Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012104
Y. N. Yusoff, N. Shaari, M A Mohamed, K. S. Loh, S. K. Kamarudin
Nafion is a commercial polymer membrane that is commonly used in fuel cell systems, despite its major limitations such as high fuel crossover and high manufacture cost. The production of sodium alginate (SA) blended membrane with crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde) and plasticizer (glycerol) is one of several current efforts to discover an alternative membrane with improved proton conductivity and mechanical properties. In this study, SA biomembranes were prepared using solution casting method and dried at a certain temperature. Then, the prepared membranes were immersed with 5% glycerol in different concentrations of glutaraldehyde. The cross-linked biomembranes underwent various tests such as liquid uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity and mechanical stability. The best membrane achieved the highest proton conductivity with a value of 8.28 mS cm-1 and mechanical stability with a value of 218.00 MPa. Glutaraldehyde made a positive modification and had a beneficial impact on the characteristics of SA. The incorporation of glutaraldehyde and glycerol within the biopolymer notably improved the otherwise lacking mechanical properties of SA.
Nafion 是一种商用聚合物膜，尽管存在燃料交叉率高和制造成本高等主要局限性，但仍被普遍用于燃料电池系统。海藻酸钠（SA）与交联剂（戊二醛）和增塑剂（甘油）的混合膜的生产是目前发现具有更好质子传导性和机械性能的替代膜的几项努力之一。本研究采用溶液浇铸法制备 SA 生物膜，并在一定温度下干燥。然后，将制备好的膜浸入 5%的甘油和不同浓度的戊二醛中。对交联生物膜进行了各种测试，如液体吸收率、膨胀率、离子交换能力、质子传导性和机械稳定性。最佳膜的质子电导率最高，达到 8.28 mS cm-1，机械稳定性最高，达到 218.00 MPa。戊二醛对 SA 具有积极的改性作用，并对其特性产生了有益的影响。在生物聚合物中加入戊二醛和甘油显著改善了 SA 缺乏的机械性能。
{"title":"Enhanced proton conductivity and mechanical stability of crosslinked sodium alginate as a biopolymer electrolyte membrane in fuel cell application","authors":"Y. N. Yusoff, N. Shaari, M A Mohamed, K. S. Loh, S. K. Kamarudin","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Nafion is a commercial polymer membrane that is commonly used in fuel cell systems, despite its major limitations such as high fuel crossover and high manufacture cost. The production of sodium alginate (SA) blended membrane with crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde) and plasticizer (glycerol) is one of several current efforts to discover an alternative membrane with improved proton conductivity and mechanical properties. In this study, SA biomembranes were prepared using solution casting method and dried at a certain temperature. Then, the prepared membranes were immersed with 5% glycerol in different concentrations of glutaraldehyde. The cross-linked biomembranes underwent various tests such as liquid uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity and mechanical stability. The best membrane achieved the highest proton conductivity with a value of 8.28 mS cm-1 and mechanical stability with a value of 218.00 MPa. Glutaraldehyde made a positive modification and had a beneficial impact on the characteristics of SA. The incorporation of glutaraldehyde and glycerol within the biopolymer notably improved the otherwise lacking mechanical properties of SA.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"577 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012057
Nur Zaqira Izzati Sukhairul Zaman, A. R. Abbas, M. F. Zainal, A. Quek, Wan Nur Syuhada Wan Ata, M. F. K. Mohd Yapandi, Z. F. Ibrahim
Empty fruit bunches (EFB) constitute a significant residual byproduct of the palm oil mill industry in Malaysia, representing approximately 22% of the weight of every fresh fruit bunch. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with electricity generation utilizing EFB as a primary fuel through a cradle – to – grave life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The system boundary encompasses the power plant construction, fuel preparation, electricity generation and all transportation activities throughout its life cycle. The EFBs are sourced from seven palm mills situated within a 50-kilometer radius of the plant. SimaPro 9.4.02 software integrated with Ecoinvent 3.8 database was employed to quantify the magnitudes of significant environmental indicators, such as global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP), based on a functional unit of 1 kWh of electricity produced. The emission rate for the biomass plant stands at – 5.31 kgCO2eq/kWh, signifying a net carbon sink. The electricity generation process accounts for a substantial 96.48% of the total CO2eq/kWh emissions, thus bearing the greatest environmental burden. The construction phase of the biomass plant contributes approximately 3.06% of the total emissions, while the EFB transportation to the power plant represents a minor 0.19% of the overall emissions. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the plant’s efficiency across fiscal years 2018 to 2021 and its corresponding global warming impacts. In 2021, the plant’s operations resulted in the most significant carbon avoidance, given the combustion of a high volume of EFB (188 kilotons) to produce 49.3GWh of electricity. The findings from this study serve as a valuable benchmark for evaluating emissions in the context of the empty fruit bunch-based plant in Peninsular Malaysia, hence offering profound insights into the environmental sustainability of the palm oil industry.
