Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.69
Kathleen Histon
Arturo Issel (1842–1922) introduced the regional Tyrrhenian stage of the late Pleistocene in 1914. This still stands within modern stratigraphic classification as an Italian Marine Stage for the Mediterranean Sea marking the base of the Late Pleistocene underlining the scientific importance of Issel's research within the geological sciences. This paper provides a short overview of the career and the wide-ranging interests of this Italian geologist and naturalistic traveller in order to provide a context to the knowledge and research experience behind his stratigraphic work. As university professor in Genovese society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he played an important role in scientific instruction, exploration and research contributing to the popularization of science through museum collections and publications and in the application of such knowledge within public office both in Liguria and within Italy. He formed part of the Italian delegation at International Geological Congresses and held membership of the most outstanding geological societies and scientific academies of the time.
{"title":"ARTURO ISSEL (1842–1922): THE MAN FROM GENOA BEHIND THE TYRRHENIAN STAGE OF THE PLEISTOCENE","authors":"Kathleen Histon","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.69","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Arturo Issel (1842–1922) introduced the regional Tyrrhenian stage of the late Pleistocene in 1914. This still stands within modern stratigraphic classification as an Italian Marine Stage for the Mediterranean Sea marking the base of the Late Pleistocene underlining the scientific importance of Issel's research within the geological sciences. This paper provides a short overview of the career and the wide-ranging interests of this Italian geologist and naturalistic traveller in order to provide a context to the knowledge and research experience behind his stratigraphic work. As university professor in Genovese society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he played an important role in scientific instruction, exploration and research contributing to the popularization of science through museum collections and publications and in the application of such knowledge within public office both in Liguria and within Italy. He formed part of the Italian delegation at International Geological Congresses and held membership of the most outstanding geological societies and scientific academies of the time.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.140
Elisa Buforn
Inge Lehmann is the best-known European woman seismologist, but she is not an isolated case. The presence of women seismologists in Europe has a long tradition, with the earliest women researchers appearing at the beginning of the 20th century in the United Kingdom, Denmark, the former USSR, and France. After World War II, women seismologists in Europe had an important presence. Their names are present in the lists of participants in seismological international meetings (IASPEI or ESC), where information about these women and their roles in these institutions can be found. This paper concentrates on the presence of women seismologists in Europe in the 1920–1970 period. After the 1970s, the number of women in seismology has increased considerably.
{"title":"EARLY EUROPEAN WOMEN IN SEISMOLOGY","authors":"Elisa Buforn","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inge Lehmann is the best-known European woman seismologist, but she is not an isolated case. The presence of women seismologists in Europe has a long tradition, with the earliest women researchers appearing at the beginning of the 20th century in the United Kingdom, Denmark, the former USSR, and France. After World War II, women seismologists in Europe had an important presence. Their names are present in the lists of participants in seismological international meetings (IASPEI or ESC), where information about these women and their roles in these institutions can be found. This paper concentrates on the presence of women seismologists in Europe in the 1920–1970 period. After the 1970s, the number of women in seismology has increased considerably.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.13
Andrea Candela
Scipione Breislak may be considered as one of the most renowned Italian ‘Plutonists’ at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries. In the 1790s, he was a professor of Physics at the Military Academy of Nunziatella in Naples, where he also devoted himself to the study of Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields. Thus, he acquainted himself with volcanic phenomena. Breislak's works about the volcanic fields of Campania (Southern Italy) disclosed how Torbern Olof Bergman's theories and Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier's chemistry had affected his belief in the idea that volcanic eruptions were triggered by ignition of petroleum deposits. After a voluntary exile in France, owing to the downfall of the Roman Republic, Breislak returned to Italy and settled in Milan, where he was appointed as an Inspector of Gunpowder in 1802. Due to his new administrative duties, he had the opportunity to continue studying mineralogy and geology, focusing primarily on the stratigraphy of Lombardy and of the Alps. During the ‘Milanese period’, he published the Introduzione alla geologia (Introduction to geology, 1811), which may be regarded as the first Italian handbook about the ‘new’ science of Geology. In the monograph, he also drew on Huttonian ideas in order to describe the lithostratigraphic features of crystalline rocks. Without neglecting Breislak's volcanological hypotheses, this paper aims to analyze the influence that nineteenth-century Plutonist (Huttonian) geological theories had on the Earth's history that he depicted in the Introduzione alla geologia. The influence of Plutonism—a term that Richard Kirwan introduced to define James Hutton's geological system—may also be recognized in Breislak's rejection of transition rocks. Indeed, according to him: “nature does not make passages or transitions, and each of its products has a specific and particular way to exist” (Breislak 1811, volume 1, pp. 308–309).
