Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems最新文献

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women and the major cause of worldwide cancer-related deaths among women. Various treatment strategies including conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, gene silencing and deliberately engineered nanomaterials for receptor mediated targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors, etc are being investigated by scientists to combat breast cancer. Smartly designed/fabricated nanomaterials are being explored to target breast cancer through enhanced permeation and retention effect; and also, being conjugated with suitable ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis to target breast cancer for diagnostic, and theranostic applications. These receptor-targeted nanomedicines have shown efficacy to target specific tumor tissue/cells abstaining the healthy tissues/cells from cytotoxic effect of anticancer drug molecules. In the last few decades, theranostic nanomedicines have gained much attention among other nanoparticle systems due to their unique ability to deliver chemotherapeutic as well as diagnostic agents, simultaneously. Theranostic nanomaterials are emerging as novel paradigm with ability for concurrent delivery of imaging (with contrasting agents), targeting (with biomarkers), and anticancer therapeutics with one delivery system (as cancer theranostics) and can transpire as promising strategy to overcome various hurdles for effective management of breast cancer including its most aggressive form, triple-negative breast cancer.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a pioneering technology that has gained increased popularity in the fields of tissue engineering, drug design, drug delivery systems and biomedical devices. Thus, it enables us to explore this technique for fabricating 3D-printed catheters. Owing to its enhanced productivity and cost-efficiency, this technique can be utilized to fabricate any material for manufacturing or designing catheters with antimicrobial properties. From 1930s, Foley's catheter had been widely used to drain the urinary bladder of patients with impaired bladder function. Despite the complications like catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), kidney damage, chronic infections, encrustations and personal discomfort during inflation of the balloon, Foley's catheter was used universally without any changes in product design. Currently, marketed catheters have been reported for reducing CAUTI, but the prevention of limitations by coating drugs onto the catheter is very expensive. Altering the physical properties of the catheter by biopolymer blend might ease the discomfort. Thus, new technologies have to be adopted to manufacture ideal catheters that are biocompatible and provide antimicrobial and anti-fouling properties. Herein, we provide an overview of 3D printing techniques along with different materials opted for manufacturing catheters to overcome the existing challenges and limitations.

Orodispersible films (ODFs) have served as an emerging platform for the delivery of drugs in a convenient way. They have numerous advantages, the significant one is simplicity of administration for special populations such as pediatric and geriatric as well as patients with swallowing difficulty. Besides, the advantages include accurate dosing and fast action. The ODFs are efficiently designed with detailed knowledge of drug and polymers as well as a suitable selection of method. Many conventional and advance formulation strategies have been used for the development of ODFs. The biopharmaceutical concerns of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are given in this review in light of the fact that ODFs can be utilized to increase the bioavailability of APIs. The basic critical issues such as good mechanical properties, water solubility of the API and taste masking are very important to be considered during the development of ODFs. The knowledge of critical quality concerns of ODFs will be helpful in the future development of ODF. As ODFs remain in the mouth until complete degradation, taste, texture and mouth-feel are the qualities that in all respects liable for acceptability of the patient. An assortment of packaging choices is also accessible for ODFs. This review focuses on the different critical concerns of ODF related to composition, bio-pharmaceutical, manufacturing, quality tests, packaging and acceptability. Additionally, potential barriers in the ODFs development are discussed in details. Therefore, this review is an informative bundle of ODFs concerns from the product development stage to the end-user acceptability.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely drug resistant (XDR) forms of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health challenge in this advanced era of health science. The longer therapy and higher dose of anti-tubercular drugs (ATDs) increases the patient incompliance at its peak levels of intolerance as well as toxicity. In the recent decades, nanoparticulate drug delivery has emerged as an excellent venture for the effective treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, brain as well as TB. Currently, encapsulation and conjugation of therapeutics to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) is an attractive strategy to enhance the effectivity of chemotherapeutics and minimize the toxic effects associated with ATDs. Various characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) such as high stability, high loading efficiency, and high carrying capacity gives preference to the NPs over other drug delivery systems. Multiple or dual drug delivery concept is continuously gaining attention as a strict and favourable requirement of anti-TB therapy. The ideal properties of NPs including controlled or sustained drug release from the matrix enhances drug bioavailability with dose reduction and also enhance compliance of TB patients. Natural and synthetic polymers are playing important role in curtailing the side effects of chemotherapeutics. This review extensively highlights the drug delivery approaches of ATDs and emphasized on the importance and application of PNPs to combat TB.

Natural polymers have received more attention because of their advantages over synthetic polymers such as abundant availability, low cost, biodegradability and non-toxicity. However, natural polymers suffer some limitations such as drop-in viscosity upon storage, uncontrolled hydration, solubility, inability to perform under high temperature and pressure (thermal stability), etc. In many instances above mentioned drawbacks of natural polymers limits their applications in drug delivery systems. Grafting of natural polymer leads to improved properties and characteristics of backbones of macromolecules such as improvement in gel strength, swelling index, mucoadhesion, drug targeting and drug release profile. Therefore, in recent decades grafting of the natural polymer has gained immense importance for the development of drug delivery systems. In addition to the pharmaceutical applications graft copolymers are extensively utilized in diversified fields. The present review is an attempt to define the grafting, various methods of polymer grafting and their application in drug delivery.

Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that prevents angiotensin I (ATI) from being converted to angiotensin II (ATII). However, it offers certain limitations like instability, dose dumping and burst release due to its usage in the native state. In the last two decades, different polymers and excipients have been used to make captopril more accessible and well-accepted. The present work discusses the efforts made by various scientists so far to make the oral administration of captopril more acceptable by overcoming its limitations. The different factors affecting gastric retention, approaches to achieve better gastric retention. The oral managed release dosage forms have enormous curative benefits such as improved therapeutics and better patient compliance. The polymer based gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) include microspheres, soild inclusion complex, floating tablets, alginate based beads, etc utilizes better retention in the stomach for longer duration of action and improved bioavailability. Overall, the work aims to summarize the attempts made as novel drug delivery approaches over the last two decades in reverse chronological order to make captopril more gastro retentive and orally acceptable by the patients.