{"title":"Assessing the Environmental Impact of Empty Fruit Bunches for Electricity Generation in Malaysia: A Life Cycle Perspective","authors":"Nur Zaqira Izzati Sukhairul Zaman, A. R. Abbas, M. F. Zainal, A. Quek, Wan Nur Syuhada Wan Ata, M. F. K. Mohd Yapandi, Z. F. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Empty fruit bunches (EFB) constitute a significant residual byproduct of the palm oil mill industry in Malaysia, representing approximately 22% of the weight of every fresh fruit bunch. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with electricity generation utilizing EFB as a primary fuel through a cradle – to – grave life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The system boundary encompasses the power plant construction, fuel preparation, electricity generation and all transportation activities throughout its life cycle. The EFBs are sourced from seven palm mills situated within a 50-kilometer radius of the plant. SimaPro 9.4.02 software integrated with Ecoinvent 3.8 database was employed to quantify the magnitudes of significant environmental indicators, such as global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP), based on a functional unit of 1 kWh of electricity produced. The emission rate for the biomass plant stands at – 5.31 kgCO2eq/kWh, signifying a net carbon sink. The electricity generation process accounts for a substantial 96.48% of the total CO2eq/kWh emissions, thus bearing the greatest environmental burden. The construction phase of the biomass plant contributes approximately 3.06% of the total emissions, while the EFB transportation to the power plant represents a minor 0.19% of the overall emissions. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the plant’s efficiency across fiscal years 2018 to 2021 and its corresponding global warming impacts. In 2021, the plant’s operations resulted in the most significant carbon avoidance, given the combustion of a high volume of EFB (188 kilotons) to produce 49.3GWh of electricity. The findings from this study serve as a valuable benchmark for evaluating emissions in the context of the empty fruit bunch-based plant in Peninsular Malaysia, hence offering profound insights into the environmental sustainability of the palm oil industry.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141694145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012035
M. Y. Ong, N. L. Azmi, S. Nomanbhay
An environmentally friendly method of producing bio-oil through the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae has emerged, providing a path toward renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Algae is currently received a lot of interest as biomass feedstock due to its long growing season in warm climate area, does not require arable land, and relatively rapid growing rate. This study aims to optimize the HTL process of macroalgae (Caulerpa lentillifera) for bio-oil production, focusing on optimizing the bio-oil yield based on three parameters (operating temperature, the loading size of catalyst sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and algae-to-water ratio) using Box Behnken Design (also generally known as Response Surface Methodology). The results showed that an ideal reaction temperature of 277 °C, a 1:10 algae-to-water ratio, and 0.88 wt% catalyst loading led to an optimal experimental bio-oil yield of 11.65 wt%. Sensitivity study also revealed that the temperature is the second most important component, after the algae-to-water ratio. The difference in the catalyst loading showed low impact on the HTL of algae. Slight improvement to the bio-oil yield under the presence of NaOH is mainly due to the alkali environment provided by NaOH. The FTIR spectrum revealed the existence of various functional groups in the bio-oil. In summary, HTL has been effective in turning Caulerpa lentillifera into useful bio-oil. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on algae-based bio-oil production. The results highlighted the potential of HTL as a promising technology for sustainable biofuel production, offering a pathway towards a greener and more energy-efficient future.
