Pub Date : 2024-06-15DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64228
Naveen Kumar Bind, Amit Bijalwan, Chinmaya Kumar Sahu, Ravi Kiran
Soybean (Glycine max) is a vital oilseed crop globally, but in India, its average grain yields remain relatively low despite the presence of high-yielding varieties. This study aimed to optimize soybean cultivation in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India, by exploring the impact of different sowing dates on crop growth and yield using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) CROPGRO model. The experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, using a split-plot design with three replications. The model was calibrated and validated for different sowing dates, and key parameters such as emergence days, physiological maturity days, grain yield, harvest index, and leaf area index were compared between simulated and observed values. During validation RMSE and R2 was 48.44 and 0.90 for grain yield, 1.10 and 0.99 for physiological maturity, 0.042 and 0.99 for harvest index and 1.14 and 0.97 for LAI respectively. The results showed that adjusting sowing dates can significantly affect soybean growth and yield, with optimal sowing times resulting in higher yields and better crop performance. Specifically, sowing on July 22nd resulted in the highest grain yield, while sowing on August 21st led to the lowest. The DSSAT CROPGRO model proved to be a valuable tool for simulating soybean growth and predicting crop outcomes under varying environmental conditions.
{"title":"Optimizing Soybean Cultivation in Uttarakhand's Tarai Region Using the DSSAT CROPGRO Modeling Approach","authors":"Naveen Kumar Bind, Amit Bijalwan, Chinmaya Kumar Sahu, Ravi Kiran","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64228","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean (Glycine max) is a vital oilseed crop globally, but in India, its average grain yields remain relatively low despite the presence of high-yielding varieties. This study aimed to optimize soybean cultivation in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India, by exploring the impact of different sowing dates on crop growth and yield using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) CROPGRO model. The experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, using a split-plot design with three replications. The model was calibrated and validated for different sowing dates, and key parameters such as emergence days, physiological maturity days, grain yield, harvest index, and leaf area index were compared between simulated and observed values. During validation RMSE and R2 was 48.44 and 0.90 for grain yield, 1.10 and 0.99 for physiological maturity, 0.042 and 0.99 for harvest index and 1.14 and 0.97 for LAI respectively. The results showed that adjusting sowing dates can significantly affect soybean growth and yield, with optimal sowing times resulting in higher yields and better crop performance. Specifically, sowing on July 22nd resulted in the highest grain yield, while sowing on August 21st led to the lowest. The DSSAT CROPGRO model proved to be a valuable tool for simulating soybean growth and predicting crop outcomes under varying environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"23 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141336174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64224
Md. Zafar Alam Bhuiyan, Nasreen Sarker, Mohammed Kamal Hossain, Naznin Afrose Huq
Bhola is a coastal district in the southern part of Bangladesh which prone to natural disasters, mainly cyclones, and upsurges of saline water in the sea due to the impact of climate change through increasing temperature. Natural disasters are the key forces for river erosion, loss of assets, increasing poverty along some other socioeconomic impacts. The objectives of the study were to check the impact of climate change through natural disasters on the education sector of the district by creating various challenges and vulnerabilities in the education system, resource allocation, and maintenance resulting in students dropping out, child marriage, livelihood changes, etc. There is much research on climate change and its impacts on the coastal areas of Bangladesh but publications, and research works on the same topic were not found. Content Analysis has been adopted for this study to investigate the causes and effects of a tabulation method. Related books, articles publications in journals, and features on the topic in the reputed online media have been scrutinized for this study. The coding of the content analysis has been carefully checked and synchronized with the problem statement based on the research question of the study. The impact of climate change has a significant role in student dropout because of the destruction of infrastructures, migration of people, increasing poverty, child marriage, changes in the livelihoods of the people, etc. To address this problem massive and comprehensive intervention is necessary along with increasing capacity building and adaptation of the people.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change Disasters on the Education Sector of Coastal Bhola District, Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Zafar Alam Bhuiyan, Nasreen Sarker, Mohammed Kamal Hossain, Naznin Afrose Huq","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64224","url":null,"abstract":"Bhola is a coastal district in the southern part of Bangladesh which prone to natural disasters, mainly cyclones, and upsurges of saline water in the sea due to the impact of climate change through increasing temperature. Natural disasters are the key forces for river erosion, loss of assets, increasing poverty along some other socioeconomic impacts. The objectives of the study were to check the impact of climate change through natural disasters on the education sector of the district by creating various challenges and vulnerabilities in the education system, resource allocation, and maintenance resulting in students dropping out, child marriage, livelihood changes, etc. There is much research on climate change and its impacts on the coastal areas of Bangladesh but publications, and research works on the same topic were not found. Content Analysis has been adopted for this study to investigate the causes and effects of a tabulation method. Related books, articles publications in journals, and features on the topic in the reputed online media have been scrutinized for this study. The coding of the content analysis has been carefully checked and synchronized with the problem statement based on the research question of the study. The impact of climate change has a significant role in student dropout because of the destruction of infrastructures, migration of people, increasing poverty, child marriage, changes in the livelihoods of the people, etc. To address this problem massive and comprehensive intervention is necessary along with increasing capacity building and adaptation of the people.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"31 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141340534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64225
