Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012095
I. A. Dharma, M. G. Z. Haikal, M. Ridlwan, S. A. Dewanto, M. A. Rahman
The tray dryer for the cocoa bean drying process is a solution to overcome conventional drying methods that rely on solar heat. The tray dryer is expected to facilitate the cocoa farmers to dry cocoa beans because it is faster and does not depend on weather conditions. However, even though the current condition of the tray dryer can reduce the energy consumption of drying cocoa beans (from Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia) compared to the solar heat method, it remains unknown whether the cocoa beans drying quality is good enough. Therefore, this research analyzed the heat transfer phenomena of the cocoa drying process using the computational simulation method to re-design the current tray dryer design so that the new design can fit the drying characteristic of the cocoa bean and reduce energy consumption. As a result, for the air velocity of 25.91 m/s and the ½ opening of the gas valve in 10 minutes, which is already at steady-state conditions, the temperature distribution in the existing tray dryer is not suitable with the characteristics of the cocoa beans drying process. The temperature can be increased by reducing the airflow velocity or increasing the heating value by opening the valve. However, with a new design, the temperature can be increased by up to 37.00% at a velocity of 25.91 m/s with a ½ gas valve opening. Furthermore, the new design can achieve the same conditions as the existing design by only using an opening for a 1/8 gas valve. Thus, using the new design, the tray dryer can achieve the drying characteristics of cocoa beans and reduce energy consumption.
用于可可豆烘干过程的托盘式烘干机是克服依赖太阳热能的传统烘干方法的一种解决方案。托盘式烘干机预计将方便可可种植农烘干可可豆，因为它速度更快，而且不依赖天气条件。然而，尽管与太阳能加热法相比，托盘式烘干机目前的状况可以减少烘干可可豆（产自印度尼西亚日惹的 Gunung Kidul）的能耗，但可可豆的烘干质量是否足够好仍然是个未知数。因此，本研究利用计算模拟方法分析了可可烘干过程中的传热现象，以重新设计当前的托盘式烘干机设计，使新设计既能符合可可豆的烘干特性，又能降低能耗。结果表明，在气流速度为 25.91 米/秒、气体阀门在 10 分钟内打开 1/2（这已经是稳态条件）的情况下，现有托盘式干燥机中的温度分布与可可豆干燥过程的特点不相适应。可以通过降低气流速度或打开阀门增加热值来提高温度。然而，采用新设计后，在气流速度为 25.91 米/秒、气阀开度为 ½ 的情况下，温度最高可提高 37.00%。此外，新设计只需使用 1/8 气阀开口，就能达到与现有设计相同的条件。因此，采用新设计的托盘式干燥机既能达到可可豆的干燥特性，又能降低能耗。
{"title":"Heat transfer simulation for re-design of tray dryer to reduce the energy consumption in the cocoa bean drying process","authors":"I. A. Dharma, M. G. Z. Haikal, M. Ridlwan, S. A. Dewanto, M. A. Rahman","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The tray dryer for the cocoa bean drying process is a solution to overcome conventional drying methods that rely on solar heat. The tray dryer is expected to facilitate the cocoa farmers to dry cocoa beans because it is faster and does not depend on weather conditions. However, even though the current condition of the tray dryer can reduce the energy consumption of drying cocoa beans (from Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia) compared to the solar heat method, it remains unknown whether the cocoa beans drying quality is good enough. Therefore, this research analyzed the heat transfer phenomena of the cocoa drying process using the computational simulation method to re-design the current tray dryer design so that the new design can fit the drying characteristic of the cocoa bean and reduce energy consumption. As a result, for the air velocity of 25.91 m/s and the ½ opening of the gas valve in 10 minutes, which is already at steady-state conditions, the temperature distribution in the existing tray dryer is not suitable with the characteristics of the cocoa beans drying process. The temperature can be increased by reducing the airflow velocity or increasing the heating value by opening the valve. However, with a new design, the temperature can be increased by up to 37.00% at a velocity of 25.91 m/s with a ½ gas valve opening. Furthermore, the new design can achieve the same conditions as the existing design by only using an opening for a 1/8 gas valve. Thus, using the new design, the tray dryer can achieve the drying characteristics of cocoa beans and reduce energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141712137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012039
A. Zandberga, J. Gušča, D. Blumberga, S. Kalniņš
The growing impact of the healthcare sector and its environmental consequences (energy-intensive processes, material consumption and waste generation) require rapid actions to be implemented widely. To meet the environmental and climate change challenges faced by the healthcare sector, this review paper discusses how circularity frameworks can be applied to medical textile waste. This review paper explores existing circularity frameworks to address the challenges resulting from textile waste in the healthcare sector. Textile waste, primarily originating from medical garments (scrubs, isolation gowns), patient apparel and bedding, surgical textiles, wound care textiles, personal protective equipment (masks, gowns and aprons), textiles for diagnostic purposes (medical imaging), and textiles for hygiene and sanitation, present an environmental impact due to their non-biodegradability and energy-intensive production processes. This paper conducts a thorough mini review of those circularity frameworks applied to healthcare textile waste along the product’s life cycle within hospitals. The review focuses on the current waste management practices of the hospitals and evaluates innovative circular economy interventions. Case studies and pilot projects that have successfully operated circularity frameworks for managing healthcare textiles waste are included in the review to provide practical insight.