{"title":"Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction","authors":"M. Y. Ong, N. L. Azmi, S. Nomanbhay","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An environmentally friendly method of producing bio-oil through the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae has emerged, providing a path toward renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Algae is currently received a lot of interest as biomass feedstock due to its long growing season in warm climate area, does not require arable land, and relatively rapid growing rate. This study aims to optimize the HTL process of macroalgae (Caulerpa lentillifera) for bio-oil production, focusing on optimizing the bio-oil yield based on three parameters (operating temperature, the loading size of catalyst sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and algae-to-water ratio) using Box Behnken Design (also generally known as Response Surface Methodology). The results showed that an ideal reaction temperature of 277 °C, a 1:10 algae-to-water ratio, and 0.88 wt% catalyst loading led to an optimal experimental bio-oil yield of 11.65 wt%. Sensitivity study also revealed that the temperature is the second most important component, after the algae-to-water ratio. The difference in the catalyst loading showed low impact on the HTL of algae. Slight improvement to the bio-oil yield under the presence of NaOH is mainly due to the alkali environment provided by NaOH. The FTIR spectrum revealed the existence of various functional groups in the bio-oil. In summary, HTL has been effective in turning Caulerpa lentillifera into useful bio-oil. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on algae-based bio-oil production. The results highlighted the potential of HTL as a promising technology for sustainable biofuel production, offering a pathway towards a greener and more energy-efficient future.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"2008 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141707115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012020
S S Du, Y Cui, Q H Sun, Y. Deng, X W Zhang
The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has gained widespread popularity for its provision of efficient and environmentally sustainable cooling and heating solutions for buildings. While the performance of GSHP systems has raised significant concerns, research predominantly focuses on residential and office buildings, leaving a gap in understanding their applicability in industrial settings with constant temperature and humidity air conditioning needs. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating the performance of a hybrid ground source heat pump (HGSHP) system implemented within a cigarette factory located in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) of China. Through a comprehensive analysis of operational data and long-term monitoring under three cooling conditions, essential parameters including water temperature characteristics, indoor temperature and humidity, system efficiency, power consumption, and soil temperature distribution were examined. The findings revealed that the weighted average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pumps (COPhp) and the whole system (COPsys) was decreased from 5.05 to 4.32 and 3.32 to 2.89, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between low cooling load high energy consumption, and low COP. The inlet temperature of the condenser exhibited a declining trend, which was attributed to the intermittent operation of condensation heat recovery. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of indoor temperature and humidity distribution within the controlled room was presented and found that almost all the rooms serviced by this system meet the specified design requirements. This research contributes to an enhanced understanding of the viability of HGSHP systems in industrial settings and provides valuable references for improving their energy efficiency and overall performance.
