Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-91-109
S. I. Shabel’nikova
The balance of regional budgets is the most important factor in the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Traditional balancing mechanisms, along with interbudgetary transfers, also include loans, reserve funds, and revenue sources established by legislative norms and intended to minimize the budget deficit and intra-system redistribution of budget funds. In 2024–2026, it is planned to implement all necessary measures aimed at maintaining fiscal sustainability and independence of regional budgets, stimulating infrastructure development, and creating a more transparent model of interbudgetary relations at the regional level. Currently, most constituent entities of the Russian Federation largely depend on financial assistance from the federal budget. Its total volume increases annually and is distributed according to approved methods. The article examines the main types and volumes of interbudgetary transfers to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for 2024–2026, features of the upcoming budget cycle, and draws conclusions about the sufficiency of the financial support provided for the sustainability of regional budgets.
{"title":"The Role of Inter-Budgetary Regulation in the Socio-Economic Development of the Regions in Modern Conditions","authors":"S. I. Shabel’nikova","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-91-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-91-109","url":null,"abstract":"The balance of regional budgets is the most important factor in the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Traditional balancing mechanisms, along with interbudgetary transfers, also include loans, reserve funds, and revenue sources established by legislative norms and intended to minimize the budget deficit and intra-system redistribution of budget funds. In 2024–2026, it is planned to implement all necessary measures aimed at maintaining fiscal sustainability and independence of regional budgets, stimulating infrastructure development, and creating a more transparent model of interbudgetary relations at the regional level. Currently, most constituent entities of the Russian Federation largely depend on financial assistance from the federal budget. Its total volume increases annually and is distributed according to approved methods. The article examines the main types and volumes of interbudgetary transfers to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for 2024–2026, features of the upcoming budget cycle, and draws conclusions about the sufficiency of the financial support provided for the sustainability of regional budgets.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"18 3‐4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-5-21
I. S. Bukina
Recently the Russian economy in addition to global trends has been affected by structural shocks. Fiscal instruments make it possible to respond both to temporary fluctuations in business activity and to support economy restructuring. The existing Russian fiscal reserves made it possible to cope with the first consequences of the sanctions. Estimated effectiveness of the budget impulse in 2022 was twice as high as in 2020. However, the risks of fiscal policy are increasing due to an unforeseen increase in spending, the need to increase the tax burden on the economy and the build-up of public debt. The paper proposes measures to redistribute the tax burden between the export-oriented sector and domestic producers, approaches to the use of digital financial assets in taxation, measures to develop the debt market and other areas of supporting the structural transformation of the Russian economy.
{"title":"Budgetary Policy and Structural Transformation of the Russian Economy","authors":"I. S. Bukina","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-5-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-5-21","url":null,"abstract":"Recently the Russian economy in addition to global trends has been affected by structural shocks. Fiscal instruments make it possible to respond both to temporary fluctuations in business activity and to support economy restructuring. The existing Russian fiscal reserves made it possible to cope with the first consequences of the sanctions. Estimated effectiveness of the budget impulse in 2022 was twice as high as in 2020. However, the risks of fiscal policy are increasing due to an unforeseen increase in spending, the need to increase the tax burden on the economy and the build-up of public debt. The paper proposes measures to redistribute the tax burden between the export-oriented sector and domestic producers, approaches to the use of digital financial assets in taxation, measures to develop the debt market and other areas of supporting the structural transformation of the Russian economy.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-140-156
S. V. Badina
Climate change and increased anthropogenic impact lead to the melting of permafrost and, consequently, destruction and deformation of buildings and structures built on it. This causes significant additional financial costs associated with the need to use specific technologies for the construction and operation of buildings in the permafrost zone, as well as direct and indirect damage from the loss of fixed assets. According to forecasts of geocryological changes, in the Russian Arctic these negative trends should intensify in the future. In this study, using the case of the Norilsk city (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia), some problems associated with estimating the costs of adapting healthcare and educational facilities built on permafrost to changes in engineering and geocryological conditions until the middle of the 21st century are analyzed. The analysis showed that the amount of probable costs for the group of objects under consideration associated with direct damage from deformation and destruction of buildings, as well as the need for their liquidation and replacement construction, significantly exceeds the financial resources allocated for this in the relevant strategic documents planning of Norilsk. An effective mechanism for redistributing damage over time and reducing it is the installation of the soil thermal stabilization systems. The paper briefly analyzes the geography of production and consumption of this type of product. The results obtained can be used to develop similar assessments and adaptation programs in cities in the permafrost zone of Russia.
