A sand-filled land situated in a mangrove swamp area in the Niger Delta is to be used for the erection of a factory for the production of pre-cast concrete electric poles. The soil profile for the site comprises a hydraulically-placed top sand about 2 metres in thickness, under-lain by very soft organic clay which in turn rests on a continuous deposit of medium dense to dense sand. The ground water table is, in general, about 1.0m below the ground surface in the area. The main columns of the structures are designed to carry a maximum load of 1200 kN and require embedment depths of 2 metres. This implies that the bases of the columns will lie on or within the organic clay which is too weak to support any significant load. The option of piled foundation was considered expensive, although this had the advantage of being able to overcome construction problems associated with unfavourable ground water conditions. Ground improvement involving discriminative removal of the top sand and the weak organic clay and their replacement with well-compacted sand was adopted while de-watering of the excavation was carried out with sump pumps. Keywords : Marginal land, land reclamation, mangrove, factory construction, swamp area, sandy soil, ground water table, dewatering, sump pump, Niger Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 117-121
位于尼日尔三角洲红树林沼泽地区的一片填沙土地将用于建造一个生产预制混凝土电线杆的工厂。该场地的土壤剖面包括一层约2米厚的水力放置的顶部沙子，下面是非常柔软的有机粘土，而有机粘土又位于中密度到密度沙子的连续沉积物上。该地区地下水位一般在地表以下1.0m左右。结构的主柱设计承受最大荷载为1200千牛，并要求嵌入深度为2米。这意味着柱子的基础将位于有机粘土上或内部，而有机粘土太弱，无法支撑任何重要的荷载。尽管这种方法的优点是能够克服与不利的地下水条件有关的施工问题，但人们认为桩基的选择成本很高。地基改善采用区分去除顶砂和弱有机粘土，代之以密实砂，并采用水泵对基坑进行降水。关键词:边缘土地，土地复垦，红树林，工厂建设，沼泽地区，沙土，地下水位，脱水，排污泵，尼日尔发现与创新Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 117-121
{"title":"Foundation Construction in a Reclaimed Marginal Land: A Case Study","authors":"E. George, T. Abam","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I2.15792","url":null,"abstract":"A sand-filled land situated in a mangrove swamp area in the Niger Delta is to be used for the erection of a factory for the production of pre-cast concrete electric poles. The soil profile for the site comprises a hydraulically-placed top sand about 2 metres in thickness, under-lain by very soft organic clay which in turn rests on a continuous deposit of\u0000medium dense to dense sand. The ground water table is, in general, about 1.0m below the ground surface in the area. The main columns of the structures are designed to carry a maximum load of 1200 kN and require embedment depths of 2 metres. This implies that the bases of the columns will lie on or within the organic clay which is too weak to support any significant load. The option of piled foundation was considered expensive, although this had the advantage of being able to overcome construction problems associated with unfavourable ground water conditions. Ground improvement involving discriminative removal of the top sand and the weak organic clay and their replacement with well-compacted sand was adopted while de-watering of the excavation was carried out with sump pumps. Keywords : Marginal land, land reclamation, mangrove, factory construction, swamp area, sandy soil, ground water table, dewatering, sump pump, Niger Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 117-121","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high cost and other problems associated with the use of chemical fertilizer in the humid tropics necessitated research into the effectiveness of locally available agricultural by-products as source of nutrient. A study was conducted in Akure, South West Nigeria, on the effect of wood ash, saw dust, ground cocoa husk spent grain (sorghum based brewery waste) and rice bran amended with or not with goat, pig and poultry manures on soil fertility and leaf yield of amaranthus (Amaranthus Viridus L.). Twenty organic fertilizer treatments were compared to control (no fertilizer and manure) and 400 kgha-1 NPK fertilizer, replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Application of spent grain, wood ash, cocoa husk saw dust and rice bran at 10t/ha increased soil organic matter, N,P,K,Ca,Mg, pH,and amaranthus leaf yield. For instance, wood ash amended with poultry manure increased the soil O.M. (2.51%), N(0.31%) P(50.74mg/kg), K(0.89mmol/kg), Ca(0.77mmol/kg), Mg(0.094mmol/kg) and Na (0.459mmol/kg) compared to the sole form of wood ash which had soil O.M.