{"title":"THEORIES OF THE EARTH AND ‘PLUTONISM’ IN THE INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOLOGIA BY THE ITALIAN GEOLOGIST SCIPIONE BREISLAK (1811)","authors":"Andrea Candela","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Scipione Breislak may be considered as one of the most renowned Italian ‘Plutonists’ at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries. In the 1790s, he was a professor of Physics at the Military Academy of Nunziatella in Naples, where he also devoted himself to the study of Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields. Thus, he acquainted himself with volcanic phenomena. Breislak's works about the volcanic fields of Campania (Southern Italy) disclosed how Torbern Olof Bergman's theories and Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier's chemistry had affected his belief in the idea that volcanic eruptions were triggered by ignition of petroleum deposits. After a voluntary exile in France, owing to the downfall of the Roman Republic, Breislak returned to Italy and settled in Milan, where he was appointed as an Inspector of Gunpowder in 1802. Due to his new administrative duties, he had the opportunity to continue studying mineralogy and geology, focusing primarily on the stratigraphy of Lombardy and of the Alps. During the ‘Milanese period’, he published the Introduzione alla geologia (Introduction to geology, 1811), which may be regarded as the first Italian handbook about the ‘new’ science of Geology. In the monograph, he also drew on Huttonian ideas in order to describe the lithostratigraphic features of crystalline rocks. Without neglecting Breislak's volcanological hypotheses, this paper aims to analyze the influence that nineteenth-century Plutonist (Huttonian) geological theories had on the Earth's history that he depicted in the Introduzione alla geologia. The influence of Plutonism—a term that Richard Kirwan introduced to define James Hutton's geological system—may also be recognized in Breislak's rejection of transition rocks. Indeed, according to him: “nature does not make passages or transitions, and each of its products has a specific and particular way to exist” (Breislak 1811, volume 1, pp. 308–309).","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14
Sule Ayannor Issaka
{"title":"Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra","authors":"Sule Ayannor Issaka","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78258198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussion on Causes of Ubranium Ore and the Occurrence Characteristics of Ubranium Deposits in Lujing Area","authors":"Jiapeng Tian, Jiayong Pan, Xirong Wang, C. Pan, Fujun Zhong, Jingjing Hao","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231204.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72783740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12
Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed
: The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27 th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a , the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m 3 and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.
{"title":"Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya","authors":"Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12","url":null,"abstract":": The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27 th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a , the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m 3 and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80197276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-06DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.11
Zhiyuan Wu, Mingyue He, Mei Yang
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Database Management System for Mineral, Rock and Fossil Specimen Resources","authors":"Zhiyuan Wu, Mingyue He, Mei Yang","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231204.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83672877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231203.11
M. Tavangar, A. Forghani
{"title":"A Critical Analysis of Urban Development Using the Application of Genealogy over Metropolitan City of Mashhad Iran","authors":"M. Tavangar, A. Forghani","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231203.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231203.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88480548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231202.12
José Carlos Xavier da Silva, Giovanni Chaves Stael, Camila Ferreira Augusto Fernandes
{"title":"Study on Physical Dimensions of Some Expressions of Petrophysics","authors":"José Carlos Xavier da Silva, Giovanni Chaves Stael, Camila Ferreira Augusto Fernandes","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231202.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231202.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82199958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231202.11
Zhang Xuan, Zhenhua Yan, Xu Xiang, Li Xiang, Zhigang Chen, Jianhua Li, Ji Xuewu
: Seismic facies is a seismic reflection unit defined by specific seismic reflection characteristics, that is, the seismic responses of sedimentary facies or geological bodies, whose accuracy will directly affect the reliability of oil and gas exploration results. Currently, seismic facies is generally recognized depending upon the differences between certain single trace seismic attributes (waveform, frequency spectrum, and amplitude, etc.) and adjacent units to conduct cluster analysis. Such methods, however, have ambiguity in identifying special reflective structures with continuous waveforms (e
{"title":"Seismic Facies Recognition of Ultra-Deep Carbonate Rocks Based on Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Zhang Xuan, Zhenhua Yan, Xu Xiang, Li Xiang, Zhigang Chen, Jianhua Li, Ji Xuewu","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231202.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231202.11","url":null,"abstract":": Seismic facies is a seismic reflection unit defined by specific seismic reflection characteristics, that is, the seismic responses of sedimentary facies or geological bodies, whose accuracy will directly affect the reliability of oil and gas exploration results. Currently, seismic facies is generally recognized depending upon the differences between certain single trace seismic attributes (waveform, frequency spectrum, and amplitude, etc.) and adjacent units to conduct cluster analysis. Such methods, however, have ambiguity in identifying special reflective structures with continuous waveforms (e","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73497486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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