Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.409
K. McQueen
The discovery of gold in Australia forced many changes to theory on the occurrence and origin of gold deposits. Initial discoveries appeared to confirm existing ideas on the global distribution of gold-bearing terrains. Later discoveries and research would show that this confirmation was largely coincidental, but nevertheless helpful in early prospecting. Prior to the first Australian gold rush, theoretical predictions of payable gold were made by Sir Roderick Murchison and Rev. W. B. Clarke based on knowledge of accidental gold finds and geological analogy with known areas of significant gold occurrence, particularly the Ural region in Russia. These predictions were overwhelmed when Edward Hargraves, realised he might be able to spark a gold rush that would prove the existence of payable gold. Hargraves travelled to the Bathurst region of New South Wales where numerous gold finds had already been made and with local guides, prospected Lewis Ponds Creek and the Macquarie River. He demonstrated the methods of alluvial mining, to John Lister and William and James Tom enabling them to find sufficient alluvial gold to initiate a gold rush. The crowd of attracted diggers demonstrated the existence of a payable goldfield. The unstoppable first rush resulted in the pragmatic introduction of government regulation and administration to allow alluvial gold mining. Other discoveries of payable goldfields quickly followed. As the local scientific expert on gold, W. B. Clarke was commissioned to conduct two extensive surveys of the goldfields between 1851 and 1853. Clarke also drew on his geological knowledge to provide practical advice to the thousands of prospecting gold diggers. Gold-bearing quartz reefs and lodes were discovered, but it was predicted that these could not be mined economically. Theory also predicted that the reef gold would not continue to depth. Practical observations and mining experience from the numerous discoveries led to revision of the widely held dicta on gold occurrence. Alluvial gold was found in a range of settings, including the recent drainage and ancient and buried leads. A wider variety of rock types was recognised as favourable for gold. Different styles of reef gold were identified and found to be economically mineable to great depth. Evolving ideas on the origin of gold deposits were widely discussed, tested, and refined. Of the many players involved in the early discovery of gold in Australia, Clarke, Hargraves and Murchison probably had the greatest overall influence in terms of theoretical predication and practical outcomes that initiated the Australian gold-mining industry.
{"title":"EARLY THEORIES AND PRACTICALITIES ON GOLD OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIA","authors":"K. McQueen","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.409","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of gold in Australia forced many changes to theory on the occurrence and origin of gold deposits. Initial discoveries appeared to confirm existing ideas on the global distribution of gold-bearing terrains. Later discoveries and research would show that this confirmation was largely coincidental, but nevertheless helpful in early prospecting.\u0000 Prior to the first Australian gold rush, theoretical predictions of payable gold were made by Sir Roderick Murchison and Rev. W. B. Clarke based on knowledge of accidental gold finds and geological analogy with known areas of significant gold occurrence, particularly the Ural region in Russia. These predictions were overwhelmed when Edward Hargraves, realised he might be able to spark a gold rush that would prove the existence of payable gold. Hargraves travelled to the Bathurst region of New South Wales where numerous gold finds had already been made and with local guides, prospected Lewis Ponds Creek and the Macquarie River. He demonstrated the methods of alluvial mining, to John Lister and William and James Tom enabling them to find sufficient alluvial gold to initiate a gold rush. The crowd of attracted diggers demonstrated the existence of a payable goldfield. The unstoppable first rush resulted in the pragmatic introduction of government regulation and administration to allow alluvial gold mining. Other discoveries of payable goldfields quickly followed. As the local scientific expert on gold, W. B. Clarke was commissioned to conduct two extensive surveys of the goldfields between 1851 and 1853. Clarke also drew on his geological knowledge to provide practical advice to the thousands of prospecting gold diggers. Gold-bearing quartz reefs and lodes were discovered, but it was predicted that these could not be mined economically. Theory also predicted that the reef gold would not continue to depth.\u0000 Practical observations and mining experience from the numerous discoveries led to revision of the widely held dicta on gold occurrence. Alluvial gold was found in a range of settings, including the recent drainage and ancient and buried leads. A wider variety of rock types was recognised as favourable for gold. Different styles of reef gold were identified and found to be economically mineable to great depth. Evolving ideas on the origin of gold deposits were widely discussed, tested, and refined.\u0000 Of the many players involved in the early discovery of gold in Australia, Clarke, Hargraves and Murchison probably had the greatest overall influence in terms of theoretical predication and practical outcomes that initiated the Australian gold-mining industry.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44920860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.566