{"title":"Forecasting the Costs of Adapting Social Infrastructure to Changing Geocryological Conditions (the Case of Norilsk)","authors":"S. V. Badina","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-140-156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-140-156","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and increased anthropogenic impact lead to the melting of permafrost and, consequently, destruction and deformation of buildings and structures built on it. This causes significant additional financial costs associated with the need to use specific technologies for the construction and operation of buildings in the permafrost zone, as well as direct and indirect damage from the loss of fixed assets. According to forecasts of geocryological changes, in the Russian Arctic these negative trends should intensify in the future. In this study, using the case of the Norilsk city (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia), some problems associated with estimating the costs of adapting healthcare and educational facilities built on permafrost to changes in engineering and geocryological conditions until the middle of the 21st century are analyzed. The analysis showed that the amount of probable costs for the group of objects under consideration associated with direct damage from deformation and destruction of buildings, as well as the need for their liquidation and replacement construction, significantly exceeds the financial resources allocated for this in the relevant strategic documents planning of Norilsk. An effective mechanism for redistributing damage over time and reducing it is the installation of the soil thermal stabilization systems. The paper briefly analyzes the geography of production and consumption of this type of product. The results obtained can be used to develop similar assessments and adaptation programs in cities in the permafrost zone of Russia.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"64 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-157-183
Z. A. Aladysheva, V. Beregovykh, A. P. Meshkovskiy, N. Pyatigorskaya
Strategy on development of the pharmaceutical industry for the period up to 2030 (Pharma-2030 Strategy), adopted in the Russian Federation this year, includes tasks to further saturate the national market with domestic medicines and to “realize the export potential of the pharmaceutical industry”. National drug regulation has a significant stimulating effect on the export of medicines. To identify the most important elements of this regulation related to the development and maintenance of sustainable pharmaceutical export, different aspects of national drug regulatory systems were studied. Countries belonging to different segments of the global pharmaceutical export market were included in the research. The results of the analysis of drug regulation in top export countries were published earlier. This article presents the results for pharmerging countries with a fastgrowing pharmaceutical sector and formulated common strategies for these countries that are aimed at achieving leadership positions of the national pharmaceutical industry in both the domestic and foreign markets. Several measures have been proposed for inclusion in the implementation plan for the Pharma-2030 Strategy, which, in our opinion, will contribute to achieving the goals set both to stimulate exports and to saturate the Russian market with domestic medicines.