{"title":"Performance analysis of ground source heat pump systems for constant temperature and humidity air conditioning in industrial buildings: a case study","authors":"S S Du, Y Cui, Q H Sun, Y. Deng, X W Zhang","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has gained widespread popularity for its provision of efficient and environmentally sustainable cooling and heating solutions for buildings. While the performance of GSHP systems has raised significant concerns, research predominantly focuses on residential and office buildings, leaving a gap in understanding their applicability in industrial settings with constant temperature and humidity air conditioning needs. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating the performance of a hybrid ground source heat pump (HGSHP) system implemented within a cigarette factory located in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) of China. Through a comprehensive analysis of operational data and long-term monitoring under three cooling conditions, essential parameters including water temperature characteristics, indoor temperature and humidity, system efficiency, power consumption, and soil temperature distribution were examined. The findings revealed that the weighted average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pumps (COPhp) and the whole system (COPsys) was decreased from 5.05 to 4.32 and 3.32 to 2.89, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between low cooling load high energy consumption, and low COP. The inlet temperature of the condenser exhibited a declining trend, which was attributed to the intermittent operation of condensation heat recovery. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of indoor temperature and humidity distribution within the controlled room was presented and found that almost all the rooms serviced by this system meet the specified design requirements. This research contributes to an enhanced understanding of the viability of HGSHP systems in industrial settings and provides valuable references for improving their energy efficiency and overall performance.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"96 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012011
Fabian Sarmiento-Ortiz, Blanca Topón-Visarrea, Christian Iza, Joel Morales, Vecquer León
Manual handling of loads in work environments poses significant ergonomic risks, leading to musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. To address this, mechanical solutions are essential to optimize processes and ensure employees’ health and well-being. In this study utilized four methodologies: the Ergonomic Checklist, NIOSH Equation, Snook and Cirello Tables, and the INSHT Technical Guide. These tools evaluated the physical load and risks of manual lifting. Concurrently, a load lifter was developed, utilizing a tractor system powered by an electric motor and a chain hoist, all automated by a PLC. The evaluations highlighted the high risks of manual load handling. After implementation it reduced unacceptable risk to acceptable as well as the distance workers needed to manually move loads was reduced from 8 meters to 2 meters with the automatic lift, a 75% decrease and increasing process efficiency. The designed hoist has a 500 kg capacity, streamlining the product reception and storage process. The introduction of the freight elevator, as an ergonomic solution, is pivotal in reducing workplace risks and enhancing safety and efficiency. This research underscores the need to embrace advanced technologies to tackle ergonomic issues in work settings.
{"title":"Design of a load elevator as a measure to reduce ergonomic risks","authors":"Fabian Sarmiento-Ortiz, Blanca Topón-Visarrea, Christian Iza, Joel Morales, Vecquer León","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Manual handling of loads in work environments poses significant ergonomic risks, leading to musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. To address this, mechanical solutions are essential to optimize processes and ensure employees’ health and well-being. In this study utilized four methodologies: the Ergonomic Checklist, NIOSH Equation, Snook and Cirello Tables, and the INSHT Technical Guide. These tools evaluated the physical load and risks of manual lifting. Concurrently, a load lifter was developed, utilizing a tractor system powered by an electric motor and a chain hoist, all automated by a PLC. The evaluations highlighted the high risks of manual load handling. After implementation it reduced unacceptable risk to acceptable as well as the distance workers needed to manually move loads was reduced from 8 meters to 2 meters with the automatic lift, a 75% decrease and increasing process efficiency. The designed hoist has a 500 kg capacity, streamlining the product reception and storage process. The introduction of the freight elevator, as an ergonomic solution, is pivotal in reducing workplace risks and enhancing safety and efficiency. This research underscores the need to embrace advanced technologies to tackle ergonomic issues in work settings.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"62 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141710217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012049
P. Barman, B Singh
The rapid development in the economy has led to a growing need for electricity and automobiles, leading to the production of large quantities of fly ash (FA) and discarded tires. The safe disposal of these materials has become a significant problem. FA and scrap tyre derived material has some useful properties which can be beneficially used for enhancing the engineering properties of soil. Therefore, the study investigates the combined impact of FA and scrap tire-derived material on the stress-strain-strength behaviour of a fine-grained residual lateritic soil, incorporating a cementing agent. The research involves compaction tests followed by triaxial compression tests, where FA content added at an increment of 15% starting from 20% by weight of soil. The maximum FA content used in the mix is 50% by weight of soil. Tyre crumb (TC) which is a scrap tire-derived material, is also included in the study, with TC content ranging from 5% to 10% by weight. Additionally, 2% by weight of cement is added to each soil mix as a binding agent. Specimens are compacted in accordance with specific compaction parameters and subsequently cured for duration of up to 28 days. Strength tests are then carried out on those specimens to analyse their strength behaviour. This research primarily examines the shear strength characteristics of soil blended with FA, cement, and TC, emphasizing their geotechnical performance. Addition of 5% TC increases the peak deviator stress of cemented mix having 50% FA content from 1351 kPa to 2710 kPa at 300 kPa confining pressure and 28 days curing period. The inclusion of TC to soil-FA-cement blends is noted to significantly enhance shear strength when compared to mixes without tire crumb. Also, the stress-strain behaviour of soil is significantly influenced by addition of FA and cement in the presence of TC. Therefore, there is an ample scope of utilization of soil-fly ash-cement-TC mixes in geotechnical applications.