M. Yazdi
Iran is home to some of the world’s earliest civilizations. The Ashkanian dynasty (550–330 BCE) unified Iran as a superpower empire. It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire where the Great Cyrus ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and Central Asia. Subsequently, Iran was invaded by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks and the Mongolians over the course of its history. During those times, Iran lost much of its territory until a reduced Iran was formed in the nineteenth century CE. Despite the invasions, Iran did not lose its heritage from its previous civilizations, but rather incorporated aspects of the new civilizations into its cultural fabric. Iran has always played an effective role in the natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and also in mineralogy and gemology. At times, Iran was at the forefront of science and technology, including mineralogy and gemology, which went through stages of development. The first and second stages occurred before and after the introduction of Islam, respectively. More than 30 books were written about minerals and gems during the ancient and Islamic Iranian periods. Those books can be classified into three main groups where the first group included accounts of precious stones, minerals, gems and metals. The second group of books focused on natural history, chemistry and precious stones. The third group of books discussed medicine, pharma-chemistry and medical properties of minerals. The most famous texts were written by early Iranian scientists such as Avicenna, Biruni, Jabir Ibn Hayan, Kandi and Razi. Iran’s role at the forefront of science and technology (including mineralogy and gemology) declined after the collapse of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736 CE). But recently, during the past 50 years, Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology through education, training and research. This will open a new age of development for Iran in the twenty-first century in science and technology as well as in mineralogy and gemology
伊朗是世界上最早的一些文明的发源地。阿什卡尼亚王朝(公元前550-330年)将伊朗统一为一个超级帝国。它是迄今为止最大的帝国，也是居鲁士大帝统治的从巴尔干半岛到北非和中亚的第一个世界帝国。随后，伊朗在其历史进程中被马其顿人、阿拉伯人、土耳其人和蒙古人入侵。在这些时期，伊朗失去了大部分领土，直到公元19世纪形成了一个缩小的伊朗。尽管受到入侵，伊朗并没有失去其先前文明的遗产，而是将新文明的各个方面纳入其文化结构。伊朗一直在自然科学、医学、数学、天文学、哲学以及矿物学和宝石学方面发挥有效作用。有时，伊朗处于科学和技术的前沿，包括矿物学和宝石学，这些都经历了发展阶段。第一阶段和第二阶段分别发生在伊斯兰教传入之前和之后。在古代和伊斯兰伊朗时期，有30多本关于矿物和宝石的书。这些书可以分为三大类，第一类包括宝石、矿物、宝石和金属。第二组书籍集中在自然史、化学和宝石方面。第三组书籍讨论了医学、药物化学和矿物的医学性质。最著名的文献是由早期的伊朗科学家如阿维森纳、比uni、Jabir Ibn Hayan、Kandi和Razi所写。伊朗在科学和技术(包括矿物学和宝石学)的前沿地位在萨法维王朝(公元1501-1736年)崩溃后有所下降。但是最近，在过去的50年里，伊朗通过教育、培训和研究在科学技术方面取得了相当大的进步。这将为伊朗在21世纪的科学和技术以及矿物学和宝石学方面开启一个新的发展时代
{"title":"THE HISTORY OF MINERALOGY AND GEMOLOGY IN IRAN","authors":"M. Yazdi","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.566","url":null,"abstract":"Iran is home to some of the world’s earliest civilizations. The Ashkanian dynasty (550–330 BCE) unified Iran as a superpower empire. It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire where the Great Cyrus ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and Central Asia. Subsequently, Iran was invaded by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks and the Mongolians over the course of its history. During those times, Iran lost much of its territory until a reduced Iran was formed in the nineteenth century CE. Despite the invasions, Iran did not lose its heritage from its previous civilizations, but rather incorporated aspects of the new civilizations into its cultural fabric. Iran has always played an effective role in the natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and also in mineralogy and gemology. At times, Iran was at the forefront of science and technology, including mineralogy and gemology, which went through stages of development. The first and second stages occurred before and after the introduction of Islam, respectively. More than 30 books were written about minerals and gems during the ancient and Islamic Iranian periods. Those books can be classified into three main groups where the first group included accounts of precious stones, minerals, gems and metals. The second group of books focused on natural history, chemistry and precious stones. The third group of books discussed medicine, pharma-chemistry and medical properties of minerals. The most famous texts were written by early Iranian scientists such as Avicenna, Biruni, Jabir Ibn Hayan, Kandi and Razi. Iran’s role at the forefront of science and technology (including mineralogy and gemology) declined after the collapse of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736 CE). But recently, during the past 50 years, Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology through education, training and research. This will open a new age of development for Iran in the twenty-first century in science and technology as well as in mineralogy and gemology","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41580096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.581