M. L. Reager, Subhash Chandra, N. Kishor, Richa Pant, Sang-Min Chung, Saleh Alfarraj, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Meenakshi Badu, Seema Tripathy, Ankita Mohanty, S. Kumaraswamy, B. S. Kherawat, Mahipal Singh Kesawat
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) holds immense significance as an oilseed crop on a global scale. The growth and development of plants, along with crop productivity, are substantially impacted by the adverse effects of global climate change. In view of this, a research initiative was undertaken to investigate the effects of distinct sowing dates and planting densities on the yield and economic aspects of groundnut in the hot arid region of Rajasthan, India. The experiment, conducted over a span of three years during the kharif seasons of 2017, 2018, and 2019 at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The experimental design utilized a split-plot layout with four replications, comprising nine treatments. The main plot treatments involved three different sowing dates (15th May, 30th May, and 15th June), while the sub-plot treatments encompassed three planting densities (1.67 lakh, 2.50 lakh, and 3.33 lakh plants per hectare). Notably, the diverse sowing dates and planting densities exhibited notable effects on groundnut yield and economic viability. Comparative analysis revealed that sowing on May 30th, while statistically comparable to June 15th sowing, yielded the highest number of branches, pegs, pods per plant, kernel and pod yield, net return, and benefit-cost ratio. Interestingly, the highest haulm yield per hectare was achieved with the May 15th sowing, yet the harvest index improved progressively as sowing was delayed from May 15th to June 15th. However, the various sowing dates had no discernible effect on kernels per pod, seed index, and shelling percentage. Furthermore, employing a planting density of 1.67 lakh plants per hectare was resulted in the highest counts of branches, pegs, pods, kernels per pod, seed index, and shelling percentage. Remarkably, the elevation in planting density up to 2.50 lakh plants per hectare led to enhanced kernel and pod yields, harvest index, and net return. In an intriguing interaction between sowing dates and plant populations, the most favorable pod yield, kernel yield, and net return were recorded with a planting density of 2.50 lakh plants per hectare for the May 30th sowing. These findings underscore the significant effect of sowing date and planting density on yield attributes and ultimately on groundnut yield in the challenging hot arid region. Therefore, the timing of sowing and the density of planting play pivotal roles in enhancing groundnut productivity within this region, particularly in light of the changing climate conditions.
{"title":"Optimizing Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Yields: An Effect of Sowing Dates and Planting Densities in India Hot Arid Regions Under a Changing Climate","authors":"M. L. Reager, Subhash Chandra, N. Kishor, Richa Pant, Sang-Min Chung, Saleh Alfarraj, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Meenakshi Badu, Seema Tripathy, Ankita Mohanty, S. Kumaraswamy, B. S. Kherawat, Mahipal Singh Kesawat","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64225","url":null,"abstract":"Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) holds immense significance as an oilseed crop on a global scale. The growth and development of plants, along with crop productivity, are substantially impacted by the adverse effects of global climate change. In view of this, a research initiative was undertaken to investigate the effects of distinct sowing dates and planting densities on the yield and economic aspects of groundnut in the hot arid region of Rajasthan, India. The experiment, conducted over a span of three years during the kharif seasons of 2017, 2018, and 2019 at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The experimental design utilized a split-plot layout with four replications, comprising nine treatments. The main plot treatments involved three different sowing dates (15th May, 30th May, and 15th June), while the sub-plot treatments encompassed three planting densities (1.67 lakh, 2.50 lakh, and 3.33 lakh plants per hectare). Notably, the diverse sowing dates and planting densities exhibited notable effects on groundnut yield and economic viability. Comparative analysis revealed that sowing on May 30th, while statistically comparable to June 15th sowing, yielded the highest number of branches, pegs, pods per plant, kernel and pod yield, net return, and benefit-cost ratio. Interestingly, the highest haulm yield per hectare was achieved with the May 15th sowing, yet the harvest index improved progressively as sowing was delayed from May 15th to June 15th. However, the various sowing dates had no discernible effect on kernels per pod, seed index, and shelling percentage. Furthermore, employing a planting density of 1.67 lakh plants per hectare was resulted in the highest counts of branches, pegs, pods, kernels per pod, seed index, and shelling percentage. Remarkably, the elevation in planting density up to 2.50 lakh plants per hectare led to enhanced kernel and pod yields, harvest index, and net return. In an intriguing interaction between sowing dates and plant populations, the most favorable pod yield, kernel yield, and net return were recorded with a planting density of 2.50 lakh plants per hectare for the May 30th sowing. These findings underscore the significant effect of sowing date and planting density on yield attributes and ultimately on groundnut yield in the challenging hot arid region. Therefore, the timing of sowing and the density of planting play pivotal roles in enhancing groundnut productivity within this region, particularly in light of the changing climate conditions.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141342390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64226
Patra, L. R., Yadav, M., M. A.