{"title":"Strength behaviour of soil blended with two waste materials-fly ash and tire crumbs with cement","authors":"P. Barman, B Singh","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rapid development in the economy has led to a growing need for electricity and automobiles, leading to the production of large quantities of fly ash (FA) and discarded tires. The safe disposal of these materials has become a significant problem. FA and scrap tyre derived material has some useful properties which can be beneficially used for enhancing the engineering properties of soil. Therefore, the study investigates the combined impact of FA and scrap tire-derived material on the stress-strain-strength behaviour of a fine-grained residual lateritic soil, incorporating a cementing agent. The research involves compaction tests followed by triaxial compression tests, where FA content added at an increment of 15% starting from 20% by weight of soil. The maximum FA content used in the mix is 50% by weight of soil. Tyre crumb (TC) which is a scrap tire-derived material, is also included in the study, with TC content ranging from 5% to 10% by weight. Additionally, 2% by weight of cement is added to each soil mix as a binding agent. Specimens are compacted in accordance with specific compaction parameters and subsequently cured for duration of up to 28 days. Strength tests are then carried out on those specimens to analyse their strength behaviour. This research primarily examines the shear strength characteristics of soil blended with FA, cement, and TC, emphasizing their geotechnical performance. Addition of 5% TC increases the peak deviator stress of cemented mix having 50% FA content from 1351 kPa to 2710 kPa at 300 kPa confining pressure and 28 days curing period. The inclusion of TC to soil-FA-cement blends is noted to significantly enhance shear strength when compared to mixes without tire crumb. Also, the stress-strain behaviour of soil is significantly influenced by addition of FA and cement in the presence of TC. Therefore, there is an ample scope of utilization of soil-fly ash-cement-TC mixes in geotechnical applications.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"81 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012046
J. Milano, S. K. Tiong, A. S. Silitonga, S. R. Chia, M. Y. Ong, F. Kusumo, A. Sebayang, T. Yusof, M. A. Kalam
The continuous expending of the economy and population in modern society has caused an increase in energy usage. Currently, fossil fuels and renewable energy are used to generate energy, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. A significant effort has been made globally to address the issue of rising emissions by boosting the usage of renewable energy. In comparison to fossil fuels, biodiesel has many benefits, including the ability to be produced from a wide range of feedstocks, the ability to be renewable, and the reduction of atmospheric pollution emissions. Besides, advanced technologies can help the biodiesel sector meet the energy demand while producing high-quality biodiesel. The Ceiba pentandra was used for biodiesel production using ultrasound-infrared applications in the present research work. The study aims to produce biodiesel for a better conversion rate and improve fuel properties. Comparisons were conducted using a combination of infrared ultrasound versus ultrasound irradiation. The results show that ultrasound produced the highest yield of 98.76% when the conditions were as follows: methanol/oil ratio: 60%, KOH: 1%, reaction time: 50 minutes. Yet, the addition of infrared on ultrasound has also produced a high conversion yield in a shorter time than ultrasound. A 98.42% biodiesel yield option when using infrared-ultrasound irradiation with conditions as follows: methanol/oil ratio: 60%, KOH: 1%, reaction time: 30 minutes. As both applications were examined, the ultrasound-infrared application was preferable in saving time and energy constraints for biodiesel production. The fuel properties were found to be equivalent to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards.
