Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems最新文献

In the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology and formulation development, various protein and peptide-based drugs have been used for therapeutic and clinical implications. These are mainly given via parenteral routes like intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery. Teriparatide, also known as PTH 1-34, is a U.S. Food & Drug Administartion-approved anabolic drug to treat osteoporosis is currently available in market only as subcutaneous injection. The quest for elimination of needle in case of given peptidal delivery to replace it with alternative routes like nasal, buccal, transdermal and pulmonary pathways has driven meticulous drug research. The pharmaceutical scientists are working on innovation and approaches involving new materials and methods to develop the formulations for protein and peptides by noninvasive routes. Lately, various approaches have been carried out which involve many strategies and technologies to deliver teriparatide via alternative routes. But, physicochemical instability, proteolytic degradation, low bioavailability, etc. are some obstacles to develop suitable delivery system for teriparatide. This review intends to gather the overall developments in delivery systems specific to teriparatide which meant for better convenience and avoids vulnerability of multiple subcutaneous injections. In addition, the article emphasizes on the successes to develop noninvasive technologies and devices, and new milestones for teriparatide delivery.

Cyclosporine (CsA) stays the most intangible molecule holding a good history for treating several ophthalmic conditions and it even attributes to multiple off-label uses. Topical delivery of CsA is the most preferred route but owing to the molecule's physicochemical properties such as poor aqueous solubility and high molecular weight as well as its encounter with multiple barriers of eye causes hindrance for proper delivery of the molecule to the site of action. However, Restasis®, Cequa®, and Verkazia® are the marketed formulations that have been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, whereas Cyclokat® and Ikervis® by the European Medicines Agency. Although these medications are in use, they are associated with severe discomfort and poor patient compliance. This review gives an overview regarding current formulations available in the market, the products in pipeline and the recent advances undertaken for improving ocular delivery of CsA for various ophthalmic indications.

The liver is one of the crucial organs of the body that performs hundreds of chemical reactions needed by the body to survive. It is also the largest gland of the body. The liver has multiple functions, including the synthesis of chemicals, metabolism of nutrients, and removal of toxins. It also acts as a storage unit. The liver has a unique ability to regenerate itself, but it can lead to permanent damage if the injury is beyond recovery. The only possible treatment of severe liver damage is liver transplant which is a costly procedure and has several other drawbacks. Therefore, attention has been shifted towards the use of stem cells that have shown the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes. Among the numerous kinds of stem cells (SCs), the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most famous. Various studies suggest that an MSC transplant can repair liver function, improve the signs and symptoms, and increase the chances of survival. This review discusses the impact of combining stem cell therapy with nanotechnology. By integrating stem cell science and nanotechnology, the information about stem cell differentiation and regulation will increase, resulting in a better comprehension of stem cell-based treatment strategies. The augmentation of SCs with nanoparticles has been shown to boost the effect of stem cell-based therapy. Also, the function of green nanoparticles in liver therapies is discussed.

Over the past decade, lignin-based nanomaterials have astonishingly gained tremendous popularity among researchers worldwide for utilization in various high-value added fields. However, the copiousness of published articles suggests that lignin-based nanomaterials are currently being given the most priority as drug delivery vehicles or drug carriers. A large number of reports have been published during the past decade reporting successful application of lignin nanoparticles as drug carrier, not only for drugs administered in human but also for drugs used in plants such as pesticides, fungicides, etc. In this review, all of these reports have been discussed in an elaborate fashion so as to present all the available information pertaining to the application of lignin-based nanomaterials in drug delivery in a comprehensive manner.

Unmodified nanocarriers used in the chemotherapy of cancers and various infectious diseases exhibit prolonged blood circulation time, prevent enzymatic degradation and increase chemical stability of encapsulated therapeutics. However, off-target effect and lack of specificity associated with unmodified nanoparticles (NPs) limit their applications in the health care system. Mannose (Man) receptors with significant overexpression on antigen-presenting cells and macrophages are among the most admired targets for cancer and anti-infective therapeutics. Therefore, development of Man functionalized nanocarriers targeting Man receptors, for target specific drug delivery in the chemotherapy have been extensively studied. Present review expounds diverse Man-conjugated NPs with their potential for targeted drug delivery, improved biodistribution profiles and localization. Additionally, the review gives detailed account of the interactions of mannosylated NPs with various biological systems and their characterization not discussed in earlier published reports is discussed.