{"title":"Mini review on circularity framework for textile waste in healthcare","authors":"A. Zandberga, J. Gušča, D. Blumberga, S. Kalniņš","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The growing impact of the healthcare sector and its environmental consequences (energy-intensive processes, material consumption and waste generation) require rapid actions to be implemented widely. To meet the environmental and climate change challenges faced by the healthcare sector, this review paper discusses how circularity frameworks can be applied to medical textile waste. This review paper explores existing circularity frameworks to address the challenges resulting from textile waste in the healthcare sector. Textile waste, primarily originating from medical garments (scrubs, isolation gowns), patient apparel and bedding, surgical textiles, wound care textiles, personal protective equipment (masks, gowns and aprons), textiles for diagnostic purposes (medical imaging), and textiles for hygiene and sanitation, present an environmental impact due to their non-biodegradability and energy-intensive production processes. This paper conducts a thorough mini review of those circularity frameworks applied to healthcare textile waste along the product’s life cycle within hospitals. The review focuses on the current waste management practices of the hospitals and evaluates innovative circular economy interventions. Case studies and pilot projects that have successfully operated circularity frameworks for managing healthcare textiles waste are included in the review to provide practical insight.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"243 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012001
J. S. Lee, S. P. Yeap, F. Wang, C. Y. Cheok, C. K. Ang, Z. A. Jawad
Conducting polymers possess inherent electrical conductivity, attracting significant attention in engineering applications, including dye-sensitized solar cells, gas sensors, and energy storage electrodes. Of various conducting polymers, Polyaniline has gained much attention due to its low cost of monomer, ease of bulk synthesis, high flexibility, and good environmental stability. Nevertheless, the conductivity of polyaniline is rather low when it is prepared under an un-doped state. Despite that, there is no clear information regarding how the valency of a metal dopant and its concentration can affect the electrical characteristics and other physicochemical properties of doped polyaniline. This study aims to fill this research gap by elucidating the changes in the electrical characteristics of polyaniline through metal doping. Polyaniline was synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization in an HCl medium, followed by a post-doping to produce metal-codoped polyaniline. Three dopant materials, namely AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2, and Fe(NO3)3, were used in this synthesis, representing mono-, di-, and tri-valent metal ions, respectively. Results showed that bare PANI (which was doped with HCl only) exhibited a higher electrical conductance value of 8.44 x 10-7 S, while 1 M of Ag-codoped polyaniline, 1 M of Cu-codoped polyaniline, and 1 M of Fe-codoped polyaniline exhibited electrical conductance values of 1.73 x 10-7 S, 4.27 x 10-8 S, and 2.33 x 10-6 S, respectively. Apparently, the trivalent metal dopant was able to improve the conductivity of polyaniline; however, a detrimental effect resulted when the concentration of Fe3+ was increased to 1.5 M (overdose), resulting in a drop in electrical conductance to 4.66 x 10-8 S. In terms of morphological property, Ag-doped polyaniline exhibited a mixture of plate-like and globule-like structures, while both Cu-doped polyaniline and Fe-doped polyaniline predominantly displayed tiny globule-like structures, likely attributed to the stronger acidity of the Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 solutions. Meanwhile, the presence of several common bands of polyaniline such as N-H, C=N, C-H aromatic, quinoid and benzoid units are detected in the produced samples. The project outcomes are expected to guide tailored development of metal-doped polyaniline for specific electrical applications.
