Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems最新文献

Over the past few years, delivery tactics for enhancing drug bioavailability, biocompatibility, and therapeutic index have advanced significantly in innovative strategies, encompassing delivery of small molecules, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, and, most recently, live-cell therapies. Challenges associated with different drug delivery systems such as reducing off-target toxicity, improving solubility and permeability, non-invasive handling, overcoming biological obstacles, decreasing immunogenicity, improving stability, getting into the nucleus or cytoplasm, viability and persistence in vivo, etc. can be overcome by any one of the three strategies- Modification of drug molecule, change in physiological environment, and using novel drug carrier. This article describes the problems with traditional medication delivery methods and how other methods have been developed to overcome those problems. Additionally, this review also provides knowledge on a few unique technique of drug delivery including nanotechnology, 3D printing, AI aided delivery of therapeutics, etc.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The major causative factor for cervical cancer is primary prolonged infection with human papillomavirus, along with secondary factors such as immunodeficiency, smoking, low socioeconomic standards, poor hygiene, and overuse of oral contraceptives. A grave need exists to practice novel strategies to overcome existing drawbacks of conventional therapy such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Cancer immunotherapy works by strengthening the immune system of the host to combat against the cancerous cells. Immunotherapy in cervical cancer treatment has demonstrated long-lasting effects; however, the response to such therapies was nominal due to its prominent limitations such as immunosuppressive behavior of the tumor. Presently plethora of nanoplatforms such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and dendrimers are being maneuvered with cancer immunotherapy. The amalgamation of nanotechnology and immunotherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer is conceivable due to the mutual association between the tumor microenvironment and immunosurveillance. Safety concerns of nanoplatforms with immunotherapeutics such as toxicity, inflammation, and unwanted accumulation in tissues could be surmounted by surface modification methods. This review highlights the benefits of the amalgamation of nanotechnology and immunotherapy to improve shortcomings applicable to the conventional delivery of cancer treatment. We also aim to outline the nanoimmunotherapy sophistications and future translational avenues in this rapidly flourishing cancer treatment modality.

Onychomycosis, a nail infection prevalent in 50 to 60% of all nail illnesses globally, caused by dermatophytes, poses significant challenges to current therapies due to their limitations in effective administration. This review explores recent advancements in novel drug delivery systems while exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying onychomycosis progression. The physicochemical properties of antifungal treatments and the intricate structure of the nail plate present challenges and can be addressed by nanotechnology-enabled solutions. Furthermore, the review extensively covers diagnostic methods crucial for accurate onychomycosis identification. This review offers insights to enhance onychomycosis management by elucidating mechanistic aspects of the disease. Emphasizing the role of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems, it addresses current treatment challenges using innovative approaches. Moreover, the evaluation of various formulations highlights opportunities to improve therapeutic efficacy. Overall, this comprehensive review explores the current status, challenges, diagnostics advances, and novel approaches for the administration of drugs for the management of onychomycosis.

The HIV-1 reservoir is a residual pool of integrated viral genomes that endure in a condition of reversible non-productive infection, notwithstanding suppressive antiretroviral therapy's ability to successfully inhibit HIV-1 replication and evolution. Individual T cells are capable of developing a latent infection due to HIV-1. Even in patients receiving highly effective marketed antiretroviral medication, latent virus survives perpetually in memory T cells and exhibit atypical cellular signaling and metabolic dysfunction, which can cause minor to severe cellular and systemic comorbidities. These include lymphocytic, cardiac, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary dysfunctions as well as genomic DNA damage, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This latent reservoir is understood to be a substantial challenge for treating HIV-1 infection. The presence of a latent reservoir for HIV-1 can be used to explain the extremely low levels of viremia in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. In an effort to eradicate the latent reservoir, several methods are being investigated for reactivating dormant viruses. This review concentrates on figuring out how to awaken latent HIV-1 by adding detailed information about drugs and formulations discovered for latent HIV. This work may provoke the thoughts related for discovering many more promising drugs, and targeting strategies to totally eradicate the HIV.