This work is an effort to first introduce plant-based gums and discussing their drug delivery applications. The composition of these plant gums and their major characteristics, which make them suitable as pharmaceutical excipients are also described in detail. The various modifications methods such as physical and chemical modifications of gums and polysaccharides have been discussed along with their applications in different fields. Consequently, plant-based gums modification such as etherification and grafting is attracting much scientific attention to satisfy industrial demand. The evaluation tests to characterize gum-based drug delivery systems have been summarized. The release behavior of drug from plant-gum-based drug delivery is being discussed. Thus, this review is an attempt to critically summarize different aspect of plant-gum-based polysaccharides to be utilized in drug delivery systems having potential industrial applications.

Treatments for late-stage prostate cancer (CaP) have not been very successful. Frequently, advanced CaP progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with 50#37;-70% of patients developing bone metastases. CaP with bone metastasis-associated clinical complications and treatment resistance presents major clinical challenges. Recent advances in the formulation of clinically applicable nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention in the fields of medicine and pharmacology with applications to cancer and infectious and neurological diseases. NPs have been rendered biocompatible, pose little to no toxicity to healthy cells and tissues, and are engineered to carry large therapeutic payloads, including chemo- and genetic therapies. Additionally, if required, targeting specificity can be achieved by chemically coupling aptamers, unique peptide ligands, or monoclonal antibodies to the surface of NPs. Encapsulating toxic drugs within NPs and delivering them specifically to their cellular targets overcomes the problem of systemic toxicity. Encapsulating highly labile genetic therapeutics such as RNA within NPs provides a protective environment for the payload during parenteral administration. The loading efficiencies of NPs have been maximized while the controlled their therapeutic cargos has been released. Theranostic ("treat and see") NPs have developed combining therapy with imaging capabilities to provide real-time, image-guided monitoring of the delivery of their therapeutic payloads. All of these NP accomplishments have been applied to the nanotherapy of late-stage CaP, offering a new opportunity for a previously dismal prognosis. This article gives an update on current developments in the use of nanotechnology for treating late-stage, castration-resistant CaP.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology. Treatment of AD remains challenging owing to the presence of a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes and limited response to existing therapies. However, recent genetic, immunological, and pathophysiological insights into the disease mechanism resulted in the invention of novel therapeutic drug candidates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapies and assesses various novel drug delivery strategies currently under clinical investigation. Further, this review majorly emphasizes on various topical treatments including emollient therapies, barrier repair agents, topical corticosteroids (TCS), phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitors. It also discusses biological and systemic therapies, upcoming treatments based on ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, this review scrutinized the use of pharmaceutical inactive ingredients in the approved topical dosage forms for AD treatment.

Osteoporosis is a bone incapacitating malady which globally accounts for over hundred million fractures annually. Therapeutic interventions for management of osteoporosis are divided as antiresorptive agents and osteoanabolic agents. Teriparatide is the only osteoana-bolic peptide which is available world-wide for the treatment of osteoporosis. It is administered as a daily subcutaneous injection for the treatment of osteoporosis which results in both poor patient compliance and increase in the cost of the therapy. Even after 20 years of clinical use of teriparatide, no formulation of teriparatide has yet been translated from lab to clinic which can be delivered by non-invasive route The present review critically discusses attempts made by the researchers for efficient delivery of teriparatide through various non-invasive routes such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, and transdermal route. It also discusses long-acting injectable formulations of teriparatide to improve patient compliance. Understanding on the pharmacology of teriparatide highlights the enhanced effectiveness of intermittent/pulsatile mode of teriparatide delivery which has also been elaborated. In addition, targeted delivery of teriparatide using different bone specific targeting moieties has been also discussed.

Macrophages are immuno cells with high flexibility among hematopoietic system. Macrophages are tangled with many diseases like chronic inflammatory, atherosclerosis, autoimmune, and cancer. Macrophages play a major role in developing the inflammation and meanwhile resolving the damage occurred during these disease conditions. Therefore, the use of macrophages in targeted drug delivery appeared to be a promising approach in modifying the microenvironment of inflammatory diseases. The macrophages with cellular backpacks loaded with drugs were appeared to be the effective drug transporter to the brain inflammation. Till date, among the different carrier systems emerged among macrophage targeting: liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, and dendrimers were extensively studied. The physicochemical properties like components, lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, ligand presence, and concentration of these carriers may vary the efficacy and specificity of drug targeting to macrophages. The present review provides an insight into M1 and M2 macrophages characteristics, mainly discussed the role of macrophages in regulating several inflammatory diseases. This article underlines the current status and application of different carriers for targeted drug delivery to macrophages along with their efficacy and specificity. In general, the targeted drug delivery was achieved using the carrier systems by removing the intrinsic pathway and bio protection which is offered to the therapeutic molecules. Further, the review also summarizes the newer approaches for macrophage targeting with a brief overview on recent advances and future prospects.