An experiment to determine the possible limits of sectioning the seeds of Telfairia occidentalis for the regeneration of propagules for propagation was conducted from May to December, 2001. This work also assessed the germination potentials of the seeds and assessed the growth rate of the seedlings from these sections and their subsequent developments. Whole, half, quartered and one-eighth seeds were nursed in sawdust-filled polythene bags and the seedlings were later transplanted to prepared ridges at 4WAS. The seedlings growth and development were monitored for 27 weeks. There were significant differences in the seedling emergence, vine length, number of leaves and marketable yield between the seed sections. Plant stand did not show any difference. Significant difference was observed between the whole seed and the quartered and one-eighth seeds in the girth at maturity, but significant difference was not observed between the quartered and one-eighth seeds for the period of observation. This study has indicated significant reduction in seed requirement of Telfairia occidentalis for planting a unit area from 100% for whole seed to 50% for halved seed, 25% for quartered seeds and 12% for 1/8 seeds. A potential marketable yield estimated from the marketable yield, using the value of whole seeds as an index showed that half, quartered and one-eighth seeds had the potential of outyielding whole seeds by values of 86%, 172% and 432%, respectively. Further investigation in improving the growth and development of split seeds was discussed. Keywords : Telfairia occidentalis , fluted pumpkin, split seeds, seed section, propagation. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 182-187
2001年5月至12月，对西洋莲种子进行了繁殖再生试验，确定了西洋莲种子切分的可能限度。本工作还评估了种子的萌发潜力，并评估了这些部分的幼苗生长速度及其后续发展。将整个、一半、四分之一和八分之一的种子放在装满木屑的聚乙烯袋中养护，然后在4WAS时将幼苗移植到准备好的垄上。监测幼苗生长发育27周。在出苗、藤长、叶数和商品量方面，不同种子段间存在显著差异。株分差异不显著。四分之一种子与八分之一种子成熟期的周长差异不显著，而四分之一种子与八分之一种子成熟期的周长差异不显著。本研究表明，种植单位面积的西花苜蓿种子需要量从100%全种到50%半种，25%四分种和12% 1/8种种子显著降低。以整粒种子的价值为指标，从可售产量估算出的潜在可售产量表明，一半种子、四分之一种子和八分之一种子的潜在产量分别比整粒种子高86%、172%和432%。讨论了进一步研究如何提高分裂种子的生长发育。关键词:西南瓜;槽形南瓜;裂种;科学发现与创新Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 182-187
{"title":"Evaluation of split seeds of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. for propagation","authors":"I. Ojeifo, Tw Ajekenrenbiaghan, F. Ikie","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15800","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment to determine the possible limits of sectioning the seeds of Telfairia occidentalis for the regeneration of propagules for propagation was conducted from May to December, 2001. This work also assessed the germination potentials\u0000of the seeds and assessed the growth rate of the seedlings from these sections and their subsequent developments. Whole, half, quartered and one-eighth seeds were nursed in sawdust-filled polythene bags and the seedlings were later transplanted to prepared ridges at 4WAS. The seedlings growth and development were monitored for 27 weeks. There were significant differences in the seedling emergence, vine length, number of leaves and marketable yield between the seed sections. Plant stand did not show any difference. Significant difference was observed between the whole seed and the quartered\u0000and one-eighth seeds in the girth at maturity, but significant difference was not observed between the quartered and one-eighth seeds for the period of observation. This study has indicated significant reduction in seed requirement of Telfairia occidentalis for planting a unit area from 100% for whole seed to 50% for halved seed, 25% for quartered seeds and 12% for 1/8 seeds. A potential marketable yield estimated from the marketable yield, using the value of whole seeds as an index showed that half, quartered and one-eighth seeds had the potential of outyielding whole seeds by values of 86%,\u0000172% and 432%, respectively. Further investigation in improving the growth and development of split seeds was discussed. Keywords : Telfairia occidentalis , fluted pumpkin, split seeds, seed section, propagation. