Pub Date : 2023-02-24DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231201.14
K. Ernstson, F. Bauer, M. Hiltl
{"title":"A Prominent Iron Silicides Strewn Field and Its Relation to the Bronze Age/Iron Age Chiemgau Meteorite Impact Event (Germany)","authors":"K. Ernstson, F. Bauer, M. Hiltl","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231201.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231201.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88267109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231201.12
Nguyen van Lap, Ta Thi Kim Oanh, Lieu Kim Phuong, Nguyen Thi Mong Lan, Vo Thi Hong Quyen
{"title":"Assessing the Potential of Shallow Groundwater for Agriculture Adapting to Drought and Saltwater Intrusion, Ben Tre Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam","authors":"Nguyen van Lap, Ta Thi Kim Oanh, Lieu Kim Phuong, Nguyen Thi Mong Lan, Vo Thi Hong Quyen","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231201.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231201.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87678166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231201.13
Nguyen van Lap, Ta Thi Kim Oanh, Duong Ba Man, Lieu Kim Phuong, Nguyen Thi Mong Lan, Vo Thi Hong Quyen
{"title":"Sedimentary Characteristics of Shallow Aquifers and Suitability to Irrigation in the Drought Season: The Case of the Fruit Tree Area in Ben Tre Province, Mekong River Delta","authors":"Nguyen van Lap, Ta Thi Kim Oanh, Duong Ba Man, Lieu Kim Phuong, Nguyen Thi Mong Lan, Vo Thi Hong Quyen","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231201.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231201.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74136950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20231201.11
Pham Anh Duc
{"title":"Effects of Water Stratification and Mixing on Plankton Community Structure in a Floating Solar Power Plant","authors":"Pham Anh Duc","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231201.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231201.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89874720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41
Elizabeth Hines, Michael Smith
Profitable gold mining began in the United States with the accidental discovery in 1799 of a seventeen-pound gold nugget in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. North Carolina’s gold production peaked between the 1830s and 1840s as hundreds of mines contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to the national economy, necessitating the 1837 construction of a federal Branch Mint in Charlotte to process Piedmont gold. Gold mining suffered a major decline in North Carolina after the discovery of the richer and more extensive gold deposits in California in 1848. However, the North Carolina gold miners who did not join the western rush continued to work the shafts of the Piedmont using increasingly sophisticated European and South American technology, as well as new innovations such as hydraulic mining techniques from California, until the advent of the Civil War. From the end of Reconstruction (1877) to 1920, gold mining in North Carolina was sporadic and often funded by outside investors or used as a ruse in gold and stock scams. Copper mining, with gold and silver as secondary products, using increasingly complex technology and associated environmental issues, drove most of the mining fervor during this period. Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, gold production slowly increased until the Second World War, but never became a major industry as they were out-competed by the more profitable gold fields in the western United States, Alaska, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. From the 1970s to today, dependent upon the price of gold in the market and the requirements of environmental regulation, prior mining districts in North (and South) Carolina have continued to be examined, explored and cautiously mined using cyanide heap leach techniques. Although few in number, these limited lease mining projects have extracted over two million troy ounces of gold and nearly a million troy ounces of silver by 2010. Future extraction by the ongoing Haile Mine (South Carolina) project will increase this amount substantially in the next decade. Nevertheless, Cabarrus County continues to hold the world’s record for producing the greatest number of large (a pound or more) gold nuggets and was the epicenter of North America’s first gold rush.
