Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012050
C. Y. Shi, X W Hu, S M Dong, X Y Fu, T. Liu, M S Jin
Offshore wind power converter stations produce massive low-temperature waste heat, which can hardly be used constrained by their offshore location. Therefore, the recovery of the waste heat has been raising widespread concern. Meanwhile, a large amount of fresh water is needed for its cooling system. So, a novel system combining high temperature heat pump and a mechanical vapor recompression system (HP-MVR) was proposed, and sensitivity analysis was performed to optimize it. The heat pump was used to absorb the waste heat and to produce high temperature water. The mechanical vapor recompression system was adopted to produce fresh water and to recover the condensation heat from the steam. In order to determine the impact parameters on the two crucial performance indicators of freshwater production and unit energy consumption, this article introduces a sensitivity analysis method, focusing on analyzing the sensitivity of the three operating parameters of heat pump condensation temperature, saturated water vapor inlet temperature entering the compressor, and freshwater condensation temperature to these two performance indicators. The results show that the sensitivity coefficients of heat pump condensation temperature, saturated water vapor inlet temperature entering the compressor, and freshwater condensation temperature are 1.13, -0.26, and 1.56. So, the freshwater condensation temperature has the most significant effect on freshwater output. Their sensitivity coefficients to unit energy consumption are 1.02, 1.41, and -0.64. The saturated water vapor inlet temperature entering the compressor has the most significant impact on the required power consumption per unit of freshwater. It will give some guidance for the application of low-temperature waste heat in seawater desalination and the reduction of operating costs.
{"title":"Sensitivity analysis on heat pump - mechanical vapor recompression desalination system by recovering waste heat of offshore power converter station","authors":"C. Y. Shi, X W Hu, S M Dong, X Y Fu, T. Liu, M S Jin","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Offshore wind power converter stations produce massive low-temperature waste heat, which can hardly be used constrained by their offshore location. Therefore, the recovery of the waste heat has been raising widespread concern. Meanwhile, a large amount of fresh water is needed for its cooling system. So, a novel system combining high temperature heat pump and a mechanical vapor recompression system (HP-MVR) was proposed, and sensitivity analysis was performed to optimize it. The heat pump was used to absorb the waste heat and to produce high temperature water. The mechanical vapor recompression system was adopted to produce fresh water and to recover the condensation heat from the steam. In order to determine the impact parameters on the two crucial performance indicators of freshwater production and unit energy consumption, this article introduces a sensitivity analysis method, focusing on analyzing the sensitivity of the three operating parameters of heat pump condensation temperature, saturated water vapor inlet temperature entering the compressor, and freshwater condensation temperature to these two performance indicators. The results show that the sensitivity coefficients of heat pump condensation temperature, saturated water vapor inlet temperature entering the compressor, and freshwater condensation temperature are 1.13, -0.26, and 1.56. So, the freshwater condensation temperature has the most significant effect on freshwater output. Their sensitivity coefficients to unit energy consumption are 1.02, 1.41, and -0.64. The saturated water vapor inlet temperature entering the compressor has the most significant impact on the required power consumption per unit of freshwater. It will give some guidance for the application of low-temperature waste heat in seawater desalination and the reduction of operating costs.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141706545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012041
S. Shukri, D. M. Jayasena
The effective practice of waste separation at the source is crucial for achieving sustainable development and promoting the reduce, reuse, and recycle concept. This practice should be adopted by both households and business organisations. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the intention of waste separation at the household level in Sri Lanka. For this purpose, a random selection of 388 households representing the entire country was undertaken. Independent variables, including attitude, perceived cost benefits, moral norms, inconvenience, and rules and regulations, were examined in relation to their impact on the dependent variable, which was the intention of waste separation. A 5-point Likert scale questiommaire was utilised to assess each of these variables. The methodology employed in this study included principal component analysis, factor analysis, and Structural Equation Model (SEM) to establish the underlying model. The results of the analysis revealed the significance of attitude, perceived cost benefits, and moral norms at a 5% significance level. Interestingly, although inconvenience exhibited a negative influence on intention, its significance was not established. Furthermore, while existing literature commonly attributed local government rules and regulations as a significant factor, the model indicated a positive and insignificant relationship. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of positive attitudes, perceived benefits in terms of cost, and adherence to moral norms in fostering the intention for waste separation. Despite the negative impact of inconvenience not reaching statistical significance, it remains a noteworthy consideration. Additionally, the unexpected positive and insignificant relationship with local government rules and regulations prompts further exploration.
