Pub Date : 2009-11-25DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48148
O. Rufai, O. Adesanya, R. Mustapha, W. A. Gbolagbade, R. O. Ayeni
We discuss a fluid flowing between two parallel plates. We assume a Poiseuille flow. Furthermore, we assume that the viscosity μ, depends on temperature T. We show that the velocity equation has two solutions. Graph features prominently in the presentation.
{"title":"Poiseuille flow of fluid whose viscosity is temperature dependent","authors":"O. Rufai, O. Adesanya, R. Mustapha, W. A. Gbolagbade, R. O. Ayeni","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48148","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss a fluid flowing between two parallel plates. We assume a Poiseuille flow. Furthermore, we assume that the viscosity μ, depends on temperature T. We show that the velocity equation has two solutions. Graph features prominently in the presentation.","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-25DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48153
L. Nyaga, C. Mwathi
The current International Standard Book Number (ISBN) code is designed to detect any error and correct any single-error and double-error created by the transposition of two digits. The decoder of the code would have to know that the detected error is a single or a double transposition if they are to correct it. In this paper we show how the efficiency in error detection and correction in the ISBN can be significantly increased. To achieve this we redesigned the existing ISBN by converting it to a cyclic code. This code can determine if there is a single error or a combination of errors, identify the position of the error(s) and consequently correct both transpose and nontranspose errors. This work will help in providing reference for a coding system with high efficiency in error correction, a quality that is important for both local and international publishers.
{"title":"Increasing Error Detection and Correction Efficiency in ISBN Code","authors":"L. Nyaga, C. Mwathi","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48153","url":null,"abstract":"The current International Standard Book Number (ISBN) code is designed to detect any error and correct any single-error and double-error created by the transposition of two digits. The decoder of the code would have to know that the detected error is a single or a double transposition if they are to correct it. In this paper we show how the efficiency in error detection and correction in the ISBN can be significantly increased. To achieve this we redesigned the existing ISBN by converting it to a cyclic code. This code can determine if there is a single error or a combination of errors, identify the position of the error(s) and consequently correct both transpose and nontranspose errors. This work will help in providing reference for a coding system with high efficiency in error correction, a quality that is important for both local and international publishers.","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-25DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48143
D. Nwankwo, T. I. Owoseni, D. A. Usilo, I. Obinyan, A. Uche
The hydrochemistry and plankton dynamics of the Kuramo lagoon was investigated between November 2000 andAugust 2001. Whereas the lagoon remains low brackish (S°/oo 7.8) all through thesampling period, the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values ( 21mgl-1) indicated stress. Although nutrient levels at the lagoon were high (NO3- N > 1.58 mgl-1; PO4-P 449.9 mgl-1), heavy metal values were low (Fe < 1.91 mgl-1, Cu < 0.32 mgl-1, Pb Trace). The occurrence ofNitzschia palea, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Gomphonema parvulum, Pinnularia pyrum, P. gibba (diatoms), Euglena viridis,Lepocinclis texta (euglenoids), Microcystis aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae (cyanobacteria), Brachionus
2000年11月至2001年8月对库拉莫泻湖的水化学和浮游生物动态进行了调查。在整个采样期间，泻湖保持低咸淡度(S°/o 7.8)，溶解氧(DO)和生化需氧量(BOD5)值(21mg -1)表明应激。虽然泻湖的营养水平很高(NO3- N > 1.58 mg -1;重金属含量低(Fe < 1.91 mg -1, Cu < 0.32 mg -1, Pb痕量)。出现古nitzschia, meneghiniana Cyclotella, gonphonema parvulum, Pinnularia pyrum, P. gibba(硅藻)，绿绿绿藻，Lepocinclis texta (euglenoids)，铜绿微囊藻，M. flos-aquae(蓝藻)，Brachionus