{"title":"THE RUSH STARTED HERE, PART III: ‘THE STREETS ARE PAVED WITH GOLD’—SPECULATION, GREED, AND DISAPPOINTMENT, 1849–2010","authors":"Elizabeth Hines, Michael Smith","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Profitable gold mining began in the United States with the accidental discovery in 1799 of a seventeen-pound gold nugget in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. North Carolina’s gold production peaked between the 1830s and 1840s as hundreds of mines contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to the national economy, necessitating the 1837 construction of a federal Branch Mint in Charlotte to process Piedmont gold. Gold mining suffered a major decline in North Carolina after the discovery of the richer and more extensive gold deposits in California in 1848. However, the North Carolina gold miners who did not join the western rush continued to work the shafts of the Piedmont using increasingly sophisticated European and South American technology, as well as new innovations such as hydraulic mining techniques from California, until the advent of the Civil War.\u0000 From the end of Reconstruction (1877) to 1920, gold mining in North Carolina was sporadic and often funded by outside investors or used as a ruse in gold and stock scams. Copper mining, with gold and silver as secondary products, using increasingly complex technology and associated environmental issues, drove most of the mining fervor during this period. Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, gold production slowly increased until the Second World War, but never became a major industry as they were out-competed by the more profitable gold fields in the western United States, Alaska, Canada, Australia, and South Africa.\u0000 From the 1970s to today, dependent upon the price of gold in the market and the requirements of environmental regulation, prior mining districts in North (and South) Carolina have continued to be examined, explored and cautiously mined using cyanide heap leach techniques. Although few in number, these limited lease mining projects have extracted over two million troy ounces of gold and nearly a million troy ounces of silver by 2010. Future extraction by the ongoing Haile Mine (South Carolina) project will increase this amount substantially in the next decade. Nevertheless, Cabarrus County continues to hold the world’s record for producing the greatest number of large (a pound or more) gold nuggets and was the epicenter of North America’s first gold rush.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44633674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.174
B. Mohr
This paper describes the work of Clara Ehrenberg (1838–1915), especially her engagement in the curation of one of the most scientifically important early microbiological/micropalaeontological collections in the world, now located at the Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Her meticulous work with very fragile microscopic slides, as well as accomplishments in the field of curation and taxonomy, and her detailed observations and fine drawings, are acknowledged here. Furthermore, it is shown how Clara, in her autobiography, drew attention to her family and to her father’s (C. G. Ehrenberg, 1795–1876) life, which was embedded in the Berlin university realm of the time. The descriptions in her memoirs are by far more wide reaching than just personal. Clara Ehrenberg was a close observer of the constantly changing world, a process which accelerated dramatically in the rapidly expanding city of Berlin and had, due to nineteenth century industrial inventions and progress, an impact on the daily lives of her family and her contemporaries with consequences lasting to our own time.
{"title":"CLARA EHRENBERG (1838–1915), AN EARLY WOMAN MICROPALEONTOLOGIST: HER CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE WITH AN OUTLOOK ON INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE RESEARCH","authors":"B. Mohr","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.174","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the work of Clara Ehrenberg (1838–1915), especially her engagement in the curation of one of the most scientifically important early microbiological/micropalaeontological collections in the world, now located at the Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Her meticulous work with very fragile microscopic slides, as well as accomplishments in the field of curation and taxonomy, and her detailed observations and fine drawings, are acknowledged here. Furthermore, it is shown how Clara, in her autobiography, drew attention to her family and to her father’s (C. G. Ehrenberg, 1795–1876) life, which was embedded in the Berlin university realm of the time. The descriptions in her memoirs are by far more wide reaching than just personal. Clara Ehrenberg was a close observer of the constantly changing world, a process which accelerated dramatically in the rapidly expanding city of Berlin and had, due to nineteenth century industrial inventions and progress, an impact on the daily lives of her family and her contemporaries with consequences lasting to our own time.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43313787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.196
C. Schnyder, J. Hollier
Born in Geneva in 1857, Albert Brun studied pharmacy before going on to mineralogy. He was a member of many scientific societies and carried out extensive research in mineralogy and volcanology alongside his career as a pharmacist. His numerous articles and other communications shed light both on his varied interests and the development of the Earth Sciences at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He was particularly interested in ‘volcanic exhalations’, the gasses released by volcanoes, and devoted much of his spare time to collecting and analyzing them. A large part of his collection of rocks and minerals is now housed in the Natural History Museum of Geneva.
{"title":"THE ROCK AND MINERAL COLLECTIONS OF ALBERT BRUN (1857–1939), PHARMACIST AND VOLCANOLOGIST IN GENEVA","authors":"C. Schnyder, J. Hollier","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.196","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Born in Geneva in 1857, Albert Brun studied pharmacy before going on to mineralogy. He was a member of many scientific societies and carried out extensive research in mineralogy and volcanology alongside his career as a pharmacist. His numerous articles and other communications shed light both on his varied interests and the development of the Earth Sciences at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He was particularly interested in ‘volcanic exhalations’, the gasses released by volcanoes, and devoted much of his spare time to collecting and analyzing them. A large part of his collection of rocks and minerals is now housed in the Natural History Museum of Geneva.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43398473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.102
B. Burger
The first reported dinosaur discovery within the borders of Colorado was found during Ferdinand V. Hayden’s U.S. Government sponsored survey to explore the Territories of Colorado and New Mexico. In 1869 the survey team brought back to Washington D.C. a broken caudal vertebral bone collected in the high Rocky Mountains. The bone was given to Joseph Leidy Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania who noted the fossil’s shared similarity to early dinosaur discoveries previously made in France and England. He formally named the fossil dinosaur; Antrodemus valens. Despite being the first dinosaur discovery within the borders of Colorado, the occurrence of this fossil fell into obscurity, as by the twentieth century paleontologists had recognized that the fossilized bone was of the better known theropod dinosaur Allosaurus. In the 150 years since, this mountainous region of Colorado has yielded few discoveries of dinosaurs and the location of this obscure initial discovery has remained a geological mystery. This paper reviews the available archival evidence regarding the events leading to the discovery of Colorado’s first dinosaur in an attempt to relocate its original discovery site.