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 182-187","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clarias gariepinus (mean weight, 100.34 ± 8.13g SD; mean total length, 19.02 ± 4.32 cm SD) were exposed (four fish/tank) to 0, 1.25, 2.50 and 5.00 mgl-1 paraquat solution in triplicate in rectangular glass aquaria (60.9 x 30.4 x 30.4 cm3) under a static condition for 72 hours to determine the effect of exposure on the haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cells (RBC) and its indices (mean corpuscular hacmoglobin, MCH; mean corpuscul or hacmoglobin concentration, MCHC and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)), differential counts (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils) and leucocrit. There were no significant differences between the Hb, Ht, RBC, ESR, lymphocytes, monocytes and MCV of exposed fish and the control (p>0.05). However, there was a gradual increase in the values of Hb with increase in the concentration of the herbicide. The RBC indices MCH and MCHC of fish in the control significantly differed from that of fish exposed to 2.50, and 1.25 mgl-1, and 2.50 mgl-1 paraquat (p Keywords : Clarias gariepinus , blood parameters, paraquat, laboratory conditions. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 163-167
Clarias gariepinus(平均体重，100.34±8.13g SD;在矩形玻璃水族箱(60.9 x 30.4 x 30.4 cm3)中静态暴露于0、1.25、2.50和5.00 mg / 1百草枯溶液中72小时，测定暴露对血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Ht)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、红细胞(RBC)及其指标(平均红细胞血红蛋白(MCH);平均红细胞或血红蛋白浓度，MCHC和平均红细胞体积(MCV))，差异计数(中性粒细胞，单核细胞，淋巴细胞，嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞)和白细胞。暴露鱼的Hb、Ht、RBC、ESR、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和MCV与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(p < 0.05)。但随着除草剂浓度的增加，Hb值逐渐升高。对照鱼的红细胞MCH和MCHC与暴露于2.50、1.25 mg -1和2.50 mg -1百草枯的鱼有显著差异(p)。科学与创新，Vol. 19 (3)， 2007: pp. 163-167
{"title":"Effect of Brief Exposure to Paraquat on Some Blood Parameters of Juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) under laboratory conditions","authors":"U. Gabriel, G. Ezeri, P. M. Ikeme, E. E. Ikwut","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15796","url":null,"abstract":"Clarias gariepinus (mean weight, 100.34 ± 8.13g SD; mean total length, 19.02 ± 4.32 cm SD) were exposed (four fish/tank) to 0, 1.25, 2.50 and 5.00 mgl-1 paraquat solution in triplicate in rectangular glass aquaria (60.9 x 30.4 x 30.4 cm3) under a static\u0000condition for 72 hours to determine the effect of exposure on the haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cells (RBC) and its indices (mean corpuscular hacmoglobin, MCH; mean corpuscul or hacmoglobin concentration, MCHC and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)), differential counts (neutrophils, monocytes,\u0000lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils) and leucocrit. There were no significant differences between the Hb, Ht, RBC, ESR, lymphocytes, monocytes and MCV of exposed fish and the control (p>0.05). However, there was a gradual increase in the values of Hb with increase in the concentration of the herbicide. The RBC indices MCH and MCHC of fish in the\u0000control significantly differed from that of fish exposed to 2.50, and 1.25 mgl-1, and 2.50 mgl-1 paraquat (p Keywords : Clarias gariepinus , blood parameters, paraquat, laboratory conditions. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 163-167","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Owolarafe, L. Sanni, Wa Olosunde, O. Fadeyi, O. O. Ajibola
Continuous attempts have been made to re-examine the aqueous extraction of palm oil (through pit technology) and device a means of improving the technology particularly for the small-scale processors. A novel aqueous batch extraction system was developed and was subsequently evaluated for its performance in palm oil processing. The crude oil produced from the traditional pit technology and aqueous batch extraction system were compared and evaluated using a 23 factorial experimental design. The factors considered were fruit sterilization time, variety of fruit and processing technology. The crude oil produced at different factor levels was assessed for its solid impurities, moisture content and oil content. The result indicates that the crude oil yield from batch extraction system are higher with values of 30.4%, 30.9%, 42.0% and 43.2% compared with pit technology method with 26.8%, 27.7%, 38.6% and 39.6% respectively. The throughput of the batch extraction system (120kg of mash/ h) was found to be higher than pit technology that could take only 65kg of mash / h. Keywords : palm oil, aqueous-extraction, traditional-method, mechanical system, efficiency Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 202-207