{"title":"Refinement of Drug Regulation and Russian Pharmaceutical Export","authors":"Z. A. Aladysheva, V. Beregovykh, A. P. Meshkovskiy, N. Pyatigorskaya","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-157-183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-157-183","url":null,"abstract":"Strategy on development of the pharmaceutical industry for the period up to 2030 (Pharma-2030 Strategy), adopted in the Russian Federation this year, includes tasks to further saturate the national market with domestic medicines and to “realize the export potential of the pharmaceutical industry”. National drug regulation has a significant stimulating effect on the export of medicines. To identify the most important elements of this regulation related to the development and maintenance of sustainable pharmaceutical export, different aspects of national drug regulatory systems were studied. Countries belonging to different segments of the global pharmaceutical export market were included in the research. The results of the analysis of drug regulation in top export countries were published earlier. This article presents the results for pharmerging countries with a fastgrowing pharmaceutical sector and formulated common strategies for these countries that are aimed at achieving leadership positions of the national pharmaceutical industry in both the domestic and foreign markets. Several measures have been proposed for inclusion in the implementation plan for the Pharma-2030 Strategy, which, in our opinion, will contribute to achieving the goals set both to stimulate exports and to saturate the Russian market with domestic medicines.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-35-52
V. D. Krivov, D. G. Vladimirov, A. A. Lisichkina
One of the main goals of Russia’s domestic policy until 2030 is to increase the welfare of the people. However, today there is no single approach to assessing the level of wellbeing. There are also no specific criteria according to which this level can be objectively assessed. This problem requires the creation of such a tool as the standard of well-being. The development, implementation of mechanisms for the implementation and development of the concept of the standard of well-being, its meaning and content is currently an urgent task not only for the scientific community of Russia, but also for representatives of the authorities and the public. The article presents current trends and processes for 2023 related to the elaboration and promotion of the standard of well-being in the Russian Federation. The accumulated experience and initiatives are reviewed, as well as some new ideas and proposals. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current situation and develop recommendations for a further strategy for implementing the well-being standard. The basis of this work is an analysis of the successful experience of both various regions of the Russian Federation and the international community. The study shows that the standard of well-being is an achievable goal and an effective mechanism in the presence of a scientific base and systematic work on the implementation of its constituent elements. The introduction of the well—being standard will contribute to improving the level, quality of life and life satisfaction of Russian citizens, respect for their legitimate rights, and ultimately – the development of the country.
{"title":"Formation of Federal and Regional Welfare Mechanisms for the Development of Public Trust Relations","authors":"V. D. Krivov, D. G. Vladimirov, A. A. Lisichkina","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-35-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-35-52","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main goals of Russia’s domestic policy until 2030 is to increase the welfare of the people. However, today there is no single approach to assessing the level of wellbeing. There are also no specific criteria according to which this level can be objectively assessed. This problem requires the creation of such a tool as the standard of well-being. The development, implementation of mechanisms for the implementation and development of the concept of the standard of well-being, its meaning and content is currently an urgent task not only for the scientific community of Russia, but also for representatives of the authorities and the public. The article presents current trends and processes for 2023 related to the elaboration and promotion of the standard of well-being in the Russian Federation. The accumulated experience and initiatives are reviewed, as well as some new ideas and proposals. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current situation and develop recommendations for a further strategy for implementing the well-being standard. The basis of this work is an analysis of the successful experience of both various regions of the Russian Federation and the international community. The study shows that the standard of well-being is an achievable goal and an effective mechanism in the presence of a scientific base and systematic work on the implementation of its constituent elements. The introduction of the well—being standard will contribute to improving the level, quality of life and life satisfaction of Russian citizens, respect for their legitimate rights, and ultimately – the development of the country.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"39 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-126-139
M. V. Gligich-Zolotareva
Recently, international relations have deteriorated sharply, provoking the erosion of supranational human rights institutions. Against this background, Russia withdrew from the Council of Europe and, accordingly, from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Federal legislation has introduced norms on the protection of Russian citizens from international bodies whose decisions contradict national legislation. However, this does not solve the overall task of protecting the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens at the supranational level. The article concludes that it is necessary to make more active use of the remaining opportunities to protect the rights of Russian citizens at the supranational level, as well as to create new alternative institutions for the protection of human rights within the framework of international associations friendly to Russia, such as the CIS, the SCO and the EAEU.