(2.15%), N(0.212%), P(25.13mg/kg), K(0.77), Ca(0.47mmol/kg), Mg(0.065mmol/ kg), and Na(0.176mmol/kg), respectively. The agricultural by-products (sole and amended forms) produced higher values of soil pH, Ca, Mg and O.M compared to NPK fertilizer. The soil O.M, pH, Ca and Mg contents in NPK fertilizer treatment decreased with the number of cropping. Spent grain + poultry manure increased soil O.M (2.46%), Ca (0.57mmol/kg), Mg(0.11mmol/kg) and pH (7.20) compared to the NPK fertilizer which had soil O.M (0.4%), Ca(0.015 mmol/kg), Mg(0.005 mmol/kg) and pH(5.60). Agricultural by-products applied sole or amended with animal manure gave higher values of leaf Ca, Mg, P and K than the NPK fertilizer. Spent grain + poultry manure had the amaranthus leaf P(0.22%), K(0.99%), Ca(0.14%) and Mg (0.05) compared to that of NPK fertilizer leaf P(0.14%), K(0.81%), Ca (0.005%) and Mg(0.005%) respectively. NPK fertilizer increased; plant height and leaf yield of amaranthus better than other agricultural by-products amended with manures except in spent grain amended with pig and poultry manures. Spent grain amended with poultry manure had the amaranthus leaf yield values of 7.53, 11.63, 11.90 and 12.60t/ha in crop 1, 2, 3 and 4 compared to 7.50, 10.10, 11.63 and 12.40t/ha in NPK fertilizer treatment, respectively. Saw dust and rice bran with the highest C/N ratio were least effective in improving soil fertility and amaranthus leaf yield. It is recommended that application of agricultural by-products such as wood ash, cocoa husk, spent grain, rice bran and saw dust to soil at 10t/ha-1 improved soil fertility and amaranthus leaf yield. The amendment of the agricultural by-products with goat, pig and poultry manures at 5t/ha-1each improved their effectiveness. Keywords : Agricultural by-products, manures, growth and leaf yield of amaranthus, leaf and soil chemical composition Discovery and Innovati
{"title":"Effects of Amendment of Agricultural Bye Products with Animal Manures on Soil Chemical Properties and Yield of Amaranthus in South Western Nigeria","authors":"E. Moyin-Jesu","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15784","url":null,"abstract":"The high cost and other problems associated with the use of chemical fertilizer in the humid tropics necessitated research into the effectiveness of locally available agricultural by-products as source of nutrient. A study was conducted in Akure,\u0000South West Nigeria, on the effect of wood ash, saw dust, ground cocoa husk spent grain (sorghum based brewery waste) and rice bran amended with or not with goat, pig and poultry manures on soil fertility and leaf yield of amaranthus (Amaranthus Viridus L.). Twenty organic fertilizer treatments were compared to control (no fertilizer and manure) and 400 kgha-1 NPK fertilizer, replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Application of spent grain, wood ash, cocoa husk saw dust and rice bran at 10t/ha increased soil organic matter, N,P,K,Ca,Mg, pH,and amaranthus leaf yield. For instance, wood ash amended with poultry manure increased the soil O.M. (2.51%), N(0.31%) P(50.74mg/kg), K(0.89mmol/kg), Ca(0.77mmol/kg), Mg(0.094mmol/kg) and Na (0.459mmol/kg) compared to the sole form of wood ash which had soil O.M.(2.15%), N(0.212%), P(25.13mg/kg), K(0.77), Ca(0.47mmol/kg), Mg(0.065mmol/ kg), and Na(0.176mmol/kg), respectively. The agricultural by-products (sole and amended forms) produced higher values of soil pH, Ca, Mg and O.M compared to NPK fertilizer. The soil O.M, pH, Ca and Mg contents in NPK fertilizer treatment decreased with the number of cropping. Spent grain + poultry manure increased soil O.M (2.46%), Ca (0.57mmol/kg), Mg(0.11mmol/kg) and pH (7.20) compared to the NPK fertilizer which had soil O.M (0.4%), Ca(0.015 mmol/kg), Mg(0.005 mmol/kg) and pH(5.60). Agricultural by-products applied sole or amended with animal manure gave higher values of leaf Ca, Mg, P and K than the NPK fertilizer. Spent grain + poultry manure had the amaranthus leaf P(0.22%), K(0.99%),\u0000Ca(0.14%) and Mg (0.05) compared