人们不断尝试重新检查棕榈油的水萃取(通过坑技术)和设备，以改进技术，特别是为小型加工商。开发了一种新的水基间歇萃取系统，并对其在棕榈油加工中的性能进行了评价。采用23因子试验设计，对传统矿坑法和水间歇萃取法的原油产量进行了比较和评价。考虑了水果杀菌时间、水果品种和加工工艺等因素。对不同因素水平下产出的原油进行了固体杂质、水分和含油量的评价。结果表明，间歇萃取法的原油得率分别为30.4%、30.9%、42.0%和43.2%，高于坑法的26.8%、27.7%、38.6%和39.6%。间歇式萃取系统的产量(120公斤/小时)比坑式萃取技术的产量(65公斤/小时)要高。关键词:棕榈油，水萃取，传统方法，机械系统，效率发现与创新Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 202-207
{"title":"Development of an Aqueous Palm Oil Extraction System","authors":"O. Owolarafe, L. Sanni, Wa Olosunde, O. Fadeyi, O. O. Ajibola","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I3.15803","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous attempts have been made to re-examine the aqueous extraction of palm oil (through pit technology) and device a means of improving the technology particularly for the small-scale processors. A novel aqueous batch extraction system was developed and was subsequently evaluated for its performance in palm oil processing. The crude oil produced from the traditional pit technology and aqueous batch extraction system were compared and evaluated using a 23 factorial experimental design. The factors considered were fruit sterilization time, variety of fruit and processing technology. The crude oil produced at different factor levels was assessed for its solid impurities, moisture content and oil content. The result indicates that the crude oil yield from batch extraction system are higher with values of 30.4%, 30.9%, 42.0% and 43.2% compared with pit technology method with 26.8%, 27.7%, 38.6% and 39.6% respectively. The throughput of the batch extraction system (120kg of mash/ h) was found to be higher than pit technology that could take only 65kg of mash / h. Keywords : palm oil, aqueous-extraction, traditional-method, mechanical system, efficiency Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 202-207","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study determined the better irrigation method between large scale and motorised pump to recommend to farmers in Katsina state of Nigeria. The target populations were Farmers Under Large Scale (FULS) and Farmers Using Motorised Pumps (FUMP) and were compared along their socio-economic characteristics, farm sizes, crop yields, costs and revenues of farming. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics; budgetary and regression techniques. Results indicated that the FUMP were older, had larger family size and less literate. The FULS had better access to inputs through government assistance, operated larger farm size and obtained larger mean yield. The higher output obtained by FULS was significant. Crop farming under the two systems was profitable but more profitable under FULS. As such, based on the present prevailing conditions, FULS would be recommended. In order to increase revenue (output) in irrigated farming, young individuals should be attracted, literacy encouraged and levels of fertilizers and loans increased. However, results indicated that FUMP were poorer in the socio-economic characteristics that influence output which, if improved, could make FUMP comparable to FULS Keywords : Irrigation, large scale, motorized pump, profitability, significance Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 244-253
本研究确定了在大规模灌溉和电动泵灌溉之间更好的灌溉方法，以推荐给尼日利亚卡齐纳州的农民。目标人群是大规模耕作的农民和使用机动泵的农民，并比较了他们的社会经济特征、农场规模、作物产量、农业成本和收入。使用描述性和推断性统计对数据进行分析;预算和回归技术。结果表明，富民年龄较大，家庭规模较大，文化程度较低。在政府的援助下，这些地区更容易获得投入物，经营规模更大，平均产量也更高。在此基础上，采用了极显著的增产措施。两种制度下的作物种植都是有利可图的，但在ful下更有利可图。因此，根据目前的普遍情况，建议采用全空方案。为了增加灌溉农业的收入(产出)，应该吸引年轻人，鼓励识字率，提高肥料和贷款水平。然而，结果表明，FUMP在影响产量的社会经济特征方面较差，如果改善这些特征，可以使FUMP与ful相媲美。关键词:灌溉，大规模，电动泵，盈利能力，意义发现与创新Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 244-253