C. Bastías, R. Charrier, C. Millacura, L. Aguirre, F. Hervé, M. Farias
We present an interpretation of how natural geological and meteorological events influenced the cosmovision of the Mapuche people from south-central Chile. These events resulted from the geodynamic conditions and related processes occurring along the South American active continental margin and the climatic conditions in the region. Their influence on the Mapuche cosmovision is clearly reflected in the most important myths and legends of the Mapuche acquired knowledge. One particularly illustrative myth refers to the combat between two huge snakes, Trentrén and Kaikai. Kaikai, representing the ocean, continuously tries to encroach upon the earth, and Trenten, representing the earth, opposes Kaikai by uplifting the ground to save the inhabitants. This is interpreted as an allegory for what happens during earthquakes when the back-and-forth movement of tsunami waves makes it appear as if the earth sinks and uplifts. Several hills named Trentrén are topographic heights that people can climb to be safe from the effects of the tsunamis. Other myths and legends refer to other characteristic geological phenomena in this particularly active tectonic environment. This article illustrates how the mythical interpretation of geological events configured the understanding of the surrounding world and produced the exquisite body of myths and legends in the Mapuche culture.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE COSMOVISION OF THE MAPUCHE NATIVE PEOPLE IN SOUTH CENTRAL CHILE","authors":"C. Bastías, R. Charrier, C. Millacura, L. Aguirre, F. Hervé, M. Farias","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.581","url":null,"abstract":"We present an interpretation of how natural geological and meteorological events influenced the cosmovision of the Mapuche people from south-central Chile. These events resulted from the geodynamic conditions and related processes occurring along the South American active continental margin and the climatic conditions in the region. Their influence on the Mapuche cosmovision is clearly reflected in the most important myths and legends of the Mapuche acquired knowledge. One particularly illustrative myth refers to the combat between two huge snakes, Trentrén and Kaikai. Kaikai, representing the ocean, continuously tries to encroach upon the earth, and Trenten, representing the earth, opposes Kaikai by uplifting the ground to save the inhabitants. This is interpreted as an allegory for what happens during earthquakes when the back-and-forth movement of tsunami waves makes it appear as if the earth sinks and uplifts. Several hills named Trentrén are topographic heights that people can climb to be safe from the effects of the tsunamis. Other myths and legends refer to other characteristic geological phenomena in this particularly active tectonic environment. This article illustrates how the mythical interpretation of geological events configured the understanding of the surrounding world and produced the exquisite body of myths and legends in the Mapuche culture.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44026975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.607
A. Kim, N. Lautze
This paper is the first to compile the accounts of Western explorers to Hawai‘i who used volcanic heat. During the 1800s, Western explorers used volcanic heat when climbing and surveying Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i. The explorers cooked food on steam vents and lava streams. They drank condensed water from volcanic steam and bathed in a warm basin and warm springs. They warmed themselves near steam cracks and a lava stream, lit cigarettes with Kīlauea’s lava lake, and collected rocks. To confirm the presence of volcanic heat, this study uses geothermal resource maps and data from the Hawai‘i Play Fairway project. The areas where the explorers used volcanic heat have a probability of volcanic heat of 0.7 to 1.0, and elevated temperatures in nearby water wells indicate heat sources. Kīlauea and Mauna Loa erupted numerous times, and the surrounding areas experienced volcanic steam releases and lava flows. The explorers used volcanic heat to facilitate not only their survival but also the Western exploration and scientific investigation of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes.