to that of NPK fertilizer leaf P(0.14%), K(0.81%), Ca (0.005%) and Mg(0.005%) respectively. NPK fertilizer increased; plant height and leaf yield of amaranthus better than other agricultural by-products amended with manures except in spent grain amended with pig and poultry manures. Spent grain amended with poultry\u0000manure had the amaranthus leaf yield values of 7.53, 11.63, 11.90 and 12.60t/ha in crop 1, 2, 3 and 4 compared to 7.50, 10.10, 11.63 and 12.40t/ha in NPK fertilizer treatment, respectively. Saw dust and rice bran with the highest C/N ratio were least effective in improving soil fertility and amaranthus leaf yield. It is recommended that application of agricultural by-products such as wood ash, cocoa husk, spent grain, rice bran and saw dust to soil at 10t/ha-1 improved soil fertility and amaranthus leaf yield. The amendment of the agricultural by-products with goat, pig and poultry manures at 5t/ha-1each improved their effectiveness. Keywords : Agricultural by-products, manures, growth and leaf yield of amaranthus, leaf and soil chemical composition Discovery and Innovati","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts, in an exploratory manner, to identify the various ways in which bad beekeeping and honey hunting practices result in the loss of important multi-purpose agro-forestry tree species in bee endemic parts of South Eastern Nigeria. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches (Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Community Fora, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews and Semi-structured interview schedules) were used in an interactive manner to collect data for this study from five randomly selected communities in Nsukka, Igbo-Etiti, Uzo-Uwani, Igbo-Eze South and Udenu Local Government Areas of Enugu State. Results show that beekeeping/honey hunting in the area are traditionally gender-specific occupations, involving only male members of the households, while female members play active role in the processing, preservation and marketing of products. Majority (69.6%) of the beekeepers/honey hunters were within the age range of 31 Ð 50 years and most (75.2%) of them had less than secondary school education. Findings reveal that outright felling of some trees in order to permit the extraction of honey, cutting tree trunks open and/or cutting down tree branches and setting surrounding bush on fire are among the major factors impacting negatively on the agroforestry of the area. However, species of trees particularly at risk include Irvingia gabonensis, young Chlorophera excelsa, Raphia spp., Elaeis guineensis, Brachystegia eurycome, Dialium guineense, Erythrophleum guineese and Strychnos spinosa. Recommendations are proffered towards improving harvesting practices for hive and other non-timber forest products in order to avert the erosion of natural resource-base of the fragile farming ecosystem of the area. Keywords : agroforestry, beekeeping, honey hunting, environmental sustainability. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 23-32
{"title":"Factors affecting agroforestry sustainability in bee endemic parts of south eastern Nigeria","authors":"C. U. Okoye, A. Agwu","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15680","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts, in an exploratory manner, to identify the various ways in which bad beekeeping and honey hunting practices result in the loss of important multi-purpose agro-forestry tree species in bee endemic parts of South Eastern Nigeria. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches (Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Community Fora, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews and Semi-structured interview schedules) were used in an interactive manner to collect data for this study from five randomly selected communities in Nsukka, Igbo-Etiti, Uzo-Uwani, Igbo-Eze South and Udenu Local Government Areas of Enugu State. Results show that beekeeping/honey hunting in the area are traditionally gender-specific occupations, involving only male members of the households, while female members play active role in the processing, preservation and marketing of products. Majority (69.6%) of