{"title":"The Hydrochemistry and Plankton Dynamics of a Closed Eutrophic Tropical Lagoon","authors":"D. Nwankwo, T. I. Owoseni, D. A. Usilo, I. Obinyan, A. Uche","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48143","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrochemistry and plankton dynamics of the Kuramo lagoon was investigated between November 2000 andAugust 2001. Whereas the lagoon remains low brackish (S°/oo 7.8) all through thesampling period, the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values ( 21mgl-1) indicated stress. Although nutrient levels at the lagoon were high (NO3- N > 1.58 mgl-1; PO4-P 449.9 mgl-1), heavy metal values were low (Fe < 1.91 mgl-1, Cu < 0.32 mgl-1, Pb Trace). The occurrence ofNitzschia palea, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Gomphonema parvulum, Pinnularia pyrum, P. gibba (diatoms), Euglena viridis,Lepocinclis texta (euglenoids), Microcystis aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae (cyanobacteria), Brachionus","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The case study provides in-sights on initiation, negotiation and implementation of International Forestry Related Agreements (IFRAs). It is observed and concluded that (i) there is low and inconsistent participation by Africa in international forest processes that lead to IFRAs, ostensibly due to lack of funds, (ii) Africa is not influencing the outcomes of the processes, (ii) African national institutions face challenges in mainstreaming outcomes IFRAs, not only due to lack of capacity, but also because of poor ownership of the outcomes, (iv) African forestry institutions have many overlapping international and regional initiatives to deal with that require substantial resources, which are not readily available, (v) there is inadequate participation by the private sector, (vi) countries send different individuals to successive forums resulting in lack of institutional and policy memory and hence continuity. In extreme cases, this has resulted in countries taking contradictory positions on specific issues in successive sessions, (vii) many countries send delegations without adequate preparation, and (viii) many countries lack competent resource persons to handle issues under discussion. In some cases, there is little understanding and consensus at national level on issues under international debate. As a result of the foregoing, there is limited awareness and appreciation within African governments on existence of the instruments and countries lack a critical mass of people knowledgeable on them. Accordingly, it is not easy to mainstream IFRAs into national policies, laws and strategies. A structured layered approach for participation and feedback is proposed to expedite effectiveness and implementation.
{"title":"Mainstreaming International Forestry Related Agreements at National Level","authors":"J. Ruhombe","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V21I3.48205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V21I3.48205","url":null,"abstract":"The case study provides in-sights on initiation, negotiation and implementation of International Forestry Related Agreements (IFRAs). It is observed and concluded that (i) there is low and inconsistent participation by Africa in international forest processes that lead to IFRAs, ostensibly due to lack of funds, (ii) Africa is not influencing the outcomes of the processes, (ii) African national institutions face challenges in mainstreaming outcomes IFRAs, not only due to lack of capacity, but also because of poor ownership of the outcomes, (iv) African forestry institutions have many overlapping international and regional initiatives to deal with that require substantial resources, which are not readily available, (v) there is inadequate participation by the private sector, (vi) countries send different individuals to successive forums resulting in lack of institutional and policy memory and hence continuity. In extreme cases, this has resulted in countries taking contradictory positions on specific issues in successive sessions, (vii) many countries send delegations without adequate preparation, and (viii) many countries lack competent resource persons to handle issues under discussion. In some cases, there is little understanding and consensus at national level on issues under international debate. As a result of the foregoing, there is limited awareness and appreciation within African governments on existence of the instruments and countries lack a critical mass of people knowledgeable on them. Accordingly, it is not easy to mainstream IFRAs into national policies, laws and strategies. A structured layered approach for participation and feedback is proposed to expedite effectiveness and implementation.","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-25DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48139
S. J. Ojolo, A. Bamgboye
The cost of operating tractors in three different farms was investigated. Data were collected for six years on a total of 112 tractors. The data was categorized into different costs constituting cost of operating tractors such as repair and maintenance; fuel and lubricants; operator’s wages; interest; insurance, taxes and shelter costs. Different formulae were used to analyze these operating costs. The results showed that Farm 1 has the highest values while Farm 2 has the lowest. It can be concluded that the cost of operating tractors in small scale farm (10 ha) on the annual average is N84, 0000; N110, 000 in the large scale farm (50ha) and N712, 000 in the industrial scale farm (200ha).