{"title":"A comparative study of the economic performance of farmers under large scale and motorized pump irrigation systems in Katsina State of Nigeria","authors":"T. Alimi","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I4.15804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I4.15804","url":null,"abstract":"This study determined the better irrigation method between large scale and motorised pump to recommend to farmers in Katsina state of Nigeria. The target populations were Farmers Under Large Scale (FULS) and Farmers Using Motorised\u0000Pumps (FUMP) and were compared along their socio-economic characteristics, farm sizes, crop yields, costs and revenues of farming. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics; budgetary and regression techniques. Results indicated that the FUMP were older, had larger family size and less literate. The FULS had better access to inputs\u0000through government assistance, operated larger farm size and obtained larger mean yield. The higher output obtained by FULS was significant. Crop farming under the two systems was profitable but more profitable under FULS. As such, based on the present prevailing conditions, FULS would be recommended. In order to increase revenue (output) in irrigated\u0000farming, young individuals should be attracted, literacy encouraged and levels of fertilizers and loans increased. However, results indicated that FUMP were poorer in the socio-economic characteristics that influence output which, if improved, could make FUMP comparable to FULS Keywords : Irrigation, large scale, motorized pump, profitability, significance Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 244-253","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of experiments were carried out using a triaxial system modified for unsaturated soil testing to investigate brittle transitional and ductile failure behaviour of a sandy clay loam soil under varying soil water and effective confining stress levels. Mechanical properties and deviatoric stress-strain relationships of the soil were also established. The specimens were prepared under laboratory conditions where the inter-particle cementation bonds were allowed to form to their natural state. An unsaturated soil mechanics approach was used to define critical state relations for the soil. All specimens attained a critical state under continuous shearing. The results demonstrate that brittle/ductile behaviour of unsaturated soils and their tendency to dilate/compact at failure are both controlled by soil water and confining stress levels. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress-axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water significantly influenced the shear strength and internal angle of friction ( ') and hence the mechanical behaviour of the sandy soil. The regression equations developed showed that ' have quadratic relationships with soil water with an asymptotic surface (transitional stage). Hence, in civil works or soil tillage the transitional range (w.c. 5 - 9% d.b.) could be taken as a useful guide towards understanding soil behaviour upon loading Keywords : Triaxial testing, critical state, brittle failure, transitional, ductile flow, effective confining stress, soil water Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 140-146
采用非饱和土改进的三轴系统进行了一系列试验，研究了砂质粘土壤土在不同土壤水分和有效围应力水平下的脆性过渡和延性破坏行为。建立了土体的力学特性和偏应力-应变关系。样品是在实验室条件下制备的，在实验室条件下，颗粒间胶结键被允许形成其自然状态。采用非饱和土力学方法定义了土的临界状态关系。所有试件在连续剪切作用下均达到临界状态。结果表明，非饱和土的脆性/延性及其在破坏时的膨胀/压实倾向均受土壤水分和围应力水平的控制。采用指数模型拟合偏应力-轴向应变试验数据，准确预测了变化趋势。土壤水分对砂质土的抗剪强度和内摩擦角有显著影响，从而影响砂质土的力学特性。建立的回归方程表明，'与土壤水分呈二次关系，具有渐近表面(过渡阶段)。因此，在土建工程或土壤耕作中，过渡范围(w.c 5 - 9% d.d.b)可以作为理解荷载作用下土壤行为的有用指南。关键词:三轴试验，临界状态，脆性破坏，过渡，延性流动，有效围应力，土壤水发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 140-146
{"title":"Transition from Brittle Failure to Ductile Flow in a Sandy Soil","authors":"A. Gitau, L. Gumbe","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15795","url":null,"abstract":"A series of experiments were carried out using a triaxial system modified for unsaturated soil testing to investigate brittle transitional and ductile failure behaviour of a sandy clay loam soil under varying soil water and effective confining stress levels. Mechanical properties and deviatoric stress-strain relationships of the soil were also established. The specimens were prepared under laboratory conditions where the inter-particle cementation bonds were allowed to form to their natural state. An unsaturated soil mechanics approach was used to define critical state relations for the soil. All specimens\u0000attained a critical state under continuous shearing. The results demonstrate that brittle/ductile behaviour of unsaturated soils and their tendency to dilate/compact at failure are both controlled by soil water and confining stress levels. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress-axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water\u0000significantly influenced the shear strength and internal angle of friction ( ') and hence the mechanical behaviour of the sandy soil. The regression equations developed showed that ' have quadratic relationships with soil water with an asymptotic surface (transitional stage). Hence, in civil works or soil tillage the transitional range (w.c. 5 - 9% d.b.) could be\u0000taken as a useful guide towards understanding soil behaviour upon loading Keywords : Triaxial testing, critical state, brittle failure, transitional, ductile flow, effective confining stress, soil water Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 140-146","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PCR analysis based on ITS and RAPD were carried out on sixteen provenances of Faidherbia albida currently growing in a provenance trial in semi-arid Baringo district, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: 1. Determination of the phylogenetic relationship among the 16 provenances in order to establish the species centre of origin 2. Determination of extent of genetic diversity in F. albida using PCR markers. ITS data did not produce any consistent regional or geographic pattern. RAPD data produced a dendrogram clearly grouping the provenances into Western, Southern and Eastern African regions. The study revealed the utility of RAPD markers in understanding geographic variation and phylogenetic relationships among Faidherbia albida populations in Africa. Keywords : DNA, Faidherbia albida , genetic diversity, ITS, PCR, provenance, RAPD Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 108-116
利用ITS和RAPD对肯尼亚半干旱Baringo地区一个种源试验中生长的16个花木进行了PCR分析。本研究的目的是:1。确定16个种源之间的系统发育关系，以建立物种起源中心。用PCR标记测定花楸遗传多样性程度。ITS数据没有产生任何一致的区域或地理格局。RAPD数据产生的树形图清楚地将种源划分为西部、南部和东部非洲地区。本研究揭示了RAPD标记在了解非洲白翅蝗种群的地理变异和系统发育关系中的应用。关键词:DNA，白翅草，遗传多样性，ITS, PCR，种源，RAPD，发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 108-116
{"title":"Analysis of Geographic Variation among Sixteen African Provenances of Faidherbia albida using PCRBased ITS And RAPD Techniques","authors":"O. Dangasuk, P. Odago, B. Were, S. Gudu","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15791","url":null,"abstract":"PCR analysis based on ITS and RAPD were carried out on sixteen provenances of Faidherbia albida currently growing in a provenance trial in semi-arid Baringo district, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: 1. Determination of the phylogenetic relationship among the 16 provenances in order to establish the species centre of origin 2. Determination of extent of genetic diversity in F. albida using PCR markers. ITS data did not produce any consistent regional or geographic pattern. RAPD data produced a dendrogram clearly grouping the provenances into Western, Southern and Eastern African regions.\u0000The study revealed the utility of RAPD markers in understanding geographic variation and phylogenetic relationships among Faidherbia albida populations in Africa. Keywords : DNA, Faidherbia albida , genetic diversity, ITS, PCR, provenance, RAPD Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 108-116","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The suitability of water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes , Linn.) and greater duckweed ( Spirodela polyrrhiza , Trev.) was tested under laboratory conditions in order to evaluate their potential role in the recovery of crude oil polluted water bodies. The Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of the crude oil was prepared to concentration levels of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 per cent. The plant number, percentage survival, dry weights and shoot/root ratio of the plants showed a significant decrease (P Keywords : Pistia stratiotes , Spirodela polyrrhiza , suitability, water soluble fraction, crude oil Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 102-107