the beekeepers/honey hunters\u0000were within the age range of 31 Ð 50 years and most (75.2%) of them had less than secondary school education. Findings reveal that outright felling of some trees in order to permit the extraction of honey, cutting tree trunks open and/or cutting down tree branches and setting surrounding bush on fire are among the major factors impacting negatively on the agroforestry of the area. However, species of trees particularly at risk include Irvingia gabonensis, young Chlorophera excelsa, Raphia spp., Elaeis guineensis, Brachystegia eurycome, Dialium guineense, Erythrophleum guineese and Strychnos spinosa. Recommendations are proffered towards improving harvesting practices for hive and other non-timber forest products in order to avert the erosion of natural resource-base of the fragile farming ecosystem of the area. Keywords : agroforestry, beekeeping, honey hunting, environmental sustainability. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 23-32","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70507710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an attempt to find out if simulated teaching-learning materials could effectively fill in the gap for expensively imported science teaching-learning resources, models for teaching plant and animal cells and the solar system were made and tested. The results showed that between 13.33 -50 % of the students obtained distinction when the models were used in teaching whilst no distinction was recorded for students who did not use the models. There were very highly significant differences, (7.11>3.67, p=0.001; 3.09>3.69,p=0.001; and 5.06>3.69,p=0.001) between the means for the control and test experiments for schools A, B, and C, respectively, when the model cells were used. Similarly, the differences between the means of the control and the test experiments for schools A, B, and C, respectively, when the model for the Solar System was used were also very highly significant (4.23>3.69,p=0.001; 6.69>3.69,p=0.001; and 3.73>3.69,p=0.001). Views of teachers introduced to the models suggested that the models would receive acceptance by science teachers. Keywords : Science teaching, local teaching-learning models, natural sciences, plant and animal cells, solar system, student's performance, adoption, Ghana Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 60-67
为了找出模拟教学材料是否可以有效地填补昂贵的进口科学教学资源的空白，我们制作了动植物细胞和太阳系的教学模型并进行了测试。结果表明，13.33 - 50%的学生在使用模型进行教学时取得了优异成绩，而未使用模型的学生没有取得优异成绩。差异非常显著，(7.11 bb0 3.67, p=0.001;3.09 > 3.69, p = 0.001;和5.06>3.69,p=0.001)之间的均值分别为学校A, B和C的对照和测试实验，当使用模型细胞。同样，当使用太阳系模型时，A、B和C学校的对照和测试实验的均值之间的差异也非常显著(4.23 bb0 3.69,p=0.001;6.69 > 3.69, p = 0.001;和3.73 > 3.69,p = 0.001)。介绍该模型的教师的观点表明，该模型将被科学教师所接受。关键词:科学教学，地方教学模式，自然科学，植物和动物细胞，太阳能系统，学生的表现，采用，加纳发现与创新Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 60-67
{"title":"Classroom: Models Made from Local Materials for Teaching Plant and Animal Cells and Solar System","authors":"W. Hordzi, B. Mensah","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15786","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to find out if simulated teaching-learning materials could effectively fill in the gap for expensively imported science teaching-learning resources, models for teaching plant and animal cells and the solar system were made and tested. The results showed that between 13.33 -50 % of the students obtained distinction when the models were used in teaching whilst no distinction was recorded for students who did not use the models. There were very highly significant differences, (7.11>3.67, p=0.001; 3.09>3.69,p=0.001; and 5.06>3.69,p=0.001) between the means for the control and test experiments for schools A, B, and C, respectively, when the model cells were used. Similarly, the differences between the means of the control and the test experiments for schools A, B, and C, respectively, when the model for the Solar System was used were also very highly significant (4.23>3.69,p=0.001; 6.69>3.69,p=0.001; and 3.73>3.69,p=0.001). Views of teachers introduced to the models suggested that the models would receive acceptance by science teachers. Keywords : Science teaching, local teaching-learning models, natural sciences, plant