Total 25 genotypes of chick pea were investigated during current study. The experiment was conducted during Rabi-2022 in RBD having three replications and the data were recorded on 12 characters to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance, metroglyph analysis. Analysis of variance revealed that there was considerable genetic variability in the available germplasm for most of the characters studied for 12 different quantitative characters and analysed on the basis of heredity, Genetic advance and metroglyph analysis. Performance of grain yield and its components depicted that UDAY was found best followed by NBEG-3 and NBEG-47. A close perusal of variability coefficients revealed that the difference between PCV and GCV was small indicating little influence of environment on the expression of characters studied. High estimates of PCV and GCV were recorded for Harvesting index. The highest heritability was observed for Harvesting index (92.17 %), followed by Seed yield (91.76%) and Number of pods per plant (85.61%). In the present study a perusal of genetic advance showed that it was high for Harvesting index (14.10). We have noticed that among selected 25 genotypes, UDAY, NBEG-3, NBEG-47, ICC-313, FLIP-09-162, RVG-202, IPC-11-85 were observed as higher yielder and identified for higher index score.
{"title":"Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genetic Diversity Germplasm in Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions Using Metroglyph Analysis","authors":"Patra, L. R., Yadav, M., M. A.","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64226","url":null,"abstract":"Total 25 genotypes of chick pea were investigated during current study. The experiment was conducted during Rabi-2022 in RBD having three replications and the data were recorded on 12 characters to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance, metroglyph analysis. Analysis of variance revealed that there was considerable genetic variability in the available germplasm for most of the characters studied for 12 different quantitative characters and analysed on the basis of heredity, Genetic advance and metroglyph analysis. Performance of grain yield and its components depicted that UDAY was found best followed by NBEG-3 and NBEG-47. A close perusal of variability coefficients revealed that the difference between PCV and GCV was small indicating little influence of environment on the expression of characters studied. High estimates of PCV and GCV were recorded for Harvesting index. The highest heritability was observed for Harvesting index (92.17 %), followed by Seed yield (91.76%) and Number of pods per plant (85.61%). In the present study a perusal of genetic advance showed that it was high for Harvesting index (14.10). We have noticed that among selected 25 genotypes, UDAY, NBEG-3, NBEG-47, ICC-313, FLIP-09-162, RVG-202, IPC-11-85 were observed as higher yielder and identified for higher index score.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141342362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64227
Sathishkumar M., Sivananthan J., Jayaprabha J.
The assessment in dynamic of cropping pattern in several regions is vital part for a much-improved insight intothe farming development method. The present study was commenced to inspect the dynamicsof cropping pattern in Kariapatti block of the virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. The data analyzed with the help of Markov chain by year wise and for all years with analyzed as transitional probability matrix for dynamic changes. The main findings from the study exposed that any type of crops did not hold its area. But, the acreage of the crops was simultaneously changing from one set of crops to another set throughout the season. The cereals (cholam) area was observed to be more stable and the less area observed in gingelly and sunflower crops. Indicated that the cropping pattern of the region moves towards diversification from cholam to cotton followed by groundnut, sugarcane, paddy and maize, gingelly and green gram and sunflower in Kariapatti block. The reducing trend has been observed in the uncultivable land. This specifies that the area for cultivation has increased in Kariapatti. There is a greater possibility for deciding within the choice of crops to place the agriculture on the base of property growth that has to be supposed about in analysis and extension programmes.