导电聚合物具有固有的导电性，在染料敏化太阳能电池、气体传感器和储能电极等工程应用中备受关注。在各种导电聚合物中，聚苯胺因其单体成本低、易于批量合成、高柔韧性和良好的环境稳定性而备受关注。然而，聚苯胺在未掺杂状态下的电导率较低。尽管如此，关于金属掺杂剂的价态和浓度如何影响掺杂聚苯胺的电学特性和其他物理化学性质，目前还没有明确的信息。本研究旨在通过阐明金属掺杂对聚苯胺电气特性的影响来填补这一研究空白。聚苯胺是在盐酸介质中通过化学氧化聚合合成的，然后通过后掺杂制备出掺杂金属的聚苯胺。合成过程中使用了三种掺杂材料，即 AgNO3、Cu(NO3)2 和 Fe(NO3)3，分别代表单价、二价和三价金属离子。结果显示，裸 PANI（仅掺杂盐酸）的电导值较高，为 8.44 x 10-7 S，而 1 M 的掺银聚苯胺、1 M 的掺铜聚苯胺和 1 M 的掺铁聚苯胺的电导值分别为 1.73 x 10-7 S、4.27 x 10-8 S 和 2.33 x 10-6 S。显然，三价金属掺杂剂能够提高聚苯胺的导电性；但是，当 Fe3+ 的浓度增加到 1.5 M（过量）时，就会产生不利影响，导致导电性下降到 4.66 x 10-8 S。在形态特性方面，掺银聚苯胺表现出板状和球状混合结构，而掺铜聚苯胺和掺铁聚苯胺则主要表现出微小的球状结构，这可能与 Cu(NO3)2 和 Fe(NO3)3 溶液的酸性较强有关。同时，在制备的样品中检测到了聚苯胺的几个常见带，如 N-H、C=N、C-H 芳香族单元、醌单元和苯单元。项目成果有望为特定电气应用领域的金属掺杂聚苯胺定制开发提供指导。
{"title":"Elucidating the role of Ag+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ in tuning the electrical characteristics of polyaniline prepared through post-doping method","authors":"J. S. Lee, S. P. Yeap, F. Wang, C. Y. Cheok, C. K. Ang, Z. A. Jawad","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conducting polymers possess inherent electrical conductivity, attracting significant attention in engineering applications, including dye-sensitized solar cells, gas sensors, and energy storage electrodes. Of various conducting polymers, Polyaniline has gained much attention due to its low cost of monomer, ease of bulk synthesis, high flexibility, and good environmental stability. Nevertheless, the conductivity of polyaniline is rather low when it is prepared under an un-doped state. Despite that, there is no clear information regarding how the valency of a metal dopant and its concentration can affect the electrical characteristics and other physicochemical properties of doped polyaniline. This study aims to fill this research gap by elucidating the changes in the electrical characteristics of polyaniline through metal doping. Polyaniline was synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization in an HCl medium, followed by a post-doping to produce metal-codoped polyaniline. Three dopant materials, namely AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2, and Fe(NO3)3, were used in this synthesis, representing mono-, di-, and tri-valent metal ions, respectively. Results showed that bare PANI (which was doped with HCl only) exhibited a higher electrical conductance value of 8.44 x 10-7 S, while 1 M of Ag-codoped polyaniline, 1 M of Cu-codoped polyaniline, and 1 M of Fe-codoped polyaniline exhibited electrical conductance values of 1.73 x 10-7 S, 4.27 x 10-8 S, and 2.33 x 10-6 S, respectively. Apparently, the trivalent metal dopant was able to improve the conductivity of polyaniline; however, a detrimental effect resulted when the concentration of Fe3+ was increased to 1.5 M (overdose), resulting in a drop in electrical conductance to 4.66 x 10-8 S. In terms of morphological property, Ag-doped polyaniline exhibited a mixture of plate-like and globule-like structures, while both Cu-doped polyaniline and Fe-doped polyaniline predominantly displayed tiny globule-like structures, likely attributed to the stronger acidity of the Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 solutions. Meanwhile, the presence of several common bands of polyaniline such as N-H, C=N, C-H aromatic, quinoid and benzoid units are detected in the produced samples. The project outcomes are expected to guide tailored development of metal-doped polyaniline for specific electrical applications.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012073
JJ Chong, HM Poon
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are widely used in various industries to contain airborne contamination. The pressure drop of the filters is a crucial performance parameter when designing a HEPA filter as it is the resistance that the filter offers to the flow of air. Thus, it is critical to find the effect of each configuration and integrate an optimal setup for the filter to avoid high-pressure drops. Set against these backgrounds, this study aims to study the effect of different configurations on the total pressure drop of the filter, and to review how each configuration can affect each other using a commercial software ANSYS Fluent. The different filter media pack configurations and boundary conditions investigated here are including pleat shape (V-shaped and U-shaped), pleat density (1-7 pleat/cm), pleat height (1cm, 1.3cm), and inlet velocity (0.02-0.2 m/s) on the pressure drop of the filter. A two-dimensional geometrical model is developed, and then validated with respect to the data obtained from Lydall M3004-06 property sheet. Upon successful validation exercise, a series of parametric studies is conducted to numerically examine the impact of changing each configuration on the total pressure drop of the filter. Results show that an optimal pleat density is attained where the total pressure drop is minimized, i.e., 3 pleat/cm for V-shaped and 4 pleat/cm for U-shaped for inlet velocity of 0.02 m/s. At a constant inlet velocity, the U-shaped pleat has a lower pressure drop than the V-shaped pleat at low pleat densities, but a higher pressure drop at higher densities. This behaviour can be attributed to the balance between inertial and viscous resistance. Increasing the inlet velocity increases the total pressure drop for all pleat heights and decreases the optimal pleat density. This effect is less pronounced on the V-shaped pleat. Increasing the pleat height for the U-shaped pleat decreases the pressure drop and optimal pleat density but increases pressure drop in the viscous dominated region. Conversely, increasing the pleat height for the V-shaped pleat decreases the pressure drop for all pleat counts and only decreases the optimal pleat density at high velocity.