{"title":"Waste separation intention of households in Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Shukri, D. M. Jayasena","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The effective practice of waste separation at the source is crucial for achieving sustainable development and promoting the reduce, reuse, and recycle concept. This practice should be adopted by both households and business organisations. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the intention of waste separation at the household level in Sri Lanka. For this purpose, a random selection of 388 households representing the entire country was undertaken. Independent variables, including attitude, perceived cost benefits, moral norms, inconvenience, and rules and regulations, were examined in relation to their impact on the dependent variable, which was the intention of waste separation. A 5-point Likert scale questiommaire was utilised to assess each of these variables. The methodology employed in this study included principal component analysis, factor analysis, and Structural Equation Model (SEM) to establish the underlying model. The results of the analysis revealed the significance of attitude, perceived cost benefits, and moral norms at a 5% significance level. Interestingly, although inconvenience exhibited a negative influence on intention, its significance was not established. Furthermore, while existing literature commonly attributed local government rules and regulations as a significant factor, the model indicated a positive and insignificant relationship. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of positive attitudes, perceived benefits in terms of cost, and adherence to moral norms in fostering the intention for waste separation. Despite the negative impact of inconvenience not reaching statistical significance, it remains a noteworthy consideration. Additionally, the unexpected positive and insignificant relationship with local government rules and regulations prompts further exploration.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141705117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012103
N.F. Raduwan, N. Shaari, M.S. Masdar
The hierarchical 3D nanostructured NiCo2O4 was successfully synthesized through facile hydrothermal method for fuel cell electrocatalysis. It was observed that the specific surface area of NiCo2O4 was strongly influenced by the synthesizing parameters namely temperature (T) and reaction time (t) in hydrothermal process. A high specific surface area in electrocatalyst materials is crucial for maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of electrochemical reactions by providing more active sites, improving reactivity, enhancing mass transport, and reducing the utilization of expensive catalyst materials. The response surface method (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was utilised to statistically specify the effects of the reaction time and temperature on the specific surface area of the synthesized NiCo2O4. The optimum synthesize parameters of T = 188.41 °C and t = 12.86 hours were performed to obtain the highest specific surface area of 166.98 m2 g-1 which demonstrated the RSM was an excellent tool to implement and tailor the specific surface area of NiCo2O4. Finally, a mathematical model was derived to predict the relationship between these parameters and the structural properties. This study proved that the optimum hydrothermal parameters improved the final electrocatalyst structures based on numerical analysis and validated by the observation from field emission scanning electron microscopy and calculation from Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement.