and animal cells, solar system, student's \u0000performance, adoption, Ghana Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 60-67","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A deterministic model was developed to investigate how global rainfall predictors relate to the two main rainy months in the highlands of Eritrea. The main aim of looking at these relationships is to develop a simple statistical model for forecasting rainfall amount. In a preliminary step, in order to identify the most influential rainfall predictor, a correlation matrix and step-wise regression of 10 predictors with different lags were analysed. The influence of the southern Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature was identified as the most influential predictor for the highland of Eritrea. A model was developed and validated giving a promising result. Keywords : Highlands of Eritrea, Indian Ocean SST, Jack-knife cross-validation, Statistical model Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 37-42
开发了一个确定性模型来研究全球降雨预测因子与厄立特里亚高地的两个主要雨季之间的关系。研究这些关系的主要目的是建立一个简单的统计模型来预测降雨量。为了确定最具影响力的降雨预测因子，对10个具有不同滞后的预测因子进行了相关矩阵和逐步回归分析。南印度洋海表温度的影响被确定为厄立特里亚高地最具影响力的预测因子。建立了一个模型并进行了验证，得到了令人满意的结果。关键词:厄立特里亚高地，印度洋海温，交叉验证，统计模型发现与创新Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 37-42
{"title":"A statistical model for seasonal rainfall forecasting over the highlands of Eritrea","authors":"Mt Mebrhatu, M. Tsubo, S. Walker","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15768","url":null,"abstract":"A deterministic model was developed to investigate how global rainfall predictors relate to the two main rainy months in the highlands of Eritrea. The main aim of looking at these relationships is to develop a simple statistical model for forecasting rainfall amount. In a preliminary step, in order to identify the most influential rainfall predictor, a correlation matrix and step-wise regression of 10 predictors with different lags were analysed. The influence of the southern Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature was identified as the most influential predictor for the highland of Eritrea. A model was developed and validated giving a promising result. Keywords : Highlands of Eritrea, Indian Ocean SST, Jack-knife cross-validation, Statistical model Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 37-42","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70507785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the effect of grazing as simulated by clipping on forage quality and quantity in terms of above ground biomass, live, total production and nutrients content of forages utilized by ungulates of Kainji Lake National Park. Three 2.5m by 2.5m plots were constructed in the three main vegetation communities in the Park, the plots were in three replicates in each vegetation community. Each plot received separate treatment including medium clipping, heavy clipping and unclipped, average forage biomass production and forage nutrients were measured. The results revealed that higher total annual above ground biomass was recorded in clipped plots which values ranged between 1642 and 2458g m-2 yr-1 when compared to unclipped plots which values ranged between 1,394 and 1,435g m-2 yr-1. Equally, the values of annual total production of clipped and unclipped plots ranged between 250-471 and 210-254 gmÐ2 yr-1 respectively, the values were significantly different at P£0.05. It was observed that forages in clipped plots contained higher values of c rude protein and fat. Also, they contained nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sodium values above minimum values required by herbivores for body maintenance, pregnancy and lactation. Measures to improve forage quality and quantity in the Park were also discussed. L'.tude a examin. l'effet de faire pa.tre les animaux, sur la qualit. et la quantit. de fourrage en terme de biomasse a.rienne, la vigueur et la production totale, de meme que la teneur en .l.ments nutritifs des fourrages utilis.s par les ongul.s dans le Parc National du Lac Kainji. Trois parcelles de 2,50 m x 2,50 m de cot. chacune ont .t. d.limit.es dans les trois principales associations v.g.tales du Parc National. Pour chacune de ces