为了评价水莴苣(Pistia stratiotes, Linn.)和大浮萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza, Trev.)在原油污染水体中的潜在回收作用，在实验室条件下进行了适宜性试验。经12.5、25%、50%和100%的水溶组分处理后，其植株数量、成活率、干重和茎根比均显著降低(P关键词:层状皮藤，多根螺旋体，适宜性，水溶组分，原油发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 102-107)
{"title":"Suitability of Pistia stratiotes Linn. and Spirodela polyrrhiza Trev. for the Removal of Pollutants in Oil Polluted Water Bodies","authors":"O. Agbogidi, J. Bamidele","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15790","url":null,"abstract":"The suitability of water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes , Linn.) and greater duckweed ( Spirodela polyrrhiza , Trev.) was tested under laboratory conditions in order to evaluate their potential role in the recovery of crude oil polluted water bodies. The Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of the crude oil was prepared to concentration levels of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 per cent. The plant number, percentage survival, dry weights and shoot/root ratio of the plants showed a significant decrease (P Keywords : Pistia stratiotes , Spirodela polyrrhiza , suitability, water soluble fraction, crude oil Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 102-107","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A computer program was adopted from the work of Hill et al. (1982) to calibrate and test three of the existing yield prediction models using tropical cowpea yieldÐweather data. The models tested were Hanks Model (first and second versions). Stewart Model (first and second versions) and HallÐButcher Model. Three sets of cowpea yield-water use and weather data were collected. The first one was used for calibration and the other two for validation. The results obtained from the models were compared with field values using correlation coefficient and mean error of deviation. Stewart first model had r-values of 0.93 and 0.74 and mean error of deviation of 0.1 and 0.15. The second model had r-values of 0.92 and 0.86 and mean error of deviation of 0.05 and 0.11. Hanks first model had r-values of 0.94 and 0.89 and average mean error of deviation of 0.03 and 0.10, the second model had r values of 0.93 and .096 and average mean error of deviation of 0.05 and 0.03. The r-values for Hall-Butcher model were 0.76 and 0.96. The mean errors of deviation were 0.14 and 0.03. Generally, Hanks model predicted better than the other models but may still need to be further modified to be able to predict well for tropical conditions. Keywords : Prediction model, yield prediction, yield parameters, Hanks model, Stewart model, Hall Ð Butcher model, cowpea yield, tropical climatic conditions Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 89-95
采用Hill等人(1982)的计算机程序，利用热带豇豆yieldÐweather数据对现有的三种产量预测模型进行校准和测试。被测模型为汉克斯模型(第一版和第二版)。Stewart模型(第一版和第二版)和HallÐButcher模型。收集了三组豇豆产量-水分利用和天气数据。第一个用于校准，另外两个用于验证。利用相关系数和偏差的平均误差，将模型结果与现场值进行了比较。Stewart第一模型的r值分别为0.93和0.74，平均误差偏差分别为0.1和0.15。第二个模型的r值分别为0.92和0.86，平均偏差分别为0.05和0.11。汉克斯第一个模型的r值分别为0.94和0.89，偏差的平均误差分别为0.03和0.10;第二个模型的r值分别为0.93和0.096，偏差的平均误差分别为0.05和0.03。Hall-Butcher模型的r值分别为0.76和0.96。偏差的平均误差为0.14和0.03。一般来说，汉克斯模型比其他模型预测得更好，但可能仍需要进一步修改以能够很好地预测热带条件。关键词:预测模型，产量预测，产量参数，Hanks模型，Stewart模型，Hall Ð Butcher模型，豇豆产量，热带气候条件发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 89-95
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of some crop yield prediction models using tropical cowpea yield-weather data","authors":"K. O. Adekalu, D. A. Okunade","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15788","url":null,"abstract":"A computer program was adopted from the work of Hill et al. (1982) to calibrate and test three of the existing yield prediction models using tropical cowpea yieldÐweather data. The models tested were Hanks Model (first and second versions). Stewart Model (first and second versions) and HallÐButcher Model. Three sets of cowpea yield-water use and weather data were collected. The first one was used for calibration and the other two for validation. The results obtained from the models were compared with field values using correlation