{"title":"Case Study of Operational Cost of Tractors in Three Standard Establishments in Nigeria","authors":"S. J. Ojolo, A. Bamgboye","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48139","url":null,"abstract":"The cost of operating tractors in three different farms was investigated. Data were collected for six years on a total of 112 tractors. The data was categorized into different costs constituting cost of operating tractors such as repair and maintenance; fuel and lubricants; operator’s wages; interest; insurance, taxes and shelter costs. Different formulae were used to analyze these operating costs. The results showed that Farm 1 has the highest values while Farm 2 has the lowest. It can be concluded that the cost of operating tractors in small scale farm (10 ha) on the annual average is N84, 0000; N110, 000 in the large scale farm (50ha) and N712, 000 in the industrial scale farm (200ha).","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
.. A.O.Aderibigbe, E. Iwalewa, .. S.K.Adesina, .. O.E.Ukponmwan, .. A.O.Adebanjo
The neuropharmacological effects of Aridanin Ð an N-acetylated glycoside isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit was examined for locomotory, exploratory, stereotyped behaviours and hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time (HIST) in mice. Aridanin (15- and 30 mg/kg i.p) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of novelty-induced rearing, grooming, body scratching and exploratory behaviour. It also potentiated the hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time (HIST), but did not change the stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine. These effects of aridanin suggest that it has a strong central depressant action which may be sedative in nature but lack psychopharmacological activities Keywords : Aridanin; central activities, sedation, Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 177-181
研究了从四翅果中分离的n -乙酰化苷Aridanin Ð对小鼠运动、探索、刻板行为和六巴比妥酮诱导睡眠时间(HIST)的神经药理作用。Aridanin(15和30 mg/kg i.p)对新奇诱导的饲养、梳理、身体抓伤和探索行为产生剂量依赖性抑制。它还增强了六巴比妥诱导的睡眠时间(HIST)，但没有改变阿吗啡诱导的刻板行为。这些作用提示其具有较强的中枢抑制作用，可能在本质上具有镇静作用，但缺乏精神药理学活性。关键词:紫檀苷;中央活动，镇静，四翅果发现与创新Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 177-181
{"title":"Neuropharmacological Evaluation of Aridanin, a Glycoside Isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera Fruit","authors":".. A.O.Aderibigbe, E. Iwalewa, .. S.K.Adesina, .. O.E.Ukponmwan, .. A.O.Adebanjo","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15799","url":null,"abstract":"The neuropharmacological effects of Aridanin Ð an N-acetylated glycoside isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit was examined for locomotory, exploratory, stereotyped behaviours and hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time (HIST) in mice.\u0000Aridanin (15- and 30 mg/kg i.p) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of novelty-induced rearing, grooming, body scratching and exploratory behaviour. It also potentiated the hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time (HIST), but did not change the stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine. These effects of aridanin suggest that it has a strong central\u0000depressant action which may be sedative in nature but lack psychopharmacological activities Keywords : Aridanin; central activities, sedation, Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 177-181","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-02-16DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48147
E. Biamah, G. Sterk, L. Stroosnijder
In semi-arid Kenya, the most dominant soil types are of limited agricultural productivity due to crusting and compaction. The occurrence of soil crusting and compaction is attributed to seasonal rainfall characteristics, physical soil properties and bad tillage practices. Soil crusting and compaction decrease rainwater infiltration and increase surface runoff. Seasonal rainwater losses through increased runoff volumes reduce soil moisture and hence result in agricultural drought. The objective of this study was to examine the hydrological effects of two tillage practices with and without farmyard manure on surface runoff and soil loss of crusting and compacting soils under field conditions at Katumani in semi-arid Kenya. Field investigations on rainfall characteristics, surface runoff, soil loss, soil bulk density and soil shear strength covered two rainy seasons (short and long rains) and were done on a Chromic Luvisol. The field treatments were zero tillage and conventional tillage, and two farmyard manure applications (5 and 10 Mg ha-1). The results obtained showed significant effects of conventional and zero tillage and farmyard manure on infiltration and soil moisture, surface runoff and soil loss. Soil crusting and compaction significantly influenced the hydrological response of all treatments. These responses were