associations v.g.tales, les essais ont .t. r.p.t.s trois fois. Chacune des parcelles a .t. soumise . un traitement particulier dont un p.turage intensif, moyen, et sans p.turage. La production moyenne en biomasse de fourrage et la teneur en matieres nutritives ont .t. .valu.es. Les r.sultats ont prouv. que les productions annuelles totales en biomasses a.riennes dans les parcelles p.tur.es variaient entre 1.642 gr et 2.458 gr/ m2 par an, en comparaison des parcelles non p.tur.es dont les valeurs variaient entre 1.394 et 1.435gr/ m2 par an. De meme, les valeurs de la production totale dans les types de parcelles p.tur.es et non p.tur.es variaient ente 250-471 et 210-254gr /m2 par an, respectivement et ces valeurs .taient significativement diff.rentes au seuil de P,05. On a remarqu. que les fourrages dans des parcelles sous p.turage avaient des valeurs .lev.es en prot.ines brutes et en matieres grasses. De meme, ces fourrages contenaient des valeurs .lev.es en azote, phosphore, calcium et en sodium, quantit.s de loin sup.rieures aux normes exig.es pour satisfaire les besoins corporels des herbivores, leur gestation, et leur lactation. Les pr.cautions pour l'am.lioration de la qualit. et la quantit. de fourrage
本研究从肯济湖国家公园有蹄类动物利用牧草的地上生物量、活生物量、总产量和养分含量等方面考察了刈割模拟放牧对牧草质量和数量的影响。在公园内的三个主要植被群落中构建3个2.5m × 2.5m的样地，每个样地在每个植被群落中重复3个样地。每个小区分别进行中修剪、重度修剪和未修剪处理，测定平均牧草生物量和营养成分。结果表明，刈割样地的年地上总生物量在1642 ~ 2458g m-2 -1之间，高于未刈割样地的1394 ~ 1435 g m-2 -1。剪地和未剪地的年总产量分别在250 ~ 471和210 ~ 254 gmÐ2 -1之间，差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结果表明，剪断小区的牧草c粗蛋白和脂肪含量较高。此外，它们所含的氮、磷、钙和钠的含量高于食草动物维持身体、怀孕和哺乳所需的最低值。探讨了提高园区牧草质量和数量的措施。L '。参加考试。L ' effect de faire pa。Tre les animaux, sur la quality。这是量纲。De fourrage en terme De biomasse a.rienne, la vigueur和la production totale, De meme que la teneur en。营养品是一种营养物质。这是一个很好的例子。这是坎吉湖国家公园。三个2.5米长、2.5米宽的包裹。夏侯病;三原则协会的限制，国家公园的限制。倒疫苗会使人联想到故事、小故事等。R.P.T.S trois fois。夏侯病(Chacune des parceles)soumise。联合国的待遇，特别是联合国的待遇强度，资金，以及非待遇。生物质能的生产模式和生物质能的生产模式对营养物质的价值有很大的影响。lesr .sultats不是骄傲的。你们产品完全annuelles en生物量中a.riennes在邻近p.tur.es variaient之间1.642 gr等2.458 gr / m2 par, en comparaison des邻近非p.tur.es数值不莱斯variaient 1.394和1.435之间gr / m2的不相上下。De meme les值De la生产完全在类型De邻近p.tur.es等非p.tur.es variaient烤鸭250 - 471到210 - 254 gr / m2 par respectivement et ces的值.taient重要diff.rentes盟seuil De P05。在评论上。但是，如果你想要一个包裹，你需要一个包裹，你需要一个包裹。我的野兽吃草。氮、磷、钙、钠含量、氮、磷含量、磷含量。本品具有优良的饲料质量和优良的饲料质量，可满足动物、动物、草食动物、低妊娠期和低哺乳期的需要。我很小心。livation de la qualit。这是量纲。这些舞蹈是由国家公园的舞蹈组成的。Pass.es even revue. .关键词:牧草生物量，养分质量，放牧，修剪，食草动物发现与创新Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 11-16
{"title":"Effect of Grazing on Forage Quality and Quantity for Ungulates of The Borgu Sector of the Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria.","authors":"O. Aremu","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1.15783","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effect of grazing as simulated by clipping on forage quality and quantity in terms of above ground biomass, live, total production and nutrients content of forages utilized by ungulates of Kainji Lake National Park. Three 2.5m by 2.5m plots were constructed in the three main vegetation communities in the Park, the plots were in three replicates in each vegetation community. Each plot received separate treatment including medium clipping, heavy clipping and unclipped, average forage biomass production and forage nutrients were measured. The results revealed that higher\u0000total annual above ground biomass was recorded in clipped plots which values ranged between 1642 and 2458g m-2 yr-1 when compared to unclipped plots which values ranged between 1,394 and 1,435g m-2 yr-1. Equally, the values of annual total production of clipped and unclipped plots ranged between 250-471 and 210-254 gmÐ2 yr-1 respectively, the values were significantly different at P£0.05. It was observed that forages in clipped plots contained higher values of c rude protein and fat. Also, they contained nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sodium values above minimum values required by herbivores for body maintenance, pregnancy and lactation. Measures to improve forage quality and quantity in the Park were also discussed. L'.tude a examin. l'effet de faire pa.tre