通过简便的水热法成功合成了用于燃料电池电催化的分层三维纳米结构镍钴氧化物。研究发现，NiCo2O4 的比表面积受水热过程中温度（T）和反应时间（t）等合成参数的影响很大。电催化剂材料的高比表面积可提供更多的活性位点、提高反应活性、增强质量传输和减少昂贵催化剂材料的使用，从而最大限度地提高电化学反应的效率和效果。本研究采用响应面法（RSM）和中心复合设计法（CCD）统计了反应时间和温度对合成镍钴氧化物比表面积的影响。在 T = 188.41 °C 和 t = 12.86 小时的最佳合成参数下，获得了 166.98 m2 g-1 的最高比表面积，这表明 RSM 是实现和定制镍钴氧化物比表面积的绝佳工具。最后，还得出了一个数学模型来预测这些参数与结构特性之间的关系。这项研究基于数值分析证明了最佳水热参数改善了最终的电催化剂结构，并通过场发射扫描电子显微镜观察和布鲁瑙尔-艾美特-泰勒（BET）测量计算进行了验证。
{"title":"Application of response surface method (RSM) to investigate the effects of process parameters on the microstructures and specific surface area of hierarchical 3D nanostructured NiCo2O4 electrocatalyst synthesized through hydrothermal method","authors":"N.F. Raduwan, N. Shaari, M.S. Masdar","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012103","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The hierarchical 3D nanostructured NiCo2O4 was successfully synthesized through facile hydrothermal method for fuel cell electrocatalysis. It was observed that the specific surface area of NiCo2O4 was strongly influenced by the synthesizing parameters namely temperature (T) and reaction time (t) in hydrothermal process. A high specific surface area in electrocatalyst materials is crucial for maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of electrochemical reactions by providing more active sites, improving reactivity, enhancing mass transport, and reducing the utilization of expensive catalyst materials. The response surface method (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was utilised to statistically specify the effects of the reaction time and temperature on the specific surface area of the synthesized NiCo2O4. The optimum synthesize parameters of T = 188.41 °C and t = 12.86 hours were performed to obtain the highest specific surface area of 166.98 m2 g-1 which demonstrated the RSM was an excellent tool to implement and tailor the specific surface area of NiCo2O4. Finally, a mathematical model was derived to predict the relationship between these parameters and the structural properties. This study proved that the optimum hydrothermal parameters improved the final electrocatalyst structures based on numerical analysis and validated by the observation from field emission scanning electron microscopy and calculation from Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012026
K. D. Cruz, S. L. A. Camacho, H. M. P. Rodenas
The presence of non-biodegradable dyes, such as Remazol Brilliant Blue R (Reactive Blue 19), in wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge. This study investigates the application of electrocoagulation using iron-aluminum (Fe-Al) electrodes to efficiently remove Reactive Blue 19 dye from simulated textile dye wastewater. It considers various parameters such as electrode material, current, stirring speed, as well as the influence of sodium chloride acting as a supporting electrolyte to enhance conductivity. Additionally, it evaluates the economic feasibility through electrode consumption analysis. The experimental setup involved a designed reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes arranged at bipolar parallel connection, along with a 30-minute electrocoagulation process conducted at ambient temperature and subsequent filtration of the treated wastewater for UV-VIS analysis. The optimal parameter combination obtained consists of Fe-Al electrode material, a 3 A current, and a 200-rpm stirring speed, achieving 96.87% dye removal. Furthermore, extending the operating time to 60 minutes improved the removal by 99.15%. Under these optimal conditions, the energy consumption measured was 36 kWh/m3. The high dye removal rate obtained shows the effectiveness of this electrocoagulation process in treating Reactive Blue 19 simulated wastewater. A t-test, employed as a hypothesis testing technique with a significance level of 0.05, confirmed the optimal levels of the factors and interactions within the treatment process. A remarkable coefficient of determination of 0.9794 in the dye removal sensitivity analysis signifies a strong goodness of fit, indicating that these three (3) parameters collectively explain how they affect the outcome while accounting for dye removal efficiency variation. These results showed that electrocoagulation is a promising technology for treatment of Reactive Blue 19 dye wastewater.