{"title":"WESTERN EXPLORERS AND VOLCANIC HEAT IN HAWAIʻI","authors":"A. Kim, N. Lautze","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.607","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first to compile the accounts of Western explorers to Hawai‘i who used volcanic heat. During the 1800s, Western explorers used volcanic heat when climbing and surveying Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i. The explorers cooked food on steam vents and lava streams. They drank condensed water from volcanic steam and bathed in a warm basin and warm springs. They warmed themselves near steam cracks and a lava stream, lit cigarettes with Kīlauea’s lava lake, and collected rocks. To confirm the presence of volcanic heat, this study uses geothermal resource maps and data from the Hawai‘i Play Fairway project. The areas where the explorers used volcanic heat have a probability of volcanic heat of 0.7 to 1.0, and elevated temperatures in nearby water wells indicate heat sources. Kīlauea and Mauna Loa erupted numerous times, and the surrounding areas experienced volcanic steam releases and lava flows. The explorers used volcanic heat to facilitate not only their survival but also the Western exploration and scientific investigation of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43798231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.433
Selby Hearth
The Tsumeb copper mine in the Otavi Mountains of Namibia is famous both for its spectacular mineral specimens and for its unparalleled diversity of mineral species. The site was mined for nearly 100 years, first by Anglo-German and then by multinational companies; however, prior to that, the site was central to the economies of the Ndonga, Haiǁom, and Herero, who mined, smelted, crafted, and traded the copper. This paper attempts to fill a major gap in the early history of Tsumeb: how did control of Tsumeb’s copper transfer from local communities to Germany? By synthesizing a wide variety of sources, this paper tells pre-colonial and early colonial histories of copper in the Tsumeb area, focusing on the Haiǁom who mined the copper, the Ndonga who smelted and crafted it, and the Herero who had historical relationships with the land. Throughout, the paper attempts to connect Tsumeb’s local history with the larger regional context of South West Africa (now Namibia), and to provide a more in-depth account of the communities whose roles, in previous mineralogic histories of Tsumeb, have been reduced to: ‘trouble with the natives.’