les animaux, sur la qualit. et la quantit. de fourrage en terme de biomasse a.rienne, la vigueur et la production totale, de meme que la teneur en .l.ments nutritifs des fourrages utilis.s par les ongul.s dans le Parc National du Lac Kainji. Trois parcelles de 2,50 m x 2,50 m de cot. chacune ont .t. d.limit.es dans les trois principales associations v.g.tales du Parc National. Pour chacune de ces associations v.g.tales, les essais ont .t. r.p.t.s trois fois. Chacune des parcelles a .t. soumise . un traitement particulier dont un p.turage intensif, moyen, et sans p.turage. La production moyenne en biomasse de fourrage et la teneur en matieres nutritives ont .t. .valu.es. Les r.sultats ont prouv. que les productions annuelles totales en biomasses a.riennes dans les parcelles p.tur.es variaient entre 1.642 gr et 2.458 gr/ m2 par an, en comparaison des parcelles non p.tur.es dont les valeurs variaient entre 1.394 et 1.435gr/ m2 par an. De meme, les valeurs de la production totale dans les types de parcelles p.tur.es et non p.tur.es variaient ente 250-471 et 210-254gr /m2 par an, respectivement et ces valeurs .taient significativement diff.rentes au seuil de P,05. On a remarqu. que les fourrages dans des parcelles sous p.turage avaient des valeurs .lev.es en prot.ines brutes et en matieres grasses. De meme, ces fourrages contenaient des valeurs .lev.es en azote, phosphore, calcium et en sodium, quantit.s de loin sup.rieures aux normes exig.es pour satisfaire les besoins corporels des herbivores, leur gestation, et leur lactation. Les pr.cautions pour l'am.lioration de la qualit. et la quantit. de fourrage","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70507798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-08DOI: 10.4314/WIOJMS.V4I1.28478
P. Oduor-Odote, M. Struszczyk, M. Peter
Isolation of chitosan from cuticles of blue bottlefly larvae Calliphora erythrocephala, and shells of crab Sylla cerrata, lobster Panulirus ornatus, prawn Paeneaus indicus was carried out. The yield of chitin was 12.0%, 23.0%, 15.7% and 28.0% respectively. In the same order the yield of chitosan was 66.0%, 74.6% 74.3% and 75.0% from chitin. Ash in the crab and lobster chitosan demineralised with 0.5M HCl was 30.2 and 22.4% respectively. This was reduced to 0.2 % for lobster and 0.4% for crab using 2M HCl for demineralisation and 0.5M HCL was adequate for demineralisation of prawns to bring the ash content to < 1%. The ash content in the blowfly larvae was negligible. The conditions used for chitosan isolation in blowfly larvae were milder requiring no demineralisation step. The time to obtain soluble chitosan in 1% v/v acetic acid was 8 hr for crab and lobster at 100°C deacetylation and 4 hr at 120°C while for prawns it was 6 hr at 100°C and 3 hr at 120°C deacetylation temperature. The average molecular weight ( ̄M V ) for crabs was 556,000 after 8 hr deacetylation and 148,000 at 140°C deacetylation temperature. With 2M HCl used for demineralisation first, it was 439,000 for a 4 hr period. Crabs, first demineralised then deprotenised the ̄M V was 155,000 for a 3 hr deacetylation at 120°C and 417,000 for 1 hr deacetylation. An 8 hr deacetylation at 100°C for lobsters gave ̄M V of 791,000. It was reduced to 560,000 after 4 hr of deacetylation at 120°C and to 236,000 at 140°C for 3 hr. Prawns had a ̄M V of 507,000 after 6 hr deacetylation at 100°C and reduced to 455,000 after a 3 hr deacetylation. For insect larvae, at 100°C deacetylation for 4 hr the ̄ M V was 413,500 while for 1 hr, 2 hr and 2.5 hr deacetylation time at 120°C it was 369,000, 308,500 and 263,000 respectively. The degree of deacetylation (DD) increased with temperature and time of deacetylation. For crab, demineralised then deproteinised, it increased from 72.9% in 1 hr then 81.5% in 3 hr. In prawn chitosan it was 60.0% for the 6 hr deacetylation at 100°C and 69.2% for 3 hr deacetylation at 120°C. The DD of insect larvae was 62.56% after 4 hr of deacetylation at 100°C. When deacetylated at 120°C it was 64.0% after 1 hr, 79.9% after 2 hr and 80.7% after 2.5 hr. The moisture content showed a slight increase with DD. Temperature increase and time of deacetylation caused a decrease in ̄M V and a more conservative increase in DD.