{"title":"MYSTERY IN MIDDLE PARK: RELOCATING THE SITE OF COLORADO’S FIRST DINOSAUR DISCOVERY","authors":"B. Burger","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The first reported dinosaur discovery within the borders of Colorado was found during Ferdinand V. Hayden’s U.S. Government sponsored survey to explore the Territories of Colorado and New Mexico. In 1869 the survey team brought back to Washington D.C. a broken caudal vertebral bone collected in the high Rocky Mountains. The bone was given to Joseph Leidy Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania who noted the fossil’s shared similarity to early dinosaur discoveries previously made in France and England. He formally named the fossil dinosaur; Antrodemus valens. Despite being the first dinosaur discovery within the borders of Colorado, the occurrence of this fossil fell into obscurity, as by the twentieth century paleontologists had recognized that the fossilized bone was of the better known theropod dinosaur Allosaurus. In the 150 years since, this mountainous region of Colorado has yielded few discoveries of dinosaurs and the location of this obscure initial discovery has remained a geological mystery. This paper reviews the available archival evidence regarding the events leading to the discovery of Colorado’s first dinosaur in an attempt to relocate its original discovery site.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47429273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.63
L. E. Smith, E. ALLEN DRIGGERS
The Megatherium was thought to be a massive sloth-like creature that roamed different parts of the world including South America and coastal Georgia of the United States. Several nineteenth century naturalists collected and described fossilized remains of these large animals. Among those, the philosopher Samuel Latham Mitchell described them as ‘relics’ and new additions to the ‘giant brood’ of large animals in America. In his accounts, Mitchell did not acknowledge the original discoverers, enslaved African Americans. The discovery of the Megatherium in Georgia contributed to the discussion about distribution of those fossils; that discussion took place at venues such as the Lyceum of Natural History in New York. Using this case study, we seek to contextualize the importance of the Megatherium fossils collected in Georgia to the discourse about fossilized animals in the nineteenth century. The importance of slavery to fossil collecting in the South will also be analyzed.
{"title":"‘EX PEDE HERCULEM’: SLOTHS, SLAVERY, AND SOUTHERN FOSSIL COLLECTION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY","authors":"L. E. Smith, E. ALLEN DRIGGERS","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.63","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Megatherium was thought to be a massive sloth-like creature that roamed different parts of the world including South America and coastal Georgia of the United States. Several nineteenth century naturalists collected and described fossilized remains of these large animals. Among those, the philosopher Samuel Latham Mitchell described them as ‘relics’ and new additions to the ‘giant brood’ of large animals in America. In his accounts, Mitchell did not acknowledge the original discoverers, enslaved African Americans. The discovery of the Megatherium in Georgia contributed to the discussion about distribution of those fossils; that discussion took place at venues such as the Lyceum of Natural History in New York. Using this case study, we seek to contextualize the importance of the Megatherium fossils collected in Georgia to the discourse about fossilized animals in the nineteenth century. The importance of slavery to fossil collecting in the South will also be analyzed.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42540829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.215
C. Drummond
Over the last three-quarters of a century various grain-based classification systems have been developed in order to categorize sandstones on the basis of the relative abundances of their three most common components: quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments. A review of the historical development of sandstone classification is undertaken to elucidate evolution in geological understanding represented by various methodologies of classification. The compositional fields defined in traditional sandstone classifications are found to be largely incompatible with subpopulations of sandstones grouped according to interpreted sedimentary tectonic provenance. The origin of this incompatibility between descriptive classifications and genetic classifications arose from the fact that neither approach established classification field boundaries on the basis of processes known to control the origin and evolution of sandstone composition. The development of the study of a range of factors that influence sandstone petrogenesis and grain composition are reviewed along with the introduction of several critical statistical techniques applicable to multicomponent grain abundance analysis. From the understandings gained by the evaluation of these advances in classification practice a set of potential topics for future consideration are introduced.
{"title":"ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF SANDSTONES","authors":"C. Drummond","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.215","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the last three-quarters of a century various grain-based classification systems have been developed in order to categorize sandstones on the basis of the relative abundances of their three most common components: quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments. A review of the historical development of sandstone classification is undertaken to elucidate evolution in geological understanding represented by various methodologies of classification. The compositional fields defined in traditional sandstone classifications are found to be largely incompatible with subpopulations of sandstones grouped according to interpreted sedimentary tectonic provenance. The origin of this incompatibility between descriptive classifications and genetic classifications arose from the fact that neither approach established classification field boundaries on the basis of processes known to control the origin and evolution of sandstone composition. The development of the study of a range of factors that influence sandstone petrogenesis and grain composition are reviewed along with the introduction of several critical statistical techniques applicable to multicomponent grain abundance analysis. From the understandings gained by the evaluation of these advances in classification practice a set of potential topics for future consideration are introduced.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46154951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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