高效空气微粒过滤器（HEPA）广泛应用于各行各业，用于控制空气污染。在设计 HEPA 过滤器时，过滤器的压降是一个重要的性能参数，因为它是过滤器对气流的阻力。因此，找到每种配置的效果并整合过滤器的最佳设置以避免高压降是至关重要的。在此背景下，本研究旨在研究不同配置对过滤器总压降的影响，并使用商业软件 ANSYS Fluent 回顾每种配置如何相互影响。本文研究的不同滤料组配置和边界条件包括褶形状（V 形和 U 形）、褶密度（1-7 个褶/厘米）、褶高度（1 厘米、1.3 厘米）和入口速度（0.02-0.2 米/秒）对过滤器压降的影响。我们建立了一个二维几何模型，然后根据从 Lydall M3004-06 性能表中获得的数据进行了验证。验证成功后，进行了一系列参数研究，以数值方式检验改变每种配置对过滤器总压降的影响。结果表明，在入口速度为 0.02 米/秒的情况下，V 型过滤器的最佳褶密度为 3 个褶/厘米，U 型过滤器的最佳褶密度为 4 个褶/厘米，从而使总压降最小。在进气速度不变的情况下，U 形褶在褶密度较低时比 V 形褶的压降低，但在褶密度较高时压降较高。这种现象可归因于惯性阻力和粘性阻力之间的平衡。提高进气速度会增加所有褶皱高度的总压降，并降低最佳褶皱密度。这种影响在 V 形褶上不太明显。增加 U 形褶的褶高会减少压降和最佳褶密度，但会增加粘性主导区域的压降。相反，增加 V 形褶的褶高会降低所有褶数的压降，只有在高速时才会降低最佳褶密度。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012085
Yijia Liu, Siyu Qin, Changming Yang, Xiangzhao Meng, Chun Yang, Liwen Jin
With the development of the informatization technology, the scale of the data centre is expanding rapidly. The energy consumptions of the electronic equipment in the data centre are rising regularly, which lead to the thermal management becoming an argent issue to be settled. To realize the sustainable development of green data centre, the passive two-phase vapor chamber (VC) has turned into the focus of electronic cooling research. Constructing nucleation induced structures on the evaporation surface is an effective method to improve the performance of the vapor chamber. To address the problem of achieving enhanced boiling, a novel conical microstructure was designed in the vapor chamber with 50 mm height. The conical structure of 1 mm axial height was fabricated on the evaporation surface by computer numerical control (CNC) machining technology. A visualization experimental system was developed to investigate the effect of the conical microstructure on the two-phase behaviours, and the boiling heat transfer characteristics under different heating conditions (Q in = 35 W, 50 W, 65 W) in a confined vapor chamber. The high-speed camera was used to capture the bubble behaviours. Experimental results found that compared with the smooth surface, the integration of the conical structure increasing the number of bubble nucleation sites and the bubble departure frequency. The bubble growth period at stable heating stage is 162 ms shorter than initial heating stage on the evaporation surface with conical structure. The thermal resistance (R vc) of vapor chamber with conical structure is improved by 5.85% compared to the smooth one at Q in = 65 W, which indicate that the conical microstructure can enhance the boiling heat transfer performance. This study aims to provide a reference for the design of thermal management system for green data centre.