coefficient and mean error of deviation. Stewart first model had r-values of 0.93\u0000and 0.74 and mean error of deviation of 0.1 and 0.15. The second model had r-values of 0.92 and 0.86 and mean error of deviation of 0.05 and 0.11. Hanks first model had r-values of 0.94 and 0.89 and average mean error of deviation of 0.03 and 0.10, the second model had r values of 0.93 and .096 and average mean error of deviation of 0.05 and 0.03. The r-values for Hall-Butcher model were 0.76 and 0.96. The mean errors of deviation were 0.14 and 0.03. Generally, Hanks model predicted better than the other models but may still need to be further modified to be able to predict well for tropical conditions. Keywords : Prediction model, yield prediction, yield parameters, Hanks model, Stewart model, Hall Ð Butcher model, cowpea yield, tropical climatic conditions Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 89-95","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Histological changes in the kidney tissues of albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) fed 100mg/kg body weight of cadmium sulphate incorporated as food material has been studied in vivo in an acute toxicological experiment. The behavioural pattern and physical changes in the rats were also investigated. Loss of weight and increased locomotor activity was observed. Rats were sacrificed the kidneys dissected out and dehydrated in an ethanol series. Sections of tissues were obtained using a microtome, double stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Photographs were taken using a microscope. Histological investigations of the poisoned tissues revealed progressive increase of dark stained metabolites present in the cortex, renal papillae and medulla. The nuclei of the tubular cells showed slight reductions in size and became less prominent as the period of exposure to the poison increased. The glomeruli were observed to have very dark stained appearance, which was suggested to have come about as a result of Cadmium infiltration. There was an observed reduction in the thickness of the capsule of the kidney, which calls for closer attention Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 96-101
采用急性毒理学实验方法，研究了100mg/kg体重硫酸镉对白化大鼠肾脏组织的影响。研究了大鼠的行为模式和生理变化。观察到体重减轻和运动活动增加。处死大鼠，取肾，乙醇脱水。使用切片机获得组织切片，用血红素和伊红双染色。照片是用显微镜拍摄的。中毒组织的组织学检查显示，皮层、肾乳头和髓质中代谢物的深色染色逐渐增加。随着中毒时间的延长，小管细胞的细胞核显示出轻微的缩小，并变得不那么突出。肾小球呈深黑色，可能是镉浸润的结果。发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 96-101有观察到的肾囊厚度减少，这需要更密切的关注
{"title":"Histological Changes in the Kidney of Norwagian Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Fed with Dietary Cadmium","authors":"P. Tawari-Fufeyin, J. Oronsaye, Ah Oshoma","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15789","url":null,"abstract":"Histological changes in the kidney tissues of albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) fed 100mg/kg body weight of cadmium sulphate incorporated as food material has been studied in vivo in an acute toxicological experiment. The behavioural pattern and physical changes in the rats were also investigated. Loss of weight and increased locomotor activity was observed. Rats were sacrificed the kidneys dissected out and dehydrated in an ethanol series. Sections of tissues were obtained using a microtome, double stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Photographs were taken using a microscope. Histological investigations of the poisoned tissues revealed progressive increase of dark stained metabolites present in the cortex, renal papillae and medulla. The nuclei of the tubular cells showed slight reductions in size and became less prominent as the period of exposure to the poison increased. The glomeruli were observed to have very dark stained appearance, which was suggested to have come about as a result of Cadmium infiltration. There was an observed reduction in the thickness of the capsule of the kidney, which calls for closer attention Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 96-101","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Work reported in this paper analyses the cost efficiency levels of small-holder coffee farmers in four districts in Central Province, Kenya. The level of efficiency is analysed using a stochastic