{"title":"Dynamic of Cropping Pattern Changes in Selected Block of Virudunagar District, India","authors":"Sathishkumar M., Sivananthan J., Jayaprabha J.","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64227","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment in dynamic of cropping pattern in several regions is vital part for a much-improved insight intothe farming development method. The present study was commenced to inspect the dynamicsof cropping pattern in Kariapatti block of the virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. The data analyzed with the help of Markov chain by year wise and for all years with analyzed as transitional probability matrix for dynamic changes. The main findings from the study exposed that any type of crops did not hold its area. But, the acreage of the crops was simultaneously changing from one set of crops to another set throughout the season. The cereals (cholam) area was observed to be more stable and the less area observed in gingelly and sunflower crops. Indicated that the cropping pattern of the region moves towards diversification from cholam to cotton followed by groundnut, sugarcane, paddy and maize, gingelly and green gram and sunflower in Kariapatti block. The reducing trend has been observed in the uncultivable land. This specifies that the area for cultivation has increased in Kariapatti. There is a greater possibility for deciding within the choice of crops to place the agriculture on the base of property growth that has to be supposed about in analysis and extension programmes.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"53 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64222
Sangya Singh, YM Sharma, GS Tagore, RK Sahu
Aim: The contamination of soil and vegetables by heavy metals is a critical environmental and public health issue, particularly in regions where wastewater is utilized for irrigation. This study assesses the concentration of heavy metals, (Cr, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Co and Cu) accumulated in soils and vegetables grown in Peri-urban areas which are mainly irrigated with wastewater. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh during 2022-23. Methodology: Heavy metal content was measured using an Inductively coupled plasma-Mass Spectroscopy. Few indices for human health were also studied. Ten sites were chosen for soil and plant samples for analysis of metal content. Results: The study revealed that the metal content of soil samples were below the permissible limits except for soil collected from Khandari site which had Co above the permissible level (203.65 mg/kg) and slightly Cd contamination in Khurji site (0.09 mg/kg). In case of vegetables, brinjal collected from Regama and Kumhi site showed Fe and Cd contamination (735.67 mg/kg, 476.33 mg/kg) and (0.35 mg/kg, 0.34 mg/kg), respectively. Potato and cabbage collected from Khurji and Khandari sites showed Fe contamination of 455.67 mg/kg and 670.83 mg/kg, respectively. Further the result on transfer factor for vegetables was <1, except potato collected from Khandari site which had Cd accumulated in edible portion (11.70). Wheat crop collected from Khurji site also had Cd accumulated (24.66) in grain portion. Conclusion: Despite few vegetables showed contamination by metals, health risk parameters viz Daily intake of metals, Health risk index and Metal pollution index but were found at safe levels. Thus, it can be concluded that there was no apparent risk for human beings after consumption in Peri-urban regions of Jabalpur district. Still to ensure quality of soil, vegetables and human health measures should be taken to regulate and address pollution of heavy metals in peri-urban areas.
