Hawai‘ian ecosystems evolved in relative isolation and support an abundance of native and endemic species. As such, they are particularly vulnerable to introduced species that alter habitat and interfere with species interactions. Although mangroves are valued globally for shoreline protection and other services, their invasion of the Hawai‘ian islands may have negative effects on the abundance and functions of native species. On an island in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, we explored the relationship between invasion of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, and abundance of the native burrowing shrimp Alpheus rapax, which shares its burrows with the endemic goby Psilogobius mainlandi in a mutualism that reduces predation on both. We hypothesized that the abundance of shrimp/goby burrows is reduced beneath mangroves due to increased cover associated with mangrove prop roots, which trap leaves and debris and may harbor the invasive red alga Gracilaria salicornia. At 3 mangrove-invaded sites, we conducted a survey of burrow density and benthic debris and found ~4–5× lower burrow density and 4× greater cover of debris under the mangrove edge compared to sandflats that were 1.5 and 5.0 m away. Burrow density was negatively correlated with total cover of benthic debris and with subgroups of that cover composed of G. salicornia or leaves. We tested the effect of debris removal over 2 weeks, which resulted in 3–8× more burrows. Thus, we provide evidence that invasive red mangroves, through trapping leaves and promoting presence of invasive G. salicornia among their prop roots, have strong negative effects on shrimp/goby burrow density. Although our study was limited in spatial scope, we propose that current efforts to remove mangroves in Hawai‘i, for both cultural and ecological reasons, will mitigate negative effects on endemic goby and native shrimp habitat.
{"title":"Invasive mangroves produce unsuitable habitat for endemic goby and burrowing shrimp pairs in Kāneʻohe Bay, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i","authors":"Mandy Hansen","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3185","url":null,"abstract":"Hawai‘ian ecosystems evolved in relative isolation and support an abundance of native and endemic species. As such, they are particularly vulnerable to introduced species that alter habitat and interfere with species interactions. Although mangroves are valued globally for shoreline protection and other services, their invasion of the Hawai‘ian islands may have negative effects on the abundance and functions of native species. On an island in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, we explored the relationship between invasion of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, and abundance of the native burrowing shrimp Alpheus rapax, which shares its burrows with the endemic goby Psilogobius mainlandi in a mutualism that reduces predation on both. We hypothesized that the abundance of shrimp/goby burrows is reduced beneath mangroves due to increased cover associated with mangrove prop roots, which trap leaves and debris and may harbor the invasive red alga Gracilaria salicornia. At 3 mangrove-invaded sites, we conducted a survey of burrow density and benthic debris and found ~4–5× lower burrow density and 4× greater cover of debris under the mangrove edge compared to sandflats that were 1.5 and 5.0 m away. Burrow density was negatively correlated with total cover of benthic debris and with subgroups of that cover composed of G. salicornia or leaves. We tested the effect of debris removal over 2 weeks, which resulted in 3–8× more burrows. Thus, we provide evidence that invasive red mangroves, through trapping leaves and promoting presence of invasive G. salicornia among their prop roots, have strong negative effects on shrimp/goby burrow density. Although our study was limited in spatial scope, we propose that current efforts to remove mangroves in Hawai‘i, for both cultural and ecological reasons, will mitigate negative effects on endemic goby and native shrimp habitat.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1850) is an intertidal to subtidal marine buccinid gastropod with a range from California, USA, to Baja California, Mexico. Many characteristics of its mating behavior, general life history, and larval biology are known, but details about its larval morphology and behavior are lacking. Here, aspects of its larval development and morphology during early ontogeny are chronicled, including larval velar form and function, asymmetrical development, particle ingestion, larval yolk reserves, and larval shell morphology. Snail ovipo-sition behavior was observed in aquaria and egg capsules were dissected at different stages of development and examined under optical and scanning electron microscopy. Egg capsules had undeveloped eggs and/or embryos that were not ingested by K. kelletii larvae. Hatching time (natural excapsulation) varied between 37 to 55 d depending on water conditions, and endogenous yolk reserves were present in most veligers at capsule emergence. Pre-hatching veligers could swim in the plankton if excapsulated at 27 d and had symmetrical velar lobes but different sized cephalic tentacles. At 2.5 weeks in the plankton, both cephalic tentacles and velar lobes were asymmetrical, with those on the larvae’s right larger than those on their left. Larval shells were brittle and poorly mineralized at excapsulation but fully mineralized with an apertural beak and proto-siphonal canal by 2.5 weeks in the plankton. Particle capture and transport through the velar lobes to the mouth was possible in pre-hatching veligers, but ingestion only occurred in emerged veligers when yolk stores were depleted. Chronicling early ontogeny and its sequence, as in this study, is essential to the understanding of larval development and its evolution in gastropods, and to comparative studies of larval biology in the Buccinidae