{"title":"Characterisation of chitosan from blowfly larvae and some crustacean species from Kenyan marine waters prepared under different conditions","authors":"P. Oduor-Odote, M. Struszczyk, M. Peter","doi":"10.4314/WIOJMS.V4I1.28478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WIOJMS.V4I1.28478","url":null,"abstract":"Isolation of chitosan from cuticles of blue bottlefly larvae Calliphora erythrocephala, and shells of crab Sylla cerrata, lobster Panulirus ornatus, prawn Paeneaus indicus was carried out. The yield of chitin was 12.0%, 23.0%, 15.7% and 28.0% respectively. In the same order the yield of chitosan was 66.0%, 74.6% 74.3% and 75.0% from chitin. Ash in the crab and lobster chitosan demineralised with 0.5M HCl was 30.2 and 22.4% respectively. This was reduced to 0.2 % for lobster and 0.4% for crab using 2M HCl for demineralisation and 0.5M HCL was adequate for demineralisation of prawns to bring the ash content to < 1%. The ash content in the blowfly larvae was negligible. The conditions used for chitosan isolation in blowfly larvae were milder requiring no demineralisation step. The time to obtain soluble chitosan in 1% v/v acetic acid was 8 hr for crab and lobster at 100°C deacetylation and 4 hr at 120°C while for prawns it was 6 hr at 100°C and 3 hr at 120°C deacetylation temperature. The average molecular weight ( ̄M V ) for crabs was 556,000 after 8 hr deacetylation and 148,000 at 140°C deacetylation temperature. With 2M HCl used for demineralisation first, it was 439,000 for a 4 hr period. Crabs, first demineralised then deprotenised the ̄M V was 155,000 for a 3 hr deacetylation at 120°C and 417,000 for 1 hr deacetylation. An 8 hr deacetylation at 100°C for lobsters gave ̄M V of 791,000. It was reduced to 560,000 after 4 hr of deacetylation at 120°C and to 236,000 at 140°C for 3 hr. Prawns had a ̄M V of 507,000 after 6 hr deacetylation at 100°C and reduced to 455,000 after a 3 hr deacetylation. For insect larvae, at 100°C deacetylation for 4 hr the ̄ M V was 413,500 while for 1 hr, 2 hr and 2.5 hr deacetylation time at 120°C it was 369,000, 308,500 and 263,000 respectively. The degree of deacetylation (DD) increased with temperature and time of deacetylation. For crab, demineralised then deproteinised, it increased from 72.9% in 1 hr then 81.5% in 3 hr. In prawn chitosan it was 60.0% for the 6 hr deacetylation at 100°C and 69.2% for 3 hr deacetylation at 120°C. The DD of insect larvae was 62.56% after 4 hr of deacetylation at 100°C. When deacetylated at 120°C it was 64.0% after 1 hr, 79.9% after 2 hr and 80.7% after 2.5 hr. The moisture content showed a slight increase with DD. Temperature increase and time of deacetylation caused a decrease in ̄M V and a more conservative increase in DD.","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/WIOJMS.V4I1.28478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70417914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-12DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15766
T. Gondo, C. Musvoto, T. Mujawo
{"title":"Socia preferences to Mopane woodland management options: A case study from Southern Zimbabwe","authors":"T. Gondo, C. Musvoto, T. Mujawo","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15766","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-12DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15772
.. J.B.Nduwayezu, S. Chamshama, .. A.G.Mugasha, Y. Ngaga, E. Khonga, R. Chabo
{"title":"Comparisons in seed kernel sizes and early growth performance of different Moringa oleifera provenances in southeast of Botswana","authors":".. J.B.Nduwayezu, S. Chamshama, .. A.G.Mugasha, Y. Ngaga, E. Khonga, R. Chabo","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15772","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-12DOI: 10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15773
Cz Mkagwa, S. Maliondo, J. Semoka
{"title":"Enhancing nutrient accumulation of Tephrosia vogelii fallow through Minjingu phosphate rock application on acidic P deficient ferralsol of eastern Tanzania","authors":"Cz Mkagwa, S. Maliondo, J. Semoka","doi":"10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/DAI.V19I1-2.15773","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50577,"journal":{"name":"Discovery and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70508518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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