{"title":"THE “WORLD’S GREATEST MINERAL LOCALITY”: HAIǁOM, NDONGA, HERERO, AND THE EARLY COLONIAL HISTORIES OF TSUMEB, NAMIBIA","authors":"Selby Hearth","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.433","url":null,"abstract":"The Tsumeb copper mine in the Otavi Mountains of Namibia is famous both for its spectacular mineral specimens and for its unparalleled diversity of mineral species. The site was mined for nearly 100 years, first by Anglo-German and then by multinational companies; however, prior to that, the site was central to the economies of the Ndonga, Haiǁom, and Herero, who mined, smelted, crafted, and traded the copper. This paper attempts to fill a major gap in the early history of Tsumeb: how did control of Tsumeb’s copper transfer from local communities to Germany? By synthesizing a wide variety of sources, this paper tells pre-colonial and early colonial histories of copper in the Tsumeb area, focusing on the Haiǁom who mined the copper, the Ndonga who smelted and crafted it, and the Herero who had historical relationships with the land. Throughout, the paper attempts to connect Tsumeb’s local history with the larger regional context of South West Africa (now Namibia), and to provide a more in-depth account of the communities whose roles, in previous mineralogic histories of Tsumeb, have been reduced to: ‘trouble with the natives.’","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48322766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.19
Michael Iannicelli
A controversy arises concerning relict, ubiquitous, depositional, solifluction, “string lobe” landforms in the Ridge and Valley province of Pennsylvania, reported by other investigators. A distinguishment is made here by defending an original interpretation of the particular landforms which identified these as snowdune meltwater-eroded depressions formed within colluvium during cold phases of the Pleistocene Epoch. Hence, the landforms are reassessed as “steps & risers” in this study which is jargon associated with nival erosion. The reidentification is warranted in the study because of multiple lines of evidence including: the landforms’ detailed geomorphology and sedimentology; the landforms having a highly, unusual, very repetitive, NE-SW orientation; and the landforms incurring a striking, gravity-defying, characteristic of running-water erosion repeatedly occurring irrespective of the steepest part of the general slope. Besides the evidence offered here, the study also gives insight, resolutions and re-confirmations in order to establish absolute identification while differentiating between discussed, periglacial, relict landforms. An agreement is reached however, regarding actual, true solifluction landforms occurring only on slopes that point in a particular, general direction.
{"title":"Reidentifying Depositional, Solifluction, “String Lobe” Landforms as Erosional, Topographic, Steps & Risers Formed by Paleo-Snowdunes in Pennsylvania, USA","authors":"Michael Iannicelli","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.19","url":null,"abstract":"A controversy arises concerning relict, ubiquitous, depositional, solifluction, “string lobe” landforms in the Ridge and Valley province of Pennsylvania, reported by other investigators. A distinguishment is made here by defending an original interpretation of the particular landforms which identified these as snowdune meltwater-eroded depressions formed within colluvium during cold phases of the Pleistocene Epoch. Hence, the landforms are reassessed as “steps & risers” in this study which is jargon associated with nival erosion. The reidentification is warranted in the study because of multiple lines of evidence including: the landforms’ detailed geomorphology and sedimentology; the landforms having a highly, unusual, very repetitive, NE-SW orientation; and the landforms incurring a striking, gravity-defying, characteristic of running-water erosion repeatedly occurring irrespective of the steepest part of the general slope. Besides the evidence offered here, the study also gives insight, resolutions and re-confirmations in order to establish absolute identification while differentiating between discussed, periglacial, relict landforms. An agreement is reached however, regarding actual, true solifluction landforms occurring only on slopes that point in a particular, general direction.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75556331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.16
Zhu Suizhou, Chu Zhaobo, Liu Lingbin, Miao Shuli, Xu Jian
Located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, Jiaodong gold concentration area is one of the world's famous gold deposit areas. Its unique metallogenic environment and metallogenic background are favored by geologists of all countries, multi-level and multi-disciplinary scientific research work has been carried out in this area, and good results have been achieved. Linglong gold deposit, located 20 km northeast of Zhaoyuan, Shandong, is a quartz vein type gold deposit. Its veins are controlled by Linglong and Batouqing fault, and vein groups are developed in the area, there are 36, 48, 47, 53, 55, 108 and vein groups 175, among which vein group 175 is one of the main large vein group in Linglong Gold Mine. With the continuous exploitation and utilization of the shallow resources in Linglong Gold Mine, the amount of gold resources kept in Linglong Gold Mine has decreased sharply, and the enterprises are facing the situation of serious shortage of resources. In order to prolong the service life of mines, it is urgent to enlarge the geological reserves of gold deposits and to increase the prospecting and prospecting efforts in deep areas. In this paper are sunnarized the geological and metallogenic backgroud and geologcal characteristics of the ore vein groups 175 and ore-control factor, occurrence pattern of ore body and ore types are analyzed and metalogenic pattern described. Based on prospecting works in which ore is encountered gold ore reserve 192.44×104t (332+333) and gold metal reserve 8.5t are predicted by geologic block method bellow -800m level beteen line 11-101.