{"title":"Electrocoagulation treatment for Remazol Brilliant Blue R (Reactive Blue 19) removal of textile dye simulated wastewater using iron-aluminum electrodes","authors":"K. D. Cruz, S. L. A. Camacho, H. M. P. Rodenas","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The presence of non-biodegradable dyes, such as Remazol Brilliant Blue R (Reactive Blue 19), in wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge. This study investigates the application of electrocoagulation using iron-aluminum (Fe-Al) electrodes to efficiently remove Reactive Blue 19 dye from simulated textile dye wastewater. It considers various parameters such as electrode material, current, stirring speed, as well as the influence of sodium chloride acting as a supporting electrolyte to enhance conductivity. Additionally, it evaluates the economic feasibility through electrode consumption analysis. The experimental setup involved a designed reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes arranged at bipolar parallel connection, along with a 30-minute electrocoagulation process conducted at ambient temperature and subsequent filtration of the treated wastewater for UV-VIS analysis. The optimal parameter combination obtained consists of Fe-Al electrode material, a 3 A current, and a 200-rpm stirring speed, achieving 96.87% dye removal. Furthermore, extending the operating time to 60 minutes improved the removal by 99.15%. Under these optimal conditions, the energy consumption measured was 36 kWh/m3. The high dye removal rate obtained shows the effectiveness of this electrocoagulation process in treating Reactive Blue 19 simulated wastewater. A t-test, employed as a hypothesis testing technique with a significance level of 0.05, confirmed the optimal levels of the factors and interactions within the treatment process. A remarkable coefficient of determination of 0.9794 in the dye removal sensitivity analysis signifies a strong goodness of fit, indicating that these three (3) parameters collectively explain how they affect the outcome while accounting for dye removal efficiency variation. These results showed that electrocoagulation is a promising technology for treatment of Reactive Blue 19 dye wastewater.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"346 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141691612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012096
H Y Wang, Q. Ge, C Ma, T. Cui
Given that buildings consume approximately 33% of global energy, and HVAC systems contribute nearly half of a building’s total energy demand, optimizing their efficiency is imperative for sustainable energy use. Many existing buildings operate HVAC systems inefficiently, displaying non-stationary behavior. Current reinforcement learning (RL) training methods rely on historical data, which is often obtained through costly modeling or trial-and-error methods in real buildings. This paper introduces a novel reinforcement learning construction framework designed to improve the robustness and learning speed of RL control while reducing learning costs. The framework is specifically tailored for existing office buildings. Applying this framework to control HVAC systems in real office buildings in Beijing, engineering practice results demonstrate: during the data collection phase, energy efficiency surpasses traditional rule-based control methods from the previous year, achieving significantly improved energy performance (a 17.27% reduction) with minimal comfort sacrifices. The system achieves acceptable robustness, learning speed, and control stability. Reduced ongoing manual supervision leads to savings in optimization labor. Systematic exploration of actions required for RL training lays the foundation for RL algorithm development. Furthermore, by leveraging collected data, a reinforcement learning control algorithm is established, validating the reliability of this approach. This construction framework reduces the prerequisites for historical data and models, providing an acceptable alternative for systems with insufficient data or equipment conditions.
{"title":"Reinforcement learning optimal control method for multi chiller HVAC system in an existing office building","authors":"H Y Wang, Q. Ge, C Ma, T. Cui","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012096","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Given that buildings consume approximately 33% of global energy, and HVAC systems contribute nearly half of a building’s total energy demand, optimizing their efficiency is imperative for sustainable energy use. Many existing buildings operate HVAC systems inefficiently, displaying non-stationary behavior. Current reinforcement learning (RL) training methods rely on historical data, which is often obtained through costly modeling or trial-and-error methods in real buildings. This paper introduces a novel reinforcement learning construction framework designed to improve the robustness and learning speed of RL control while reducing learning costs. The framework is specifically tailored for existing office buildings. Applying this framework to control HVAC systems in real office buildings in Beijing, engineering practice results demonstrate: during the data collection phase, energy efficiency surpasses traditional rule-based control methods from the previous year, achieving significantly improved energy performance (a 17.27% reduction) with minimal comfort sacrifices. The system achieves acceptable robustness, learning speed, and control stability. Reduced ongoing manual supervision leads to savings in optimization labor. Systematic exploration of actions required for RL training lays the foundation for RL algorithm development. Furthermore, by leveraging collected data, a reinforcement learning control algorithm is established, validating the reliability of this approach. This construction framework reduces the prerequisites for historical data and models, providing an acceptable alternative for systems with insufficient data or equipment conditions.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"11 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141705553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012040
B. Das, S. Basumatary, P. Kalita