{"title":"Protection of the Rights of Russian Citizens at the Supranational Level: in Search of Alternatives","authors":"M. V. Gligich-Zolotareva","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-126-139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-126-139","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, international relations have deteriorated sharply, provoking the erosion of supranational human rights institutions. Against this background, Russia withdrew from the Council of Europe and, accordingly, from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Federal legislation has introduced norms on the protection of Russian citizens from international bodies whose decisions contradict national legislation. However, this does not solve the overall task of protecting the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens at the supranational level. The article concludes that it is necessary to make more active use of the remaining opportunities to protect the rights of Russian citizens at the supranational level, as well as to create new alternative institutions for the protection of human rights within the framework of international associations friendly to Russia, such as the CIS, the SCO and the EAEU.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"10 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-76-90
L. Lykova
The performance of the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the first half of this year was characterized by real growth rates of income taxreceipts and only nominal growth personal income tax receipts.The increase in federal transfer receipts was partly determined by the financing of the budgets of the new regions of the Russian Federation. In addition to the growth of economic activity, the dynamics of own revenues of regional budgets in the first half of the year was influenced by factors such as the cancellation of income tax payments within consolidated groups of taxpayers and the accelerated procedure for personal income tax reimbursement.The growth of expenditures of regional budgets lagged behind the growth of revenues, but significantly outpaced last year’s figures, which resulted in a reduction in the surplus of subfederal budgets compared to the previous year. The trend towards an increase in the volume of state and municipal debt has continued against the background of an increase in debt to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The growth of public debt is taking place both in relatively prosperous regions and in problematic ones. The reduction in the volume of debt obligations by individual subjects of the Russian Federation cannot yet change the overall picture. The approved law on the federal budget for 2024 and subsequent years assumes a reduction in federal support for regional budgets against the background of an increase in spending needs and contains significant risks for the execution of sub-federal budgets.
{"title":"Consolidated Budgets of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the First Half of 2023. Budget Risks are Increasing","authors":"L. Lykova","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-76-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-76-90","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the first half of this year was characterized by real growth rates of income taxreceipts and only nominal growth personal income tax receipts.The increase in federal transfer receipts was partly determined by the financing of the budgets of the new regions of the Russian Federation. In addition to the growth of economic activity, the dynamics of own revenues of regional budgets in the first half of the year was influenced by factors such as the cancellation of income tax payments within consolidated groups of taxpayers and the accelerated procedure for personal income tax reimbursement.The growth of expenditures of regional budgets lagged behind the growth of revenues, but significantly outpaced last year’s figures, which resulted in a reduction in the surplus of subfederal budgets compared to the previous year. The trend towards an increase in the volume of state and municipal debt has continued against the background of an increase in debt to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The growth of public debt is taking place both in relatively prosperous regions and in problematic ones. The reduction in the volume of debt obligations by individual subjects of the Russian Federation cannot yet change the overall picture. The approved law on the federal budget for 2024 and subsequent years assumes a reduction in federal support for regional budgets against the background of an increase in spending needs and contains significant risks for the execution of sub-federal budgets.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"44 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-53-75
N. V. Voroshilov
In October 2023, 20 years were celebrated since the adoption of Federal Law No. 131-FZ dated 06.10.2003 “On the General principles of the Organization of local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”; in January 2022, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted a new draft law on local self-government in the first reading, but for now its further consideration has been postponed. The purpose of this article is to identify the prerequisites and directions for further reform of local self-government. The article identifies trends and problems in the development of local self-government and municipalities in the 2000s and 2020s, including: reduction and liquidation of urban and rural settlements as a result of their unification and transformation of municipal districts into urban and municipal districts; preservation of low financial and economic independence of municipalities, as well as a high level of intraregional socio-economic differentiation on the against the background of the concentration of population and production in urban agglomerations and the persistence of systemic problems in the development of rural areas. Based on questionnaire surveys of heads of municipalities and residents of the Vologda Oblast, their attitude to the new reform of local self-government was revealed. In the final part of the article, a conceptual vision of the prospects for the development of local self-government in Russia is outlined.