{"title":"Deep Geological Characteristics and Ore Predition of Vein 175 in Linglong Gold Field in Jiaodong Area, Shandong Province","authors":"Zhu Suizhou, Chu Zhaobo, Liu Lingbin, Miao Shuli, Xu Jian","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.16","url":null,"abstract":"Located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, Jiaodong gold concentration area is one of the world's famous gold deposit areas. Its unique metallogenic environment and metallogenic background are favored by geologists of all countries, multi-level and multi-disciplinary scientific research work has been carried out in this area, and good results have been achieved. Linglong gold deposit, located 20 km northeast of Zhaoyuan, Shandong, is a quartz vein type gold deposit. Its veins are controlled by Linglong and Batouqing fault, and vein groups are developed in the area, there are 36, 48, 47, 53, 55, 108 and vein groups 175, among which vein group 175 is one of the main large vein group in Linglong Gold Mine. With the continuous exploitation and utilization of the shallow resources in Linglong Gold Mine, the amount of gold resources kept in Linglong Gold Mine has decreased sharply, and the enterprises are facing the situation of serious shortage of resources. In order to prolong the service life of mines, it is urgent to enlarge the geological reserves of gold deposits and to increase the prospecting and prospecting efforts in deep areas. In this paper are sunnarized the geological and metallogenic backgroud and geologcal characteristics of the ore vein groups 175 and ore-control factor, occurrence pattern of ore body and ore types are analyzed and metalogenic pattern described. Based on prospecting works in which ore is encountered gold ore reserve 192.44×104t (332+333) and gold metal reserve 8.5t are predicted by geologic block method bellow -800m level beteen line 11-101.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84319004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.15
G. Hafizov
Persimmon fruits should be initially quite hard, so that they can not only be easily peeled, but also fastened with a strong rope for the closely adjacent stems and dried for a month or two under a canopy. Despite the extensive nature of this process, farmers are used to this artisanal method and the small profit it can provide in those 3-4 post-harvest weeks, as long as the persimmon can remain firm. The aim of this work was to develop more efficient alternative drying methods that allow drying persimmons in an accelerated mode and at all stages of its post-harvest storage. The objects of the study were the fruits of the cultivars "Hachiya" and "Hiakume", grown in the experimental farm of the Research Institute of Horticulture and Tea Industry (Guba, Azerbaijan). The method of creating the final products was used, based on taking into account the physical and chemical changes that occur in the persimmon during its maturation. It was found that the natural balance between lecoanthocyanins (the most tart among polyphenols), protopectin, which refers to insoluble dietary fiber and easily digestible carbohydrates, does not provide the best color and taste of 100% dried persimmon from early solid raw materials. Slicing slices of hard fruit into slices 2-3 mm thick and holding the slices for 10-15 minutes in solutions of table salt and sugar allows you to improve their color and taste initially. Aged softened fruits are amazingly delicious and without additives. Taking into account these and other revealed facts, technologies were developed for obtaining natural chips from solid persimmons, and 100% dried persimmons from softened persimmons. Calculations have shown that the proposed technologies are cost-effective and promising for wide application.