The presence of water, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, and siloxanes in biogas is not desirable for thermal and electrical applications through the engine route. H2S adversely affects engines and fuel cells by causing corrosion on metal components, poisoning catalytic converters, and accelerating wear and tear, compromising performance and longevity. To meet specific quality requirements for diverse applications such as heating, combined heat and power generation, vehicle fuel, and fuel cells, biogas must undergo cleaning and upgrading processes. Using biochar to remove H2S in biogas is a comparatively new technique and can be a promising option for small-scale, decentralized units. Current research primarily investigates the potential of biochar derived from coconut husk (CH) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) for effectively removing H2S from raw biogas within an experimental framework. The selection of a composite material consisting of equal parts CH and SB was based on available literature and material accessibility. The integrated methodology provided comprehensive insights into the performance of biochars in biogas purification. Morphological analysis elucidated the role of pore structure in facilitating H2S removal, while CHNS analysis highlighted the influence of elemental composition on biochar reactivity. Additionally, pH studies underscored the potential for biochar application to mitigate biogas acidity. According to the findings, the biochar from the combination of CH and SB exhibited a removal efficiency of 77.60% for H2S in raw biogas.
{"title":"Hydrogen sulphide removal from raw biogas using novel coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse composite biochar adsorbent","authors":"B. Das, S. Basumatary, P. Kalita","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The presence of water, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, and siloxanes in biogas is not desirable for thermal and electrical applications through the engine route. H2S adversely affects engines and fuel cells by causing corrosion on metal components, poisoning catalytic converters, and accelerating wear and tear, compromising performance and longevity. To meet specific quality requirements for diverse applications such as heating, combined heat and power generation, vehicle fuel, and fuel cells, biogas must undergo cleaning and upgrading processes. Using biochar to remove H2S in biogas is a comparatively new technique and can be a promising option for small-scale, decentralized units. Current research primarily investigates the potential of biochar derived from coconut husk (CH) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) for effectively removing H2S from raw biogas within an experimental framework. The selection of a composite material consisting of equal parts CH and SB was based on available literature and material accessibility. The integrated methodology provided comprehensive insights into the performance of biochars in biogas purification. Morphological analysis elucidated the role of pore structure in facilitating H2S removal, while CHNS analysis highlighted the influence of elemental composition on biochar reactivity. Additionally, pH studies underscored the potential for biochar application to mitigate biogas acidity. According to the findings, the biochar from the combination of CH and SB exhibited a removal efficiency of 77.60% for H2S in raw biogas.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"48 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141716434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012077
K. M. Francisco, S. T. Allam, A. K. Caldona, M. D. De Jesus, N. Lubaton, S. Sandoval, I. Baylon, C. Tugade
Wearing sunscreen products protects human skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract as additional raw materials in creating a sunscreen formula. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability of the sunscreen formulation in terms of determining its sun protection factor using UV-vis spectrophotometry, ability to remain on the surface using water resistance testing, and shelf life using a stability chamber. The methodology begins with obtaining a modified hydrophobic silica aerogel classified as cosmetic grade. The sunscreen formulation has a combination of 2 wt. % of hydrophobic silica aerogel, 3 wt.% of grape seed oil, and other ingredients using thermal procedures. The results demonstrated that the addition of hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in sunscreen formulation exhibits satisfactory UV protection attaining an SPF value of 28.17073 which indicates a medium sun protection factor according to the standardized category of SPF values. On the contrary, the sunscreen without the active ingredients has an SPF value of 4.762. Additionally, both sunscreen’s water resistance was assessed by testing a total of 60 minutes in both tap water and salt water. The findings showed that both samples of sunscreens in tap water were more resistant compared to saltwater. Furthermore, the sunscreen with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract stayed intact and did not dissolve in tap water after a 40-minute exposure time, but it did gradually disintegrate after 20 minutes in salt water since salt water has a higher density than tap water. In stability testing of both sunscreen formulations, the results revealed that the moisture content of the sunscreen formulation with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract does not exceed 10% which indicates a low presence of oil. Hence, it proves its stability under the controlled conditions of 40°C and 75% relative humidity examined over one (1) month since it had a high moisture content of 78.98% obtained using the gravimetric method. For the sunscreen without these ingredients, the total moisture content under the same conditions and method is 29.07%. Thus, it indicates a high presence of oil and does not attain the standard moisture content for sunscreens. Overall, the evaluated performance of adding the hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract to the sunscreen formulation ensures its efficacy regarding its SPF, water resistance, and shelf life.