随着信息化技术的发展，数据中心的规模迅速扩大。数据中心电子设备的能耗也在不断攀升，热管理成为亟待解决的问题。为实现绿色数据中心的可持续发展，被动式两相蒸发腔（VC）已成为电子冷却研究的重点。在蒸发表面构建成核诱导结构是提高蒸发腔性能的有效方法。为了解决增强沸腾的问题，我们在高度为 50 毫米的蒸发室内设计了一种新型锥形微结构。通过计算机数控（CNC）加工技术在蒸发面上制作了轴向高度为 1 毫米的锥形结构。为了研究锥形微结构对两相行为的影响，以及在密闭蒸发室中不同加热条件（Q in = 35 W、50 W、65 W）下的沸腾传热特性，开发了一套可视化实验系统。高速摄像机用于捕捉气泡行为。实验结果发现，与光滑表面相比，锥形结构的集成增加了气泡成核点的数量和气泡离去的频率。在具有锥形结构的蒸发表面上，稳定加热阶段的气泡生长周期比初始加热阶段短 162 毫秒。在 Q in = 65 W 条件下，锥形结构蒸发室的热阻（R vc）比光滑蒸发室提高了 5.85%，这表明锥形微结构可以提高沸腾传热性能。本研究旨在为绿色数据中心的热管理系统设计提供参考。
{"title":"A visualization study of a confined vapor chamber with conical microstructure applied in data centres","authors":"Yijia Liu, Siyu Qin, Changming Yang, Xiangzhao Meng, Chun Yang, Liwen Jin","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the development of the informatization technology, the scale of the data centre is expanding rapidly. The energy consumptions of the electronic equipment in the data centre are rising regularly, which lead to the thermal management becoming an argent issue to be settled. To realize the sustainable development of green data centre, the passive two-phase vapor chamber (VC) has turned into the focus of electronic cooling research. Constructing nucleation induced structures on the evaporation surface is an effective method to improve the performance of the vapor chamber. To address the problem of achieving enhanced boiling, a novel conical microstructure was designed in the vapor chamber with 50 mm height. The conical structure of 1 mm axial height was fabricated on the evaporation surface by computer numerical control (CNC) machining technology. A visualization experimental system was developed to investigate the effect of the conical microstructure on the two-phase behaviours, and the boiling heat transfer characteristics under different heating conditions (Q\u0000 in = 35 W, 50 W, 65 W) in a confined vapor chamber. The high-speed camera was used to capture the bubble behaviours. Experimental results found that compared with the smooth surface, the integration of the conical structure increasing the number of bubble nucleation sites and the bubble departure frequency. The bubble growth period at stable heating stage is 162 ms shorter than initial heating stage on the evaporation surface with conical structure. The thermal resistance (R\u0000 vc) of vapor chamber with conical structure is improved by 5.85% compared to the smooth one at Q\u0000 in = 65 W, which indicate that the conical microstructure can enhance the boiling heat transfer performance. This study aims to provide a reference for the design of thermal management system for green data centre.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141691263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012067
Z L Tan, C. Y. Cheok
Anthocyanins is natural pigments found in many plants that not only impart colours but also have potential health benefits and used as natural colorant in food processing industries. Mangosteen rind, although rich in anthocyanins, is normally disposed of as waste after consuming the delicate pulp. Anthocyanins is stored within the membrane cell wall inside the mangosteen rind, and it is usually recovered from the rind using solvent. Hence, this study investigated potential alternative green solvents, e.g., ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in extracting anthocyanins from mangosteen rind. This study is designed in conjunction with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined by the United Nations, particularly SDG3 where good health and well-being equalities are emphasized and SDG12 in which efficient management of natural resource is addressed. Anthocyanins yield was determined using pH-differential method and result was expressed in milligram of cyanidin-3-glucoside per gram of mangosteen rind (mg cy-3-glu/g). Results showed that mangosteen rind extracted using both ionic liquids e.g., 1-ethy-3metylimidazolium bromide (EMIM) and 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium bromide (BMIM) solutions gave higher anthocyanins yields of 0.72 mg cy-3-glu/g and 0.69 mg cy-3-glu/g, respectively, in comparison to the 50% ethanol and deep eutectic solvents. This study revealed that high viscosity of deep eutectic solvent was the main factor that hindered the penetration of the solvent into the cell membrane of mangosteen rind, as a result, lower anthocyanins yields were obtained. Hence, in bioactive compounds extraction from plant materials, deep eutectic solvent incorporated with ultrasound or microwave is recommended as it could enhance the penetration of solvent into the plant’s matrix.
{"title":"Extraction of anthocyanin from mangosteen rind using ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents","authors":"Z L Tan, C. Y. Cheok","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Anthocyanins is natural pigments found in many plants that not only impart colours but also have potential health benefits and used as natural colorant in food processing industries. Mangosteen rind, although rich in anthocyanins, is normally disposed of as waste after consuming the delicate pulp. Anthocyanins is stored within the membrane cell wall inside the mangosteen rind, and it is usually recovered from the rind using solvent. Hence, this study investigated potential alternative green solvents, e.g., ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in extracting anthocyanins from mangosteen rind. This study is designed in conjunction with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined by the United Nations, particularly SDG3 where good health and well-being equalities are emphasized and SDG12 in which efficient management of natural resource is addressed. Anthocyanins yield was determined using pH-differential method and result was expressed in milligram of cyanidin-3-glucoside per gram of mangosteen rind (mg cy-3-glu/g). Results showed that mangosteen rind extracted using both ionic liquids e.g., 1-ethy-3metylimidazolium bromide (EMIM) and 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium bromide (BMIM) solutions gave higher anthocyanins yields of 0.72 mg cy-3-glu/g and 0.69 mg cy-3-glu/g, respectively, in comparison to the 50% ethanol and deep eutectic solvents. This study revealed that high viscosity of deep eutectic solvent was the main factor that hindered the penetration of the solvent into the cell membrane of mangosteen rind, as a result, lower anthocyanins yields were obtained. Hence, in bioactive compounds extraction from plant materials, deep eutectic solvent incorporated with ultrasound or microwave is recommended as it could enhance the penetration of solvent into the plant’s matrix.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012017
R. Vanaga, J. Narbuts, Z. Zundāns, J. Gušča
New buildings in the European Union must attain nearly zero-energy status, emphasizing minimal energy consumption, partly met by on-site or nearby renewable sources. However, the fluctuating nature of on-site renewables poses a challenge, necessitating effective energy storage solutions. Addressing this, the use of phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes emerges as a promising trend. PCMs efficiently store excess thermal energy during abundance and release it when renewable generation falls short, ensuring a consistent energy supply. Introducing novel building components is time-intensive, with on-site testing demanding substantial resources. Numerical studies offer an efficient alternative, making modeling tools crucial. These tools facilitate exploration of design concepts under diverse conditions, allowing iterative refinement and optimization. This paper conducts a systematic literature review evaluating five prominent software programs—COMSOL, ANSYS, MATLAB, EnergyPlus, and TRNSYS—designed for modeling heat transfer within PCMs for building applications. In closer detail paper explores the use of ANSYS for heat transfer analysis for phase change materials.