{"title":"Research of Functional and Technological Properties of Persimmon Fruits as an Object of Drying","authors":"G. Hafizov","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.15","url":null,"abstract":"Persimmon fruits should be initially quite hard, so that they can not only be easily peeled, but also fastened with a strong rope for the closely adjacent stems and dried for a month or two under a canopy. Despite the extensive nature of this process, farmers are used to this artisanal method and the small profit it can provide in those 3-4 post-harvest weeks, as long as the persimmon can remain firm. The aim of this work was to develop more efficient alternative drying methods that allow drying persimmons in an accelerated mode and at all stages of its post-harvest storage. The objects of the study were the fruits of the cultivars \"Hachiya\" and \"Hiakume\", grown in the experimental farm of the Research Institute of Horticulture and Tea Industry (Guba, Azerbaijan). The method of creating the final products was used, based on taking into account the physical and chemical changes that occur in the persimmon during its maturation. It was found that the natural balance between lecoanthocyanins (the most tart among polyphenols), protopectin, which refers to insoluble dietary fiber and easily digestible carbohydrates, does not provide the best color and taste of 100% dried persimmon from early solid raw materials. Slicing slices of hard fruit into slices 2-3 mm thick and holding the slices for 10-15 minutes in solutions of table salt and sugar allows you to improve their color and taste initially. Aged softened fruits are amazingly delicious and without additives. Taking into account these and other revealed facts, technologies were developed for obtaining natural chips from solid persimmons, and 100% dried persimmons from softened persimmons. Calculations have shown that the proposed technologies are cost-effective and promising for wide application.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83531627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.14
J. Abbot
The validity and interpretation of differing representations of proxy temperature profiles from the past 2,000 years for the northern hemisphere remains controversial. One perspective of temperatures over the past 1,000 years embodies a major oscillation with a peak corresponding with the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), a trough representing the Little Ice Age (LIA) and subsequent increasing temperatures to the present. An alternate temperature perspective, known as the “hockey stick” exhibits a slow long-term cooling trend downward from about 1000 AD to about 1900 AD, followed by relatively rapid warming in the 20th century and is a prominent feature in describing the apparent climate crisis. The present study, using spectral analysis, shows that both types of profile have a dominant millennial oscillation and a set of lower power centennial and decadal oscillations. The key difference in determination of development of the proxy temperature profile into either a hockey stick or MWP_LIA cycle is the phase alignments of centennial and decadal oscillations with respect to the millennial oscillation. In both cases, the resultant sine waves from spectral analysis up to 1880 AD can be used to train a an artificial neural network using oscillatory data corresponding to the pre-industrial era, then forecasting temperatures into the 20th century, enabling an estimation of natural and anthropogenic contributions to recent warming. The limitations of highly complex general circulation models that do not to adequately incorporate oscillatory patterns in temperatures may be a compelling reason to promote more extensive use of forecasting with established machine learning techniques such as ANNs.
{"title":"Using Oscillatory Processes in Northern Hemisphere Proxy Temperature Records to Forecast Industrial-era Temperatures","authors":"J. Abbot","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20211003.14","url":null,"abstract":"The validity and interpretation of differing representations of proxy temperature profiles from the past 2,000 years for the northern hemisphere remains controversial. One perspective of temperatures over the past 1,000 years embodies a major oscillation with a peak corresponding with the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), a trough representing the Little Ice Age (LIA) and subsequent increasing temperatures to the present. An alternate temperature perspective, known as the “hockey stick” exhibits a slow long-term cooling trend downward from about 1000 AD to about 1900 AD, followed by relatively rapid warming in the 20th century and is a prominent feature in describing the apparent climate crisis. The present study, using spectral analysis, shows that both types of profile have a dominant millennial oscillation and a set of lower power centennial and decadal oscillations. The key difference in determination of development of the proxy temperature profile into either a hockey stick or MWP_LIA cycle is the phase alignments of centennial and decadal oscillations with respect to the millennial oscillation. In both cases, the resultant sine waves from spectral analysis up to 1880 AD can be used to train a an artificial neural network using oscillatory data corresponding to the pre-industrial era, then forecasting temperatures into the 20th century, enabling an estimation of natural and anthropogenic contributions to recent warming. The limitations of highly complex general circulation models that do not to adequately incorporate oscillatory patterns in temperatures may be a compelling reason to promote more extensive use of forecasting with established machine learning techniques such as ANNs.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86635222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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