attributed to seasonal rainfall events of varying amounts, intensities and duration, and treatment differences in soil surface conditions and aggregation. Farmyard manure (FYM) application enhanced infiltration and reduced soil crusting, compaction, and surface runoff during the initial stages of the rainy season. But in the mid-stages of the rainy season, the effects of FYM on soil aggregation diminished. Conventional tillage without farmyard manure led to high surface runoff and soil loss in this structurally unstable soil. Zero tillage performed poorly under these soil conditions because of high soil crusting and compaction, low rainwater infiltration and subsequent increase in surface runoff generation. zero tillage, conventional tillage, farmyard manure, crusting and compacting soils, semi-arid Kenya Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 254-263
在半干旱的肯尼亚，最主要的土壤类型由于结壳和压实，农业生产力有限。土壤结壳和压实的发生与季节降雨特征、土壤物理性质和不良耕作方式有关。土壤结壳和压实减少雨水入渗，增加地表径流。由于径流量增加而造成的季节性雨水损失减少了土壤水分，从而导致农业干旱。本研究的目的是研究在半干旱的肯尼亚卡图马尼的田间条件下，有和没有农家肥的两种耕作方式对地表径流和结皮和压实土壤的土壤流失的水文影响。在Chromic Luvisol上进行了两个雨季(短雨和长雨)的降雨特征、地表径流、土壤流失量、土壤容重和土壤抗剪强度的实地调查。田间处理为免耕和常规耕作，两次施用农家肥(5和10 Mg hm -1)。结果表明，免耕和农家肥对土壤入渗、水分、地表径流和土壤流失量均有显著影响。土壤结壳和压实对各处理的水文响应均有显著影响。这些响应归因于不同数量、强度和持续时间的季节性降雨事件，以及土壤表面条件和聚集性的处理差异。在雨季的初始阶段，施用农家肥(FYM)增强了入渗，减少了土壤结壳、压实和地表径流。但在雨季中期，FYM对土壤团聚体的影响减弱。在这种结构不稳定的土壤中，不施用农家肥的传统耕作导致大量地表径流和土壤流失。在这些土壤条件下，免耕表现不佳，因为土壤结壳和压实程度高，雨水入渗低，随后地表产流增加。零耕作，传统耕作，农家肥，结壳和压实土壤，半干旱肯尼亚发现与创新Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 254-263
{"title":"Tillage and Farmyard Manure Effects on Crusting Compacting Soils at Katumani, Semi-arid Kenya","authors":"E. Biamah, G. Sterk, L. Stroosnijder","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V20I3-4.48147","url":null,"abstract":"In semi-arid Kenya, the most dominant soil types are of limited agricultural productivity due to crusting and compaction. The occurrence of soil crusting and compaction is attributed to seasonal rainfall characteristics, physical soil properties and bad tillage\u0000practices. Soil crusting and compaction decrease rainwater infiltration and increase surface runoff. Seasonal rainwater losses through increased runoff volumes reduce soil moisture and hence result in agricultural drought. The objective of this study was to examine the hydrological effects of two tillage practices with and without farmyard manure on surface runoff and soil loss of crusting and compacting soils under field conditions at Katumani in semi-arid Kenya. Field investigations on rainfall characteristics, surface runoff, soil loss, soil bulk density and soil shear strength covered two rainy seasons (short and long rains) and were done on a Chromic Luvisol. The field treatments were zero tillage and conventional tillage, and two farmyard manure applications (5 and 10 Mg ha-1). The results obtained showed significant effects of conventional and zero tillage and farmyard manure on infiltration and soil moisture, surface runoff and soil loss. Soil crusting and compaction significantly influenced the hydrological response of all treatments. These responses were attributed to seasonal rainfall events of varying amounts, intensities and duration, and treatment differences in soil surface conditions and aggregation. Farmyard manure (FYM) application enhanced infiltration and reduced soil crusting, compaction, and surface runoff during the initial stages of the rainy season. But in the mid-stages of the rainy season, the\u0000effects of FYM on soil aggregation diminished. Conventional tillage without farmyard manure led to high surface runoff and soil loss in this structurally unstable soil. Zero tillage performed poorly under these soil conditions because of high soil crusting and compaction, low rainwater infiltration and subsequent increase in surface runoff generation. zero tillage, conventional tillage, farmyard manure, crusting and compacting soils, semi-arid Kenya Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 254-263","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Ihejirika, M. Nwufo, E. Ofoh, E. Onweremadu, C. Duruigbo
Benniseed ( Sesanum indicum L) is a well known oilÐseed crop grown mostly in the Savannah areas of Nigeria, and with little cultivation in the forest south. A two-season experiment was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to determine the effect of plant population and nitrogen application on podrot, oil content and pod weight of benniseed in the rain forest belt of Nigerian. Analysis of variance indicated that only the podrot and oil content were affected by plant population. An increase of 15.6% and 16.2% in oil content was recorded when plant population increase from 111,111, to 250,000 plants/ ha recorded list podrot 2.02; 2.30 in 1st and 2nd seasons while 60kg/ha recorded lowest podrot 2.59; 2.63 in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The 0kg/ha (control) recorded highest podrot 3.14; 3.46 in 1997 and 1998, respectively. An increase of 15.6% and 16.2% oil company was recorded when plant population increased from 111,111 to 250,000 plants/ha in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Further increase from 62,500 to 111,111 resulted to further increase of 4.6 and 5.2 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The 9kg is highly significant on podrot (P Keywords : Management , Podrot, Oil content, Pod Weight, Benniseed, Ultisols Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 172-176