{"title":"Systematic literature review of software tools for modeling heat transfer in phase change materials for building applications","authors":"R. Vanaga, J. Narbuts, Z. Zundāns, J. Gušča","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 New buildings in the European Union must attain nearly zero-energy status, emphasizing minimal energy consumption, partly met by on-site or nearby renewable sources. However, the fluctuating nature of on-site renewables poses a challenge, necessitating effective energy storage solutions. Addressing this, the use of phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes emerges as a promising trend. PCMs efficiently store excess thermal energy during abundance and release it when renewable generation falls short, ensuring a consistent energy supply. Introducing novel building components is time-intensive, with on-site testing demanding substantial resources. Numerical studies offer an efficient alternative, making modeling tools crucial. These tools facilitate exploration of design concepts under diverse conditions, allowing iterative refinement and optimization. This paper conducts a systematic literature review evaluating five prominent software programs—COMSOL, ANSYS, MATLAB, EnergyPlus, and TRNSYS—designed for modeling heat transfer within PCMs for building applications. In closer detail paper explores the use of ANSYS for heat transfer analysis for phase change materials.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"339 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141691784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012097
Samar Das, S. K. Tamang
The thermochemical conversion of biomass into producer gas presents an attractive alternative fuel option for compression ignition (CI) engines, making biomass gasification a critical driver for achieving sustainable development goals. Considering the application of producer gas (PG) in CI engine, the most potential gases include H2 and CO as main fuel compounds and it is crucial to comprehensively understand the impact of these two gas components on the engine behaviour. Nowadays, artificial intelligence-powered models are frequently applied for simulating engines that run on a single type of fuel. However, their usage is not as common when it comes to modeling dual-fuel CI engines run on synthetic producer gas or syngas. The present study explores the feasibility of optimizing operational parameters, such as engine load and syngas composition, in improving the efficiency and lowering the levels of pollutants emitted by a 3.5 kW CI engine operated under dual fuel (DF) mode using syngas as primary fuel and diesel as pilot fuel. The performance and emission characteristics of syngas (H2:CO) is examined by studying its behaviour in four different combinations. The compositions of syngas are prepared based on the volumetric percentage of the H2 and CO and is inducted into the combustion chamber using a novel venturi-type air-gas mixer. In the present study, an intelligent metaheuristics-based optimization algorithm i.e., Teaching–Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is developed and introduced, to develop a predictive model within constrained range of engine operating conditions. Further, the algorithm is used to estimate multiple engine performance characteristics simultaneously viz., brake thermal efficiency (BTE), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). The resultant findings identify the optimal engine load of 68.87% and the ideal syngas composition of 63.9% H2 and 49.5% CO as key parameters for maximizing engine efficiency while minimizing exhaust emission. At these optimized operating condition, 19.49% BTE is observed, while HC and CO emission was found to be 384.6 ppm and 445.33 ppm respectively. This shows the effective and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