{"title":"Status of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables Grown in Peri-Urban Areas of Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"Sangya Singh, YM Sharma, GS Tagore, RK Sahu","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64222","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The contamination of soil and vegetables by heavy metals is a critical environmental and public health issue, particularly in regions where wastewater is utilized for irrigation. This study assesses the concentration of heavy metals, (Cr, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Co and Cu) accumulated in soils and vegetables grown in Peri-urban areas which are mainly irrigated with wastewater. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh during 2022-23. \u0000Methodology: Heavy metal content was measured using an Inductively coupled plasma-Mass Spectroscopy. Few indices for human health were also studied. Ten sites were chosen for soil and plant samples for analysis of metal content. \u0000Results: The study revealed that the metal content of soil samples were below the permissible limits except for soil collected from Khandari site which had Co above the permissible level (203.65 mg/kg) and slightly Cd contamination in Khurji site (0.09 mg/kg). In case of vegetables, brinjal collected from Regama and Kumhi site showed Fe and Cd contamination (735.67 mg/kg, 476.33 mg/kg) and (0.35 mg/kg, 0.34 mg/kg), respectively. Potato and cabbage collected from Khurji and Khandari sites showed Fe contamination of 455.67 mg/kg and 670.83 mg/kg, respectively. Further the result on transfer factor for vegetables was <1, except potato collected from Khandari site which had Cd accumulated in edible portion (11.70). Wheat crop collected from Khurji site also had Cd accumulated (24.66) in grain portion. \u0000Conclusion: Despite few vegetables showed contamination by metals, health risk parameters viz Daily intake of metals, Health risk index and Metal pollution index but were found at safe levels. Thus, it can be concluded that there was no apparent risk for human beings after consumption in Peri-urban regions of Jabalpur district. Still to ensure quality of soil, vegetables and human health measures should be taken to regulate and address pollution of heavy metals in peri-urban areas.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"39 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141350142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.), a vital legume in many agricultural systems, requires precise agronomic practices to maximize its growth and yield. This review examines the influence of optimized plant spacing and nutrient management on the performance of summer green gram. Proper spacing is crucial for minimizing competition for resources among plants, ensuring adequate sunlight, and promoting effective pest and disease control. Different plant densities and their impact on biomass production, pod formation, and seed quality are analysed. Nutrient management, particularly the balanced application of macro and micronutrients, plays a significant role in enhancing physiological and biochemical processes in the plant. The review highlights the importance of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility, boost microbial activity, and increase nutrient uptake efficiency. Studies indicate that appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels, along with essential micronutrients like zinc and boron, are vital for optimal plant development and yield. The synergistic effects of spacing and nutrient strategies on green gram's growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area index, nodulation, and chlorophyll content, are explored. This comprehensive review synthesizes current research findings and offers practical recommendations for farmers and agronomists aiming to enhance green gram productivity sustainably. By adopting optimal spacing and tailored nutrient management practices, significant improvements in yield and resource use efficiency can be achieved, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability. The review underscores the need for continued research to refine these agronomic practices under diverse environmental conditions to fully realize the potential of summer green gram cultivation.
{"title":"Optimizing Spacing and Nutrient Management for Enhanced Growth and Yield of Summer Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.): A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Naveen Saini, Sushant Sukumar Patil, Swapnil Mahesh Birunagi","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64223","url":null,"abstract":"Summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.), a vital legume in many agricultural systems, requires precise agronomic practices to maximize its growth and yield. This review examines the influence of optimized plant spacing and nutrient management on the performance of summer green gram. Proper spacing is crucial for minimizing competition for resources among plants, ensuring adequate sunlight, and promoting effective pest and disease control. Different plant densities and their impact on biomass production, pod formation, and seed quality are analysed. Nutrient management, particularly the balanced application of macro and micronutrients, plays a significant role in enhancing physiological and biochemical processes in the plant. The review highlights the importance of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility, boost microbial activity, and increase nutrient uptake efficiency. Studies indicate that appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels, along with essential micronutrients like zinc and boron, are vital for optimal plant development and yield. The synergistic effects of spacing and nutrient strategies on green gram's growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area index, nodulation, and chlorophyll content, are explored. This comprehensive review synthesizes current research findings and offers practical recommendations for farmers and agronomists aiming to enhance green gram productivity sustainably. By adopting optimal spacing and tailored nutrient management practices, significant improvements in yield and resource use efficiency can be achieved, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability. The review underscores the need for continued research to refine these agronomic practices under diverse environmental conditions to fully realize the potential of summer green gram cultivation.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64221
S. Babu, A. Gopal, N. Trimurtulu, G. K. Babu, S. L. Bhattiprolu
Twenty eight isolates of silica solubilising bacterial inoculants were collected from rhizosphere soils of rice crop in Kurnool, Prakasam, Guntur and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh by using insoluble source of silica. These isolates were verified for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activity and then subjected biochemical tests in the Department of Agricultural microbiology, Advanced Post Graduate Centre, ANGRAU, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Two isolates, SiKPP-1 (Silica solubilizing isolate from Kurnool district, Pamulapadu Mandal and Pamulapadu Village - 1) & SiPYY-3 (Silica solubilizing isolate from Prakasam district, Yerragondapalem Mandal and Yerragondapalem Village - 3) showed the highest efficiency in the aspects of silica solubilization, phosphate solubilization, potassium release, exopolysaccharide production activity, indole acetic acid production activity, siderophore production activity and biochemical tests including starch hydrolysis, Hydrogen sulphide test, Indole production, Catalase test, Oxidase test, Gelatine liquification, Methyl red test, Vogues Proskauer test, Citrate Utilization and Ammonia production. Therefore these two isolates (SiKPP-1&SiPYY-3) were selected for further pot and field studies in direct sown paddy crop.