{"title":"Effectiveness of using hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in creating a sunscreen formula","authors":"K. M. Francisco, S. T. Allam, A. K. Caldona, M. D. De Jesus, N. Lubaton, S. Sandoval, I. Baylon, C. Tugade","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012077","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wearing sunscreen products protects human skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract as additional raw materials in creating a sunscreen formula. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability of the sunscreen formulation in terms of determining its sun protection factor using UV-vis spectrophotometry, ability to remain on the surface using water resistance testing, and shelf life using a stability chamber. The methodology begins with obtaining a modified hydrophobic silica aerogel classified as cosmetic grade. The sunscreen formulation has a combination of 2 wt. % of hydrophobic silica aerogel, 3 wt.% of grape seed oil, and other ingredients using thermal procedures. The results demonstrated that the addition of hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in sunscreen formulation exhibits satisfactory UV protection attaining an SPF value of 28.17073 which indicates a medium sun protection factor according to the standardized category of SPF values. On the contrary, the sunscreen without the active ingredients has an SPF value of 4.762. Additionally, both sunscreen’s water resistance was assessed by testing a total of 60 minutes in both tap water and salt water. The findings showed that both samples of sunscreens in tap water were more resistant compared to saltwater. Furthermore, the sunscreen with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract stayed intact and did not dissolve in tap water after a 40-minute exposure time, but it did gradually disintegrate after 20 minutes in salt water since salt water has a higher density than tap water. In stability testing of both sunscreen formulations, the results revealed that the moisture content of the sunscreen formulation with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract does not exceed 10% which indicates a low presence of oil. Hence, it proves its stability under the controlled conditions of 40°C and 75% relative humidity examined over one (1) month since it had a high moisture content of 78.98% obtained using the gravimetric method. For the sunscreen without these ingredients, the total moisture content under the same conditions and method is 29.07%. Thus, it indicates a high presence of oil and does not attain the standard moisture content for sunscreens. Overall, the evaluated performance of adding the hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract to the sunscreen formulation ensures its efficacy regarding its SPF, water resistance, and shelf life.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012088
K. Liu, X H Zhang, R. K. Cao, Z R He, T Li, Y Q Liu, S J Gao, S Pan
Fresh air systems (FAS) represent an excellent solution for improving indoor air quality. Because FAS has a significant impact on buildings’ energy consumption, it is vital to investigate FAS usage behavior. At present, there is a research gap with respect to individualized FAS usage behavior and prediction models for residential buildings. From November 15th, 2018 to March 15th, 2019, this paper conducted a field measurement and modeling study of FAS usage behavior in thirteen Beijing households. During heating season, the FAS is used intermittently, with an average daily opening duration of 17.5 hours. Based on the “average daily opening duration”, two FAS usage behaviors were identified: economical households and conventional households. The average daily indoor particles matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration was observed to be lower in FAS-using households (16.19 μg/m3, 12.30 μg/m3) than in non-FAS-using households (46.1 μg/m3). Outdoor PM2.5 concentration is a motivating factor for FAS opening. The paper used binary logistic regression to predict the FAS status of both economical and conventional households (two classified models), as well as for all tested households (unclassified model). These results suggest that classified models (84.1%, 83.5%) have greater accuracy than the unclassified model (75.9%), opening the possibility of using the average daily opening duration to classify and examine FAS usage behavior. The study provides accurate field data for evaluating FAS usage behavior, as well as a reference for further simulating the energy consumption of FAS-using households.