{"title":"Prerequisites and Prospects for the Reform of Local Self-Government in Russia","authors":"N. V. Voroshilov","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-53-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-53-75","url":null,"abstract":"In October 2023, 20 years were celebrated since the adoption of Federal Law No. 131-FZ dated 06.10.2003 “On the General principles of the Organization of local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”; in January 2022, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted a new draft law on local self-government in the first reading, but for now its further consideration has been postponed. The purpose of this article is to identify the prerequisites and directions for further reform of local self-government. The article identifies trends and problems in the development of local self-government and municipalities in the 2000s and 2020s, including: reduction and liquidation of urban and rural settlements as a result of their unification and transformation of municipal districts into urban and municipal districts; preservation of low financial and economic independence of municipalities, as well as a high level of intraregional socio-economic differentiation on the against the background of the concentration of population and production in urban agglomerations and the persistence of systemic problems in the development of rural areas. Based on questionnaire surveys of heads of municipalities and residents of the Vologda Oblast, their attitude to the new reform of local self-government was revealed. In the final part of the article, a conceptual vision of the prospects for the development of local self-government in Russia is outlined.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"24 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-110-125
E. N. Sokolova, I. Yakushev
Economic sanctions are an integral part of the foreign policy repertoire of States. Increasingly, States and international organizations are resorting to sanctions to address a variety of issues - from fighting corruption to preventing the use of nuclear weapons. Over time, the ways in which economic sanctions have been used have changed, especially over the past two decades. In the late 1990s, the recognition of the humanitarian harm of economic sanctions and the “War on Terrorism” after the events of September 11, 2001 led to serious changes in the structure and mechanisms of their application. Questions about how these coercive tools work, when they are applied, what consequences they have and when they are successful are still being determined by research conducted in the second half of the 20th century. The conclusions drawn from past cases of sanctions may not be fully applicable to the current sanctions policy. In the second half of the 20th century, most cases of sanctions were related to the United States, and it covered restrictions on international trade. However, over the past two decades, the European Union, the United Nations and China have also been the main initiators of sanctions. Modern sanctions include targeted and financial restrictions and are applied against individuals, organizations and companies. Changing the senders, targets, stakeholders and economic instruments used in the sanctions policy has serious implications for effectiveness and results. The regulatory and bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to implement and comply with modern economic sanctions has become more reliable. This evolution of sanctions has provided the scientific community with an opportunity to study new issues of coercion and return to the old ones. The economic sanctions research program should be developed to be relevant for understanding the application of modern sanctions and their consequences.
{"title":"Global Analysis of Modern Economic Sanctions","authors":"E. N. Sokolova, I. Yakushev","doi":"10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-110-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2023-4-110-125","url":null,"abstract":"Economic sanctions are an integral part of the foreign policy repertoire of States. Increasingly, States and international organizations are resorting to sanctions to address a variety of issues - from fighting corruption to preventing the use of nuclear weapons. Over time, the ways in which economic sanctions have been used have changed, especially over the past two decades. In the late 1990s, the recognition of the humanitarian harm of economic sanctions and the “War on Terrorism” after the events of September 11, 2001 led to serious changes in the structure and mechanisms of their application. Questions about how these coercive tools work, when they are applied, what consequences they have and when they are successful are still being determined by research conducted in the second half of the 20th century. The conclusions drawn from past cases of sanctions may not be fully applicable to the current sanctions policy. In the second half of the 20th century, most cases of sanctions were related to the United States, and it covered restrictions on international trade. However, over the past two decades, the European Union, the United Nations and China have also been the main initiators of sanctions. Modern sanctions include targeted and financial restrictions and are applied against individuals, organizations and companies. Changing the senders, targets, stakeholders and economic instruments used in the sanctions policy has serious implications for effectiveness and results. The regulatory and bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to implement and comply with modern economic sanctions has become more reliable. This evolution of sanctions has provided the scientific community with an opportunity to study new issues of coercion and return to the old ones. The economic sanctions research program should be developed to be relevant for understanding the application of modern sanctions and their consequences.","PeriodicalId":505601,"journal":{"name":"Federalism","volume":"65 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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