{"title":"Management of Podrot, Oil Content, and Pod Weight of Benniseed in an Ultisols","authors":"G. Ihejirika, M. Nwufo, E. Ofoh, E. Onweremadu, C. Duruigbo","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15798","url":null,"abstract":"Benniseed ( Sesanum indicum L) is a well known oilÐseed crop grown mostly in the Savannah areas of Nigeria, and with little cultivation in the forest south. A two-season experiment was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to determine the effect of plant population and nitrogen application on podrot, oil content and pod weight of benniseed in the rain forest belt of Nigerian. Analysis of variance indicated that only the podrot and oil content were affected by plant population. An increase of 15.6% and 16.2% in oil content was recorded when plant population increase from 111,111, to 250,000 plants/ ha recorded list podrot 2.02; 2.30 in 1st and 2nd seasons while 60kg/ha recorded lowest podrot 2.59; 2.63 in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The 0kg/ha (control) recorded highest podrot 3.14; 3.46 in 1997 and 1998, respectively. An increase of 15.6% and 16.2% oil company was recorded when plant population increased from 111,111 to 250,000 plants/ha in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Further increase from 62,500 to 111,111 resulted to further increase of 4.6 and 5.2 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The 9kg is highly significant on podrot (P Keywords : Management , Podrot, Oil content, Pod Weight, Benniseed, Ultisols Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 172-176","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amalgam voltammetric method has been used to study heavy metal interaction in model lake water in KNO3 at 23¼C at concentration levels of genuine lake water of total ionic strength 1.44 M. Hanging drop amalgam electrode was prepared in situ before exchanging the medium containing Zn2+ ions for the sample solution with ligands of known concentrations. Half-wave potentials at the actual metal ion concentration in the lake and at a much lower one (10-2 times) were experimentally determined. Shifts in half-wave potentials are used to compute metal complex formation constants. The study reveals the existence of various species and a prediction is made of the distribution of the major labile complex species of Zn2+ present in the lake water. The concentration level of Zn2+ ions in the lake seems to play a role in determining the number of complexes formed and their stabilities. The results show that hydroxo/chloro and hydroxo/fluoro mixed ligand complexes have free Zn2+ ions as predominant species at the natural pH of the lake water and these systems are, therefore, potentially polluting. However, the contribution of OH- ions to the speciation of Zn is of no consequential effect because in its normal state, the [OH-] of the lake water is quite low and the aquatic life is, therefore, not threatened. The CO3 2- ions are the major contributors to the speciation of zinc in the lake water because the natural [CO3 2-] of 0.5 M is high. The normal lake water is thus, dominated by the carbonato complexes [ZnCO3Cl4]4-, [ZnCO3Cl2]2-, [ZnCO3Cl]- and to a less extent, ZnCO3. Keywords : Heavy metals, hanging drop electrode, amalgam voltammetry, speciation. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 188-194
采用银汞伏安法，在离子总强度为1.44 m的真实湖水浓度水平下，用23¼C的KNO3模拟湖水中重金属的相互作用进行了研究。在用已知浓度的配体交换含有Zn2+离子的介质之前，原位制备挂滴银汞电极。实验测定了湖泊中实际金属离子浓度和较低金属离子浓度(10-2倍)时的半波电位。利用半波电位的位移计算金属络合物形成常数。研究表明，湖水中存在多种Zn2+，并对湖水中Zn2+主要不稳定络合物的分布进行了预测。湖泊中Zn2+离子的浓度水平似乎决定了络合物形成的数量及其稳定性。结果表明，在湖水的自然pH值下，羟基/氯和羟基/氟混合配体配合物以游离Zn2+离子为主，具有潜在的污染作用。然而，OH-离子对Zn形态的贡献并不会产生相应的影响，因为在正常状态下，湖水中的[OH-]含量很低，因此不会对水生生物造成威胁。由于0.5 M的天然[co32 -]较高，co32 -离子是湖泊水体中锌形态的主要贡献者。因此，正常的湖水以碳酸配合物[ZnCO3Cl4]4-、[ZnCO3Cl2]2-、[ZnCO3Cl]-和少量的ZnCO3为主。关键词:重金属，垂滴电极，银汞伏安法，形态。科学发现与创新Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 188-194