{"title":"Efficacy of Silica Solubilizing Bacteria as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Their Biochemical Characteristics","authors":"S. Babu, A. Gopal, N. Trimurtulu, G. K. Babu, S. L. Bhattiprolu","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64221","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty eight isolates of silica solubilising bacterial inoculants were collected from rhizosphere soils of rice crop in Kurnool, Prakasam, Guntur and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh by using insoluble source of silica. These isolates were verified for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activity and then subjected biochemical tests in the Department of Agricultural microbiology, Advanced Post Graduate Centre, ANGRAU, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Two isolates, SiKPP-1 (Silica solubilizing isolate from Kurnool district, Pamulapadu Mandal and Pamulapadu Village - 1) & SiPYY-3 (Silica solubilizing isolate from Prakasam district, Yerragondapalem Mandal and Yerragondapalem Village - 3) showed the highest efficiency in the aspects of silica solubilization, phosphate solubilization, potassium release, exopolysaccharide production activity, indole acetic acid production activity, siderophore production activity and biochemical tests including starch hydrolysis, Hydrogen sulphide test, Indole production, Catalase test, Oxidase test, Gelatine liquification, Methyl red test, Vogues Proskauer test, Citrate Utilization and Ammonia production. Therefore these two isolates (SiKPP-1&SiPYY-3) were selected for further pot and field studies in direct sown paddy crop.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"8 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141350854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64219
Bidisha Kundu, Rajesh Kumar
Crop resilience is crucial in the face of climate change, as agricultural regions face unprecedented challenges such as rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased extreme weather events. These changes impact food security, crop yields, and the livelihoods of millions of farmers worldwide. Crops face threats from heat stress, changing pest and disease dynamics, water scarcity, and unpredictable growing seasons. Crop resilience involves a complex interplay of genetics, environmental factors, and agricultural practices. Researchers and agricultural scientists are exploring innovative approaches like selective breeding, genetic modification, and precision agriculture to enhance crop resilience. Integrating traditional knowledge and indigenous farming practices into modern agricultural strategies is essential for securing food production, ensuring the sustainability of agricultural systems, conserving biodiversity, and supporting community resilience in an uncertain climate future. Crop resilience is central to ensuring global food security, supporting rural livelihoods, preserving ecosystems, and advancing sustainable agriculture in the face of climate change challenges. Biochar, a climate-resilient agricultural amendment, is gaining attention for its role in enhancing agricultural sustainability and mitigating climate change. Its porous structure and high carbon content sequester carbon dioxide, improve soil health, and reduce nutrient leaching. Biochar's porous nature fosters a rich microbial community, aids in nutrient cycling, and aids in rehabilitating degraded soils. It also reduces synthetic fertilizer requirements and environmental pollution. Climate change significantly impacts crop agriculture, disrupting traditional growth patterns and threatening global food security. High temperatures cause heat stress, while droughts and floods cause soil desiccation, impairing crop yields. Increased plant diseases and pests spread, while higher CO2 levels stimulate photosynthesis but reduce essential nutrients. Rising temperatures disrupt vegetative and reproductive growth phases, pollination, and seed formation, compromising crop quality and market value. Biochar is a porous material formed through pyrolysis, a process where organic biomass is decomposed under limited oxygen conditions. It is primarily carbon-rich but contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and minerals. As a soil amendment, biochar is a stable carbon sink with a high carbon content of 70-90%. Its porous structure allows it to efficiently adsorb and retain water, nutrients, and organic compounds. Its large surface area facilitates interactions with soil microbes and nutrient ions, and its high CEC helps in nutrient retention and soil fertility.