{"title":"Synthesis of Ceiba pentandra biodiesel using ultrasound and infrared radiation: Comparison and fuel characterisation.","authors":"J. Milano, S. K. Tiong, A. S. Silitonga, S. R. Chia, M. Y. Ong, F. Kusumo, A. Sebayang, T. Yusof, M. A. Kalam","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The continuous expending of the economy and population in modern society has caused an increase in energy usage. Currently, fossil fuels and renewable energy are used to generate energy, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. A significant effort has been made globally to address the issue of rising emissions by boosting the usage of renewable energy. In comparison to fossil fuels, biodiesel has many benefits, including the ability to be produced from a wide range of feedstocks, the ability to be renewable, and the reduction of atmospheric pollution emissions. Besides, advanced technologies can help the biodiesel sector meet the energy demand while producing high-quality biodiesel. The Ceiba pentandra was used for biodiesel production using ultrasound-infrared applications in the present research work. The study aims to produce biodiesel for a better conversion rate and improve fuel properties. Comparisons were conducted using a combination of infrared ultrasound versus ultrasound irradiation. The results show that ultrasound produced the highest yield of 98.76% when the conditions were as follows: methanol/oil ratio: 60%, KOH: 1%, reaction time: 50 minutes. Yet, the addition of infrared on ultrasound has also produced a high conversion yield in a shorter time than ultrasound. A 98.42% biodiesel yield option when using infrared-ultrasound irradiation with conditions as follows: methanol/oil ratio: 60%, KOH: 1%, reaction time: 30 minutes. As both applications were examined, the ultrasound-infrared application was preferable in saving time and energy constraints for biodiesel production. The fuel properties were found to be equivalent to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"40 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141712195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012058
P. Sriphirom, B. Rossopa
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management is being promoted to replace continuous flooding (CF) water regime in rice cultivation for agricultural countries, including Thailand, to achieve the net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cope with drought. However, its adoption in different areas yielding variable results that requires the careful approaches to prevent negative impacts on rice yield, particularly the aroma of fragrant rice, along with mitigating GHG emissions, mainly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This study aims to assess the impacts of AWD on CH4 and N2O emissions, productivity, water use, and soil characteristics of fragrant rice cultivation in Thailand. Khao Dawk Mali (KDML) 105 cultivar was cultivated in the wet season and Pathum Thani (PTT) 1 cultivar was planted in the dry season under CF and AWD at different dry levels of 10 cm (AWD10), 15 cm (AWD15), and 20 cm (AWD20) below the soil surface. The emissions of GHG and water use were measured throughout the study period using closed-chamber technique and water meter equipment, respectively. Rice yields and soil properties were analyzed after crop harvesting. The results showed that rice cultivation under AWD in both wet and dry seasons reduced CH4 emissions (18.4%–27.6%) but stimulated N2O emissions (11.8%–15.0%). However, its global warming potential (GWP) was lower than CF, lowered by an average of 17.7%, 26.8%, and 25.5% under the AWD10, AWD15, and AWD20, respectively. Relative to CF, unsuccessful AWD in the wet season did not change rice yield quantity and aroma (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: 2AP) of KDML 105. Conversely, successful AWD10 and AWD15 in the dry season promoted rice grain yield and 2AP (0.27–0.33 ppm) of PTT1, while AWD20 did not alter rice yield amount but increased rice aroma (0.47 ppm). AWD can save irrigation water in the range of 12.8%–23.0% and 15.5%–18.7% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. AWD water regime did not importantly change the soil characteristics after crop harvest. This study concludes that AWD, especially AWD15 and AWD20, has the potential to reduce GHG emissions without affecting the quantity and quality of rice yield, along with saving water.