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies globally, with rising incidence rates driven by environmental and genetic factors. This manuscript aims to explore recent advancements in the prevention and treatment of skin cancer, focusing on the integration of emerging technologies, plant-based therapies, and innovative diagnostic approaches. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary environmental risk factor for skin cancer, contributing to both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Advances in technology, such as AI-driven diagnostic tools and non-invasive imaging techniques, are transforming early detection and risk assessment. Additionally, the role of genetic factors, such as p53 mutations in the development of SCC, is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of molecular diagnostics in guiding treatment strategies. In the realm of therapeutics, plant-based compounds are gaining traction for their anti-cancer properties. Natural agents such as polyphenols and flavonoids exhibit UV-protective and anti-carcinogenic effects, offering promising adjuncts to conventional treatments. Moreover, innovative treatment modalities, including immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, are being explored to enhance the efficacy of traditional chemotherapies while minimizing side effects. This article comprehensively reviews the types and classifications of skin cancer, the role of biological and non-biological risk factors, and cutting-edge prevention strategies. It also delves into the potential of plant-based therapies and the emerging role of nanotechnology and advanced diagnostic techniques in skin cancer management. By examining these novel approaches, the manuscript offers a forward-looking perspective on improving early detection, enhancing treatment outcomes, and reducing the global burden of skin cancer. These insights could pave the way for integrating innovative therapies and technologies into clinical practice, facilitating more effective skin cancer management.

Cancer is one of the major life-threatening diseases in the world and oral cancer is the 8th most common type of deadly cancers in Asian countries. Despite many causes, tobacco is the main causative agent as 90% of oral cancer cases were due to daily consumption of tobacco and its products. The major drawback of the conventional therapies for oral cancer including chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy or combination of these is the dose limiting toxicity. Developments in technology and research led to new innovative discoveries in cancer treatments. In the past few decades, increased attention has been given to researches in alternative cancer treatment strategies using plants and plant products. Recently many anticancer drugs from natural products or phytochemicals were approved internationally. Due to the low bioavailability and poor solubility of phytochemicals, various research works on nano-carrier based drug delivery systems were exploited in the recent past to make them as promising anticancer agents. In the current review, an overview of oral cancer and its treatment, risk factors, missing links of conventional therapies, contribution of nanotechnology in cancer treatment and research on phytochemical based drug treatment and different polymeric nanoparticles were discussed briefly. The future prospects for the use of various types of polymeric nanoparticles applied in the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer were also mentioned. The major concern of this review is to give the reader a better understanding on various types of treatment for oral cancer.

Lung cancer has the second highest occurrence and lowest survival rate among all cancers and incidence rates are increasing. From the tumor milieu, tumors exude chemokines and cytokines that hassle the pulmonary drug administration hinders the success of treatment. A few mutations lead to generation of lungs cancer. It has prominent levels of mutated genes such as TP53, KRAS, MET, and EGFR. Various molecular pathways involved in causing lung cancer such as PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, JAK/STAT pathways, RAF-MEK-ERK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and RALGDS-RA, PI3K, AKT, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Inhibition of such biological pathway through active targeting, using various biological inhibitors, and blockers could help in treating and recurrence of lungs tumor. The conventional therapeutic modalities concomitant with personalized genomic nanomedicine can have potential in improving treatment regimen. This study explored the different genomic changes that occur due to the prime etiological factors, their reported treatment profile, and nanocarrier mediated therapeutic strategy by targeting tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanocarriers confront multiple obstacles in their journey to the TME therapeutic approach as leaky vasculature, large fenestration, and usually carried off from immune system and phagocytosis process. However, formulators designed a bio-functionalized carrier that enable to evade opsonization, escape immune system, modulate TME, identify reticuloendothelial system, and thus facilitates biological interaction, and enhance cellular uptake.