{"title":"Enhancing Crop Resilience to Climate Change through Biochar: A Review","authors":"Bidisha Kundu, Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64219","url":null,"abstract":"Crop resilience is crucial in the face of climate change, as agricultural regions face unprecedented challenges such as rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased extreme weather events. These changes impact food security, crop yields, and the livelihoods of millions of farmers worldwide. Crops face threats from heat stress, changing pest and disease dynamics, water scarcity, and unpredictable growing seasons. Crop resilience involves a complex interplay of genetics, environmental factors, and agricultural practices. Researchers and agricultural scientists are exploring innovative approaches like selective breeding, genetic modification, and precision agriculture to enhance crop resilience. Integrating traditional knowledge and indigenous farming practices into modern agricultural strategies is essential for securing food production, ensuring the sustainability of agricultural systems, conserving biodiversity, and supporting community resilience in an uncertain climate future. Crop resilience is central to ensuring global food security, supporting rural livelihoods, preserving ecosystems, and advancing sustainable agriculture in the face of climate change challenges. Biochar, a climate-resilient agricultural amendment, is gaining attention for its role in enhancing agricultural sustainability and mitigating climate change. Its porous structure and high carbon content sequester carbon dioxide, improve soil health, and reduce nutrient leaching. Biochar's porous nature fosters a rich microbial community, aids in nutrient cycling, and aids in rehabilitating degraded soils. It also reduces synthetic fertilizer requirements and environmental pollution. Climate change significantly impacts crop agriculture, disrupting traditional growth patterns and threatening global food security. High temperatures cause heat stress, while droughts and floods cause soil desiccation, impairing crop yields. Increased plant diseases and pests spread, while higher CO2 levels stimulate photosynthesis but reduce essential nutrients. Rising temperatures disrupt vegetative and reproductive growth phases, pollination, and seed formation, compromising crop quality and market value. Biochar is a porous material formed through pyrolysis, a process where organic biomass is decomposed under limited oxygen conditions. It is primarily carbon-rich but contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and minerals. As a soil amendment, biochar is a stable carbon sink with a high carbon content of 70-90%. Its porous structure allows it to efficiently adsorb and retain water, nutrients, and organic compounds. Its large surface area facilitates interactions with soil microbes and nutrient ions, and its high CEC helps in nutrient retention and soil fertility.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"40 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64220
Aisha Renju N.A, Roy Stephen
Global warming raise challenges for plant reproduction as pollen development and functioning are the most heat-sensitive processes. Hence, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and processes underlying heat-related male sterility in order to maintain food security. Elevated temperatures elicit acclimation responses that permit pollen development under restricted heat stress conditions; physiological injury leading to pollen development and functioning failure occurs at higher temperature stress. Pollen and the surrounding anther tissues respond to increased temperature at the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. To counteract the damaging effect of misfolded proteins under heat stress, HSPs (Heat Shock Proteins) accumulate in the cytoplasm and organelles to stabilize, resolubilize, and refold proteins. The pathways leading to the production of carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds, polyamines, hormones and lipids are interconnected and contribute to the metabolic homeostasis required for the growth and viability of the pollen. The pathways leading to the production of carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds, polyamines, hormones and lipids are interconnected and contribute to the metabolic homeostasis required for growth and viability of the pollen. Using molecular markers to access specific genomic regions associated with a specific trait along with QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) fine mapping can identify several candidate genes associated with thermo-tolerance. A deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic processes involved in the stress response to high temperatures in flowers and particularly in the male reproductive organs will be a major step towards developing of effective breeding strategies for high and stable production in crop plants.
{"title":"Understanding Pollen Behaviour under High Temperature for Climate Resilient Breeding","authors":"Aisha Renju N.A, Roy Stephen","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i64220","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming raise challenges for plant reproduction as pollen development and functioning are the most heat-sensitive processes. Hence, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and processes underlying heat-related male sterility in order to maintain food security. Elevated temperatures elicit acclimation responses that permit pollen development under restricted heat stress conditions; physiological injury leading to pollen development and functioning failure occurs at higher temperature stress. Pollen and the surrounding anther tissues respond to increased temperature at the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. To counteract the damaging effect of misfolded proteins under heat stress, HSPs (Heat Shock Proteins) accumulate in the cytoplasm and organelles to stabilize, resolubilize, and refold proteins. The pathways leading to the production of carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds, polyamines, hormones and lipids are interconnected and contribute to the metabolic homeostasis required for the growth and viability of the pollen. The pathways leading to the production of carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds, polyamines, hormones and lipids are interconnected and contribute to the metabolic homeostasis required for growth and viability of the pollen. Using molecular markers to access specific genomic regions associated with a specific trait along with QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) fine mapping can identify several candidate genes associated with thermo-tolerance. A deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic processes involved in the stress response to high temperatures in flowers and particularly in the male reproductive organs will be a major step towards developing of effective breeding strategies for high and stable production in crop plants.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141360671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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