{"title":"Greenhouse gas mitigation and yield production of Thai fragrant rice cultivation under alternate wetting and drying water management","authors":"P. Sriphirom, B. Rossopa","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012058","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management is being promoted to replace continuous flooding (CF) water regime in rice cultivation for agricultural countries, including Thailand, to achieve the net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cope with drought. However, its adoption in different areas yielding variable results that requires the careful approaches to prevent negative impacts on rice yield, particularly the aroma of fragrant rice, along with mitigating GHG emissions, mainly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This study aims to assess the impacts of AWD on CH4 and N2O emissions, productivity, water use, and soil characteristics of fragrant rice cultivation in Thailand. Khao Dawk Mali (KDML) 105 cultivar was cultivated in the wet season and Pathum Thani (PTT) 1 cultivar was planted in the dry season under CF and AWD at different dry levels of 10 cm (AWD10), 15 cm (AWD15), and 20 cm (AWD20) below the soil surface. The emissions of GHG and water use were measured throughout the study period using closed-chamber technique and water meter equipment, respectively. Rice yields and soil properties were analyzed after crop harvesting. The results showed that rice cultivation under AWD in both wet and dry seasons reduced CH4 emissions (18.4%–27.6%) but stimulated N2O emissions (11.8%–15.0%). However, its global warming potential (GWP) was lower than CF, lowered by an average of 17.7%, 26.8%, and 25.5% under the AWD10, AWD15, and AWD20, respectively. Relative to CF, unsuccessful AWD in the wet season did not change rice yield quantity and aroma (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: 2AP) of KDML 105. Conversely, successful AWD10 and AWD15 in the dry season promoted rice grain yield and 2AP (0.27–0.33 ppm) of PTT1, while AWD20 did not alter rice yield amount but increased rice aroma (0.47 ppm). AWD can save irrigation water in the range of 12.8%–23.0% and 15.5%–18.7% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. AWD water regime did not importantly change the soil characteristics after crop harvest. This study concludes that AWD, especially AWD15 and AWD20, has the potential to reduce GHG emissions without affecting the quantity and quality of rice yield, along with saving water.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141715957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012087
P. Hazarika, Shyam, A. Gaur
Effective utilization of solar energy reduces the dependence on fossil fuel usage along with achieving the objective of carbon neutrality. The current work aims to numerically assess the performance of a facade based semi-transparent BIPVT system while considering four different weather conditions in a month for the climate of Srinagar, India. In the proposed configuration, the BiSPVT facade serves the dual purpose of generating electrical power gain and providing pre-heated air for space heating. PV module surface was cooled by flowing air through the air channel. Movement of air through the cavity takes away the heat from the PV module back surface reducing the temperature of the solar cells resulting in enhanced module efficiency. System performance has been evaluated in terms of obtained energy and exergy using a 1-D numerical model developed in MATLAB. The Exergy analysis presented shows an informative means of estimating system functioning based on qualitative aspect of useful energy gained. For a mild cold weather condition of Srinagar, with minimum ambient temperature dropping to 1.2 °C, useful daily exergy gain of 0.0545 kWh/m2 has been achieved signifying the increase of space heating during winters of cold climatic regions. Maximum temperature difference between room and ambient was obtained as 9.76 °C using the BiSPVT façade. Results shows that the proposed BiSPVT system was able to produce monthly electrical and thermal exergy gain of 12.56 kWh/m2 and 16.81 kWh/m2 respectively. Exergy efficiency of the system was determined in the range of 18.2%-19%. Further, environmental assessment of the PV façade system based on CO2 emission gave an estimated amount of 0.387-ton CO2 emission reduction for the month of November leading to environmental cost reduction of 5.615$/month.