{"title":"Analysis and modeling of fresh air systems usage behavior in residential buildings in Beijing during heating season","authors":"K. Liu, X H Zhang, R. K. Cao, Z R He, T Li, Y Q Liu, S J Gao, S Pan","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012088","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fresh air systems (FAS) represent an excellent solution for improving indoor air quality. Because FAS has a significant impact on buildings’ energy consumption, it is vital to investigate FAS usage behavior. At present, there is a research gap with respect to individualized FAS usage behavior and prediction models for residential buildings. From November 15th, 2018 to March 15th, 2019, this paper conducted a field measurement and modeling study of FAS usage behavior in thirteen Beijing households. During heating season, the FAS is used intermittently, with an average daily opening duration of 17.5 hours. Based on the “average daily opening duration”, two FAS usage behaviors were identified: economical households and conventional households. The average daily indoor particles matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration was observed to be lower in FAS-using households (16.19 μg/m3, 12.30 μg/m3) than in non-FAS-using households (46.1 μg/m3). Outdoor PM2.5 concentration is a motivating factor for FAS opening. The paper used binary logistic regression to predict the FAS status of both economical and conventional households (two classified models), as well as for all tested households (unclassified model). These results suggest that classified models (84.1%, 83.5%) have greater accuracy than the unclassified model (75.9%), opening the possibility of using the average daily opening duration to classify and examine FAS usage behavior. The study provides accurate field data for evaluating FAS usage behavior, as well as a reference for further simulating the energy consumption of FAS-using households.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141706586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012047
J. Milano, S. K. Tiong, S. R. Chia, M. Y. Ong, A. Sebayang, M. A. Kalam
The environmental damage stemming from traditional diesel begins during crude oil extraction and persists throughout its usage. The burning of fossil fuels has further deteriorate the environmental effect and added to global warming by emitting harmful substances. Moreover, the reduction of finite fossil fuel reserves due to widespread extraction has made the adoption of renewable resources essential. Given these considerations, biodiesel emerges as a highly promising alternative to conventional diesel due to its environmentally beneficial nature, renewable source, and economic feasibility. In this study, biodiesel was prepared by a microwave reactor in the presence of potassium methoxide using blended waste palm oil and sterculia foetida. The effects of raw materials characteristics on transesterification products were studied. The studied process parameters were methanol/oil ratio, microwave temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and stirring speed. The optimal yield with 98.5% FAME content was obtained at a methanol/oil ratio of 60 vol. %, microwave temperature of 120 °C, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt.%, and 3 min reaction time, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. The potassium methoxide was used to catalyse the transesterification process. The physicochemical properties and the fatty acid methyl ester composition were discussed thoroughly. The flash point of biodiesel, at 157.5°C, exceeds that of diesel fuel by more than two times. The cetane index is 59.5 which is higher than diesel (49.6). The biodiesel’s fuel properties conformed to the requirements of both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. High biodiesel conversion and low sulphur content show that waste palm oil and sterculia foetida are sustainable and economical feedstocks that produce clean fuel to aid the feasibility of the energy transition of the global energy sector. In addition, the selection of synthesis approaches can be further explored for potential catalysts to ensure eco-green biodiesel’s sustainability with minimised.