{"title":"Speciation of Zinc mixed ligand complexes in salt water systems","authors":"J. Kituyi, H. Thairu, J. Irina, K. Schrøder","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15801","url":null,"abstract":"Amalgam voltammetric method has been used to study heavy metal interaction in model lake water in KNO3 at 23¼C at concentration levels of genuine lake water of total ionic strength 1.44 M. Hanging drop amalgam electrode was prepared in situ before exchanging the medium containing Zn2+ ions for the sample solution with ligands of known concentrations. Half-wave potentials at the actual metal ion concentration in the lake and at a much lower one (10-2 times) were experimentally determined. Shifts in half-wave potentials are used to compute metal complex formation constants. The study reveals the existence of various species and a prediction is made of the distribution of the major labile complex species of Zn2+ present in the lake water. The concentration level of Zn2+ ions in the lake seems to play a role in determining the number of complexes formed and their stabilities. The results show that hydroxo/chloro and hydroxo/fluoro mixed\u0000ligand complexes have free Zn2+ ions as predominant species at the natural pH of the lake water and these systems are, therefore, potentially polluting. However, the contribution of OH- ions to the speciation of Zn is of no consequential effect because in its normal state, the [OH-] of the lake water is quite low and the aquatic life is, therefore, not threatened. The CO3 2- ions are the major contributors to the speciation of zinc in the lake water because the natural [CO3 2-] of 0.5 M is high. The normal lake water is thus, dominated by the carbonato complexes [ZnCO3Cl4]4-, [ZnCO3Cl2]2-, [ZnCO3Cl]- and to a less\u0000extent, ZnCO3. Keywords : Heavy metals, hanging drop electrode, amalgam voltammetry, speciation. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 188-194","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-02-16DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V21I1-2.48180
E. Uko, P. O. Ekanem, A. G. Warmate, C. L. Eze, I. Akpabio
Thermal conductivity estimates are computed from nineteen petroleum wells in the north-western Niger Delta, Nigeria, using a geometric mean model. Sonic and gamma-ray logs were digitised and used in the estimation of in situ conductivity. The Niger Delta is composed of three major diachronous lithostratigraphic units of shaly Akata, shaly-sandstone Agbada and sandy Benin formations, which form the bulk of the deltaic sediments. All the wells used in the study could only penetrate the topmost Benin and the underlying Agbada formations, except Akata that is the last deeply lying formation. Mineralogy, porosity and lithology exert the most important control on the matrix thermal conductivity in the Niger Delta sedimentary basin. There is a decrease of thermal conductivity with increasing shale fraction. The bulk conductivity also show an increase with increasing sandstone fraction. Increase in porosity results in a decrease in bulk conductivity. Thermal conductivity values and variations for a given lithologic unit are reduced at increased porosity, such that thermal conductivity of the topmost continental Benin sandstone Formation vary between 2.39W/m°C and 2.74W/m°C with an average of 2.52W/m°C. Thermal conductivity for the underlying, marine shaly-sandstone Agbada formation varies between 2.16W/m°C and 2.69W/m°C with an average of 2.33W/m°C.
{"title":"Estimation of Thermal Conductivity in the North-western Niger Delta Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria, Using Geophysical Well Logs","authors":"E. Uko, P. O. Ekanem, A. G. Warmate, C. L. Eze, I. Akpabio","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V21I1-2.48180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V21I1-2.48180","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal conductivity estimates are computed from nineteen petroleum wells in the north-western Niger Delta, Nigeria, using a geometric mean model. Sonic and gamma-ray logs were digitised and used in the estimation of in situ conductivity. The Niger Delta is composed of three major diachronous lithostratigraphic units of shaly Akata, shaly-sandstone Agbada and sandy Benin formations, which form the bulk of the deltaic sediments. All the wells used in the study could only penetrate the topmost Benin and the underlying Agbada formations, except Akata that is the last deeply lying formation. Mineralogy, porosity and lithology exert the most important control on the matrix thermal conductivity in the Niger Delta sedimentary basin. There is a decrease of thermal conductivity with increasing shale fraction. The bulk conductivity also show an increase with increasing sandstone fraction. Increase in porosity results in a decrease in bulk conductivity. Thermal conductivity values and variations for a given lithologic unit are reduced at increased porosity, such that thermal conductivity of the topmost continental Benin sandstone Formation vary between 2.39W/m°C and 2.74W/m°C with an average of 2.52W/m°C. Thermal conductivity for the underlying, marine shaly-sandstone Agbada formation varies between 2.16W/m°C and 2.69W/m°C with an average of 2.33W/m°C.","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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