{"title":"Exergy assessment of a semi-transparent building integrated photovoltaic facade for mild weather conditions of Srinagar","authors":"P. Hazarika, Shyam, A. Gaur","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Effective utilization of solar energy reduces the dependence on fossil fuel usage along with achieving the objective of carbon neutrality. The current work aims to numerically assess the performance of a facade based semi-transparent BIPVT system while considering four different weather conditions in a month for the climate of Srinagar, India. In the proposed configuration, the BiSPVT facade serves the dual purpose of generating electrical power gain and providing pre-heated air for space heating. PV module surface was cooled by flowing air through the air channel. Movement of air through the cavity takes away the heat from the PV module back surface reducing the temperature of the solar cells resulting in enhanced module efficiency. System performance has been evaluated in terms of obtained energy and exergy using a 1-D numerical model developed in MATLAB. The Exergy analysis presented shows an informative means of estimating system functioning based on qualitative aspect of useful energy gained. For a mild cold weather condition of Srinagar, with minimum ambient temperature dropping to 1.2 °C, useful daily exergy gain of 0.0545 kWh/m2 has been achieved signifying the increase of space heating during winters of cold climatic regions. Maximum temperature difference between room and ambient was obtained as 9.76 °C using the BiSPVT façade. Results shows that the proposed BiSPVT system was able to produce monthly electrical and thermal exergy gain of 12.56 kWh/m2 and 16.81 kWh/m2 respectively. Exergy efficiency of the system was determined in the range of 18.2%-19%. Further, environmental assessment of the PV façade system based on CO2 emission gave an estimated amount of 0.387-ton CO2 emission reduction for the month of November leading to environmental cost reduction of 5.615$/month.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141705000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012079
L Fan, W. B. Wei, L. L. Pang
The current situation of self-built houses by villagers is prevalent in rural areas, where many villagers construct their own residential dwellings based on their personal needs and economic circumstances. These self-built houses are typically constructed using basic materials and traditional building techniques, often without adherence to strict building regulations and standards. As a result of the lack of professional knowledge and technical guidance, the structural integrity and safety of these houses are often compromised. In addition, the lack of firefighting facilities and fire prevention measures further increase the risk of fire accidents. This situation contributes to a higher incidence of fires in rural areas, posing a significant threat to the lives and assets of villagers. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the current state of self-built houses by villagers. Strengthening fire safety awareness and implementing robust fire prevention measures are vital in this regard. This paper aims to summarize the challenges involved in fire protection design for renovating rural buildings. Additionally, it proposes fire protection design principles specifically for the commercial transformation of self-built houses by villagers. By analyzing real-world engineering cases, this study puts forth specific fire protection measures concerning fire rescue, fire control zones (groups), evacuation design, and fire systems. To ensure the fire safety of these buildings, special fire protection design methods are employed. The effectiveness of the proposed fire protection measures are validated through the use of FDS fire and smoke numerical simulation analysis software and Pathfinder evacuation simulation software, ensuring the fire safety of the buildings. The results show that the available safe evacuation time that can be provided by this scenario is 1200 s as calculated by the FDS simulation, and the necessary safe evacuation time is less than the available safe evacuation time in case of a fire on the first floor of this building, and the safe evacuation of the people can be guaranteed. This study can provide a valuable resource for architects, engineers, and decision makers to implement effective fire protection measures during commercial remodeling of village-owned houses.
{"title":"Analysis of fire protection design strategies for commercial renovation of villagers’ self-built houses","authors":"L Fan, W. B. Wei, L. L. Pang","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012079","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current situation of self-built houses by villagers is prevalent in rural areas, where many villagers construct their own residential dwellings based on their personal needs and economic circumstances. These self-built houses are typically constructed using basic materials and traditional building techniques, often without adherence to strict building regulations and standards. As a result of the lack of professional knowledge and technical guidance, the structural integrity and safety of these houses are often compromised. In addition, the lack of firefighting facilities and fire prevention measures further increase the risk of fire accidents. This situation contributes to a higher incidence of fires in rural areas, posing a significant threat to the lives and assets of villagers. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the current state of self-built houses by villagers. Strengthening fire safety awareness and implementing robust fire prevention measures are vital in this regard. This paper aims to summarize the challenges involved in fire protection design for renovating rural buildings. Additionally, it proposes fire protection design principles specifically for the commercial transformation of self-built houses by villagers. By analyzing real-world engineering cases, this study puts forth specific fire protection measures concerning fire rescue, fire control zones (groups), evacuation design, and fire systems. To ensure the fire safety of these buildings, special fire protection design methods are employed. The effectiveness of the proposed fire protection measures are validated through the use of FDS fire and smoke numerical simulation analysis software and Pathfinder evacuation simulation software, ensuring the fire safety of the buildings. The results show that the available safe evacuation time that can be provided by this scenario is 1200 s as calculated by the FDS simulation, and the necessary safe evacuation time is less than the available safe evacuation time in case of a fire on the first floor of this building, and the safe evacuation of the people can be guaranteed. This study can provide a valuable resource for architects, engineers, and decision makers to implement effective fire protection measures during commercial remodeling of village-owned houses.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141709231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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