将生物质热化学转化为生产气体为压燃（CI）发动机提供了一种极具吸引力的替代燃料选择，使生物质气化成为实现可持续发展目标的关键驱动力。考虑到生产气（PG）在 CI 发动机中的应用，最有潜力的气体包括作为主要燃料化合物的 H2 和 CO，因此全面了解这两种气体成分对发动机性能的影响至关重要。目前，人工智能模型经常被用于模拟使用单一类型燃料的发动机。然而，在对使用合成生产气或合成气的双燃料 CI 发动机进行建模时，人工智能模型的应用并不普遍。本研究探讨了优化发动机负荷和合成气成分等运行参数的可行性，以提高以合成气为主要燃料、柴油为先导燃料的双燃料（DF）模式下运行的 3.5 千瓦 CI 发动机的效率并降低其污染物排放水平。通过研究合成气（H2:CO）在四种不同组合下的表现，考察了其性能和排放特性。合成气的成分是根据 H2 和 CO 的体积百分比制备的，并使用新型文丘里式空气-气体混合器将其导入燃烧室。在本研究中，开发并引入了一种基于元启发式的智能优化算法，即基于教学-学习的优化算法（TLBO），用于在受限的发动机运行条件范围内开发预测模型。此外，该算法还用于同时估算多种发动机性能特征，即制动热效率 (BTE)、未燃碳氢化合物 (HC) 和一氧化碳 (CO)。结果发现，68.87% 的最佳发动机负荷和 63.9% 的 H2 和 49.5% 的 CO 的理想合成气成分是最大化发动机效率同时最小化废气排放的关键参数。在这些优化运行条件下，BTE 为 19.49%，HC 和 CO 排放量分别为 384.6 ppm 和 445.33 ppm。这表明了所提算法的有效性和效率。
{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of a dual fuel CI engine powered with syngas and pilot diesel using TLBO algorithm: A metaheuristic approach","authors":"Samar Das, S. K. Tamang","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012097","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The thermochemical conversion of biomass into producer gas presents an attractive alternative fuel option for compression ignition (CI) engines, making biomass gasification a critical driver for achieving sustainable development goals. Considering the application of producer gas (PG) in CI engine, the most potential gases include H2 and CO as main fuel compounds and it is crucial to comprehensively understand the impact of these two gas components on the engine behaviour. Nowadays, artificial intelligence-powered models are frequently applied for simulating engines that run on a single type of fuel. However, their usage is not as common when it comes to modeling dual-fuel CI engines run on synthetic producer gas or syngas. The present study explores the feasibility of optimizing operational parameters, such as engine load and syngas composition, in improving the efficiency and lowering the levels of pollutants emitted by a 3.5 kW CI engine operated under dual fuel (DF) mode using syngas as primary fuel and diesel as pilot fuel. The performance and emission characteristics of syngas (H2:CO) is examined by studying its behaviour in four different combinations. The compositions of syngas are prepared based on the volumetric percentage of the H2 and CO and is inducted into the combustion chamber using a novel venturi-type air-gas mixer. In the present study, an intelligent metaheuristics-based optimization algorithm i.e., Teaching–Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is developed and introduced, to develop a predictive model within constrained range of engine operating conditions. Further, the algorithm is used to estimate multiple engine performance characteristics simultaneously viz., brake thermal efficiency (BTE), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). The resultant findings identify the optimal engine load of 68.87% and the ideal syngas composition of 63.9% H2 and 49.5% CO as key parameters for maximizing engine efficiency while minimizing exhaust emission. At these optimized operating condition, 19.49% BTE is observed, while HC and CO emission was found to be 384.6 ppm and 445.33 ppm respectively. This shows the effective and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"8 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012016
G. S. Wong, K. Q. Lee, M. S. Eileen Lee, H. S. Kang, K Y Wong
This study introduces a novel approach to energy harvesting through a spring-like piezoelectric harvester, termed SPEH, specifically designed for extremely low-frequency excitations. Through the integration of PVDF films and incorporating multiple thin plastic layers, the experimental setup underwent testing across various impact amplitudes and loads. Notably, the results revealed that the height of the impact significantly influenced peak voltage generation, with a remarkable 74% surge observed between a 3-inch and a 1-inch impact under a 90g load. Conversely, the impact load exhibited a comparatively lesser influence on peak voltage. The analysis of generated RMS voltage demonstrated a consistent trend, where higher impact height and load weight correlated with increased RMS voltage, emphasizing the significance of system mass. This innovative approach seeks to harness ambient vibration energy for sustainable power generation, marking a stride in advancing low-frequency piezoelectric energy harvesting systems.
