer chirps, with more pulses—known to be preferred by females—and higher dominant frequency. Low‐density males won more aggressive contests and sang the aggressive song more. Initiation of aggressive behaviours or song and singing more aggressive song were the only other significant predictors of contest outcome. These results suggest that males may plastically adjust calling song characteristics and aggressive behaviour, but not physiology, based on perceived density during development. We hypothesize that alternative mating tactics—that is, territory guarding versus attractive song production—may underlie these observed patterns. Overall, our study highlights the significant influence of early‐life biotic environments on adult behavioural decisions to enhance success in diverse environments.
{"title":"House cricket males reared at different perceived acoustic population densities differ in adult behaviour but not physiology","authors":"Brandi J. Pessman, Rosaria J. Rae, Veronica Wagner, Chandreyee Mitra","doi":"10.1111/een.13354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/een.13354","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000If environments stay relatively constant over an individual's lifetime, a juvenile that accurately perceives environmental conditions, like population density, may adjust adult traits to better match their environment, thereby increasing success. While previous studies have explored how adult exposure to population density affects physiological and behavioural plasticity, the influence of juvenile density experience on adult traits is less studied.\u0000Using the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, we explored whether perceived acoustic population density during development affected adult physiology and behaviour. We simulated high‐ and low‐densities using live ambient male song. Upon maturation, we measured metabolic (resting respiration) rate, reproductive investment (testes and accessory gland masses), calling song characteristics and aggressive behaviours from pairwise contests between males from different densities.\u0000Male rearing density did not affect resting metabolic rates or reproductive organ masses. However, high‐density males had significantly faster, longer chirps, with more pulses—known to be preferred by females—and higher dominant frequency. Low‐density males won more aggressive contests and sang the aggressive song more. Initiation of aggressive behaviours or song and singing more aggressive song were the only other significant predictors of contest outcome.\u0000These results suggest that males may plastically adjust calling song characteristics and aggressive behaviour, but not physiology, based on perceived density during development. We hypothesize that alternative mating tactics—that is, territory guarding versus attractive song production—may underlie these observed patterns.\u0000Overall, our study highlights the significant influence of early‐life biotic environments on adult behavioural decisions to enhance success in diverse environments.\u0000","PeriodicalId":50557,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141103998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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