cost frontier model based on household cross-sectional data collected in 1999 and 2000. The 200 surveyed households were selected through a two-stage random sampling procedure. A second level, regression analysis, is also undertaken that relates the derived inefficiency index to farm, household, institutional as well as economic factors. Results indicate that the farmers in the region are cost efficient with a mean cost inefficiency level of 8%. There are, however, wide dispersions of the farm-specific inefficiency levels, which range from 1% to 66% with 90% of the farm households having inefficiencies below 15%. Farm-specific cost inefficiencies are significantly influenced by farm size, amount of farm income and availability of credit. Other household demographic factors such as age, household size and education level as well as institutional and economic factors, such as availability of extension services and off-farm employment did not significantly affect the levels of inefficiency. We, therefore, conclude that small-holder-based agricultural development policy is still relevant and an efficient mode of organising production in Kenya, even after the major institutional and economic changes brought about market liberalisation. The pursuit of small-holder-based agricultural development, however, calls for strategies which can shift the production frontier upwards while emphasising institutional reforms that improve farmers' access to credit. Keywords : efficiency, reforms, small-holder farms, coffee, Kenya Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 122-132
本文报告的工作分析了肯尼亚中部省四个地区的小咖啡农的成本效率水平。利用基于1999年和2000年收集的家庭横截面数据的随机成本前沿模型分析了效率水平。200个调查家庭是通过两阶段随机抽样程序选出的。还进行了第二级回归分析，将所得的低效率指数与农场、家庭、体制和经济因素联系起来。结果表明，该地区农户具有成本效益，平均成本低效率水平为8%。然而，个别农场的低效率水平差异很大，从1%到66%不等，90%的农户的低效率低于15%。农场特有的成本效率低下受到农场规模、农场收入和信贷可得性的显著影响。其他家庭人口因素，如年龄、家庭规模和教育水平，以及体制和经济因素，如推广服务和非农就业的可得性，对效率低下的程度没有显著影响。因此，我们得出结论，即使在市场自由化带来了重大的体制和经济变化之后，以小农为基础的农业发展政策仍然是相关的，也是肯尼亚组织生产的有效模式。然而，追求以小农为基础的农业发展，需要制定能够将生产边界向上转移的战略，同时强调制度改革，改善农民获得信贷的机会。关键词:效率，改革，小农农场，咖啡，肯尼亚发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 122-132
{"title":"Economic reforms and cost efficiency of coffee farmers in central Kenya: a stochastic-translog approach","authors":"A. M. Karanja, A. Kuyvenhoven, H. Moll","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15793","url":null,"abstract":"Work reported in this paper analyses the cost efficiency levels of small-holder coffee farmers in four districts in Central Province, Kenya. The level of efficiency is analysed using a stochastic cost frontier model based on household cross-sectional data collected in 1999 and 2000. The 200 surveyed households were selected through a two-stage\u0000random sampling procedure. A second level, regression analysis, is also undertaken that relates the derived inefficiency index to farm, household, institutional as well as economic factors. Results indicate that the farmers in the region are cost efficient with a mean cost inefficiency level of 8%. There are, however, wide dispersions of the farm-specific\u0000inefficiency levels, which range from 1% to 66% with 90% of the farm households having inefficiencies below 15%. Farm-specific cost inefficiencies are significantly influenced by farm size, amount of farm income and availability of credit. Other household demographic factors such as age, household size and education level as well as institutional and economic factors, such as availability of extension services and off-farm employment did not significantly affect the levels of inefficiency. We, therefore, conclude that small-holder-based agricultural development policy is still relevant and an efficient mode of organising production in Kenya, even after the major institutional and economic changes brought about market liberalisation. The pursuit of small-holder-based agricultural development, however, calls for strategies which can shift the production frontier upwards while emphasising institutional reforms that improve farmers' access to credit. Keywords : efficiency, reforms, small-holder farms, coffee, Kenya Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 122-132","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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