{"title":"Energy stacking efficiency of a novel low-frequency spring-like piezoelectric energy harvester","authors":"G. S. Wong, K. Q. Lee, M. S. Eileen Lee, H. S. Kang, K Y Wong","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study introduces a novel approach to energy harvesting through a spring-like piezoelectric harvester, termed SPEH, specifically designed for extremely low-frequency excitations. Through the integration of PVDF films and incorporating multiple thin plastic layers, the experimental setup underwent testing across various impact amplitudes and loads. Notably, the results revealed that the height of the impact significantly influenced peak voltage generation, with a remarkable 74% surge observed between a 3-inch and a 1-inch impact under a 90g load. Conversely, the impact load exhibited a comparatively lesser influence on peak voltage. The analysis of generated RMS voltage demonstrated a consistent trend, where higher impact height and load weight correlated with increased RMS voltage, emphasizing the significance of system mass. This innovative approach seeks to harness ambient vibration energy for sustainable power generation, marking a stride in advancing low-frequency piezoelectric energy harvesting systems.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"99 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012004
G. L. Augusto, W H Chen, L. G. Gan Lim
An investigation was conducted on a three-bladed rotor similar to AVANTIS AV908. The rotor blade is appropriate for a Class I wind turbine generator and consists of three LM 43.8P blades. The 2.5 MW gearless wind turbine generator has a rated rotational speed of 16 rpm. An analysis of the LM 43.8P blade’s aerodynamics was carried out using the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) Theory to assess the turbine’s performance at different hub height wind speeds. The study employed three BEM models, including the original BEM concept without correction factors, the BEM Theory by DNV/Ris0, and the BEM Theory obtained from GH Bladed. The rotor radius is 45.1 m, and the blade comprises five different airfoils with a design tip speed ratio of 7.557. The axial and tangential induction factors, lift and drag coefficients, aerodynamic forces, and torque profiles as a function of the nondimensional rotor blade were calculated and compared with the numerical solutions obtained from the BEM models at varying upstream wind speeds. The calculation results revealed that with the original BEM concept, the axial induction factor for this particular blade became larger than 0.5 when the upstream wind speed was less than 7.45 m/s. This suggests that the Momentum Theory becomes invalid for lower wind speeds. However, the thrust force, driving force, and torque may be considerably over-predicted with hub height wind speeds larger than 9.50 m/s. It was found that out of the three models considered, the GH Bladed BEM model bears a striking resemblance with the actual power curve of AV908 with a confidence level above 95%, as indicated by a correlation coefficient of 0.99915 and a t-value of 0.51606 using Student’s t-test, implying that the two power curves have no significant difference.
对类似于 AVANTIS AV908 的三叶转子进行了调查。该转子叶片适用于 I 级风力涡轮发电机，由三个 LM 43.8P 叶片组成。2.5 兆瓦无齿轮风力涡轮发电机的额定转速为每分钟 16 转。使用叶片动量（BEM）理论对 LM 43.8P 叶片的空气动力学进行了分析，以评估涡轮机在不同轮毂高度风速下的性能。研究采用了三种 BEM 模型，包括不含修正系数的原始 BEM 概念、DNV/Ris0 的 BEM 理论以及从 GH Bladed 获得的 BEM 理论。转子半径为 45.1 米，叶片由五种不同的翼面组成，设计叶尖速度比为 7.557。计算了轴向和切向感应系数、升力和阻力系数、空气动力和扭矩剖面作为转子叶片非尺寸的函数，并与 BEM 模型在不同上游风速下的数值解进行了比较。计算结果表明，在原始 BEM 概念下，当上游风速小于 7.45 米/秒时，该叶片的轴向感应系数大于 0.5。这表明动量理论在风速较低时失效。然而，当轮毂高度风速大于 9.50 米/秒时，推力、驱动力和扭矩可能会被大大高估。研究发现，在所考虑的三个模型中，GH 叶片 BEM 模型与 AV908 的实际功率曲线极为相似，置信度在 95% 以上，相关系数为 0.99915，采用学生 t 检验的 t 值为 0.51606，这意味着两条功率曲线没有显著差异。
{"title":"Evaluation of LM 43.8P blade performance at different hub height wind speeds using blade element momentum theory","authors":"G. L. Augusto, W H Chen, L. G. Gan Lim","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An investigation was conducted on a three-bladed rotor similar to AVANTIS AV908. The rotor blade is appropriate for a Class I wind turbine generator and consists of three LM 43.8P blades. The 2.5 MW gearless wind turbine generator has a rated rotational speed of 16 rpm. An analysis of the LM 43.8P blade’s aerodynamics was carried out using the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) Theory to assess the turbine’s performance at different hub height wind speeds. The study employed three BEM models, including the original BEM concept without correction factors, the BEM Theory by DNV/Ris0, and the BEM Theory obtained from GH Bladed. The rotor radius is 45.1 m, and the blade comprises five different airfoils with a design tip speed ratio of 7.557. The axial and tangential induction factors, lift and drag coefficients, aerodynamic forces, and torque profiles as a function of the nondimensional rotor blade were calculated and compared with the numerical solutions obtained from the BEM models at varying upstream wind speeds. The calculation results revealed that with the original BEM concept, the axial induction factor for this particular blade became larger than 0.5 when the upstream wind speed was less than 7.45 m/s. This suggests that the Momentum Theory becomes invalid for lower wind speeds. However, the thrust force, driving force, and torque may be considerably over-predicted with hub height wind speeds larger than 9.50 m/s. It was found that out of the three models considered, the GH Bladed BEM model bears a striking resemblance with the actual power curve of AV908 with a confidence level above 95%, as indicated by a correlation coefficient of 0.99915 and a t-value of 0.51606 using Student’s t-test, implying that the two power curves have no significant difference.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"23 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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