{"title":"Production of biodiesel from non-edible waste palm oil and sterculia foetida using microwave irradiation","authors":"J. Milano, S. K. Tiong, S. R. Chia, M. Y. Ong, A. Sebayang, M. A. Kalam","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The environmental damage stemming from traditional diesel begins during crude oil extraction and persists throughout its usage. The burning of fossil fuels has further deteriorate the environmental effect and added to global warming by emitting harmful substances. Moreover, the reduction of finite fossil fuel reserves due to widespread extraction has made the adoption of renewable resources essential. Given these considerations, biodiesel emerges as a highly promising alternative to conventional diesel due to its environmentally beneficial nature, renewable source, and economic feasibility. In this study, biodiesel was prepared by a microwave reactor in the presence of potassium methoxide using blended waste palm oil and sterculia foetida. The effects of raw materials characteristics on transesterification products were studied. The studied process parameters were methanol/oil ratio, microwave temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and stirring speed. The optimal yield with 98.5% FAME content was obtained at a methanol/oil ratio of 60 vol. %, microwave temperature of 120 °C, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt.%, and 3 min reaction time, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. The potassium methoxide was used to catalyse the transesterification process. The physicochemical properties and the fatty acid methyl ester composition were discussed thoroughly. The flash point of biodiesel, at 157.5°C, exceeds that of diesel fuel by more than two times. The cetane index is 59.5 which is higher than diesel (49.6). The biodiesel’s fuel properties conformed to the requirements of both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. High biodiesel conversion and low sulphur content show that waste palm oil and sterculia foetida are sustainable and economical feedstocks that produce clean fuel to aid the feasibility of the energy transition of the global energy sector. In addition, the selection of synthesis approaches can be further explored for potential catalysts to ensure eco-green biodiesel’s sustainability with minimised.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012010
David Caizaluisa, Joel Dávila, Paúl Molina, Néstor Rivera
In this work, the factors involved in the incidence of vehicular accidents during the period 2017-2022 in the province of Pichincha, Ecuador, were studied with the purpose of identifying the most influential variables in traffic accidents. From the methodological point of view, an analytical and descriptive research approach was adopted. The methodological process started with an exploratory study based on data provided by the National Traffic Agency (ANT), which records the accidents that occurred from January 2017, to December 2022. For the statistical analysis of the data, a free software tool was used. After carrying out an exhaustive analysis, it was concluded that there is no significant variation by month or by time slot in the incidence of accidents. The primary cause identified was speeding, followed by disregarding traffic signals, with the third cause being picking up and dropping off passengers in unauthorized areas. Additionally, it was observed that the canton of Quito had a higher implication in terms of accident frequency. Throughout the study period, a decrease in the incidence of accidents was noted until 2020. However, an upturn in the trend was observed in 2021, although 14 fewer accidents were recorded in 2022 compared to 2021. The completion of this study is crucial as understanding the causes of accidents enables the implementation of measures to enhance road safety, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidents and safeguarding lives. Identifying the underlying causes of accidents can contribute significantly to preventing injuries and fatalities.
{"title":"Analysis and study of the factors involved in the accident rate of vehicles, during the period 2017-2022 in the province of Pichincha, Ecuador.","authors":"David Caizaluisa, Joel Dávila, Paúl Molina, Néstor Rivera","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this work, the factors involved in the incidence of vehicular accidents during the period 2017-2022 in the province of Pichincha, Ecuador, were studied with the purpose of identifying the most influential variables in traffic accidents. From the methodological point of view, an analytical and descriptive research approach was adopted. The methodological process started with an exploratory study based on data provided by the National Traffic Agency (ANT), which records the accidents that occurred from January 2017, to December 2022. For the statistical analysis of the data, a free software tool was used. After carrying out an exhaustive analysis, it was concluded that there is no significant variation by month or by time slot in the incidence of accidents. The primary cause identified was speeding, followed by disregarding traffic signals, with the third cause being picking up and dropping off passengers in unauthorized areas. Additionally, it was observed that the canton of Quito had a higher implication in terms of accident frequency. Throughout the study period, a decrease in the incidence of accidents was noted until 2020. However, an upturn in the trend was observed in 2021, although 14 fewer accidents were recorded in 2022 compared to 2021. The completion of this study is crucial as understanding the causes of accidents enables the implementation of measures to enhance road safety, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidents and safeguarding lives. Identifying the underlying causes of accidents can contribute significantly to preventing injuries and fatalities.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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