{"title":"Early development in Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1850) (Gastropoda: Buccinidae), an Eastern Pacific gastropod with planktonic larvae","authors":"Jann E. Vendetti","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3109","url":null,"abstract":"Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1850) is an intertidal to subtidal marine buccinid gastropod with a range from California, USA, to Baja California, Mexico. Many characteristics of its mating behavior, general life history, and larval biology are known, but details about its larval morphology and behavior are lacking. Here, aspects of its larval development and morphology during early ontogeny are chronicled, including larval velar form and function, asymmetrical development, particle ingestion, larval yolk reserves, and larval shell morphology. Snail ovipo-sition behavior was observed in aquaria and egg capsules were dissected at different stages of development and examined under optical and scanning electron microscopy. Egg capsules had undeveloped eggs and/or embryos that were not ingested by K. kelletii larvae. Hatching time (natural excapsulation) varied between 37 to 55 d depending on water conditions, and endogenous yolk reserves were present in most veligers at capsule emergence. Pre-hatching veligers could swim in the plankton if excapsulated at 27 d and had symmetrical velar lobes but different sized cephalic tentacles. At 2.5 weeks in the plankton, both cephalic tentacles and velar lobes were asymmetrical, with those on the larvae’s right larger than those on their left. Larval shells were brittle and poorly mineralized at excapsulation but fully mineralized with an apertural beak and proto-siphonal canal by 2.5 weeks in the plankton. Particle capture and transport through the velar lobes to the mouth was possible in pre-hatching veligers, but ingestion only occurred in emerged veligers when yolk stores were depleted. Chronicling early ontogeny and its sequence, as in this study, is essential to the understanding of larval development and its evolution in gastropods, and to comparative studies of larval biology in the Buccinidae","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42790145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve, made up of 4 islands in Pacific waters off central Mexico, supports a large diversity of marine life. However, scientific research was restricted for decades by the occupation of Isla María Madre by the Federal Penitentiary Colony of Mexico from 1905 to 2019. Aside from a list of coastal fish species published in 2011, little has been published about the fish biodiversity in the area. While the limited access to the archipelago may have acted as a de-facto marine reserve, there is evidence that fishing continued both legally for the benefit of the colony and illegally by trespassing vessels. In order to establish baseline ecological data for future conservation planning, we used baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys at all 4 islands during 3 expeditions to the archipelago in 2018. A total of 131 BRUV surveys representing ~150 h of footage were analyzed to create the most current compilation of species and abundance data on coastal marine fishes at Islas Marías. Ninety-nine species were identified, 3 of which were additions to the previous assessment. We found strong separation of fish communities based on both habitat and depth, and an association between hard-bottom habitats and high biodiversity of reef fishes. With the declaration of Islas Marías as a natural reserve and relocation of the prison in 2019, there is an opportunity for the reserve to become a priority area for marine conservation on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Spatial analyses of fish biodiversity at Isla María Cleofas can help develop sustainable management strategies at a time when the governmental jurisdiction of the iconic archipelago is uncertain.
{"title":"The biodiversity of fishes at the Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, as determined by baited remote underwater video","authors":"B. Tholan","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3104","url":null,"abstract":"The Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve, made up of 4 islands in Pacific waters off central Mexico, supports a large diversity of marine life. However, scientific research was restricted for decades by the occupation of Isla María Madre by the Federal Penitentiary Colony of Mexico from 1905 to 2019. Aside from a list of coastal fish species published in 2011, little has been published about the fish biodiversity in the area. While the limited access to the archipelago may have acted as a de-facto marine reserve, there is evidence that fishing continued both legally for the benefit of the colony and illegally by trespassing vessels. In order to establish baseline ecological data for future conservation planning, we used baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys at all 4 islands during 3 expeditions to the archipelago in 2018. A total of 131 BRUV surveys representing ~150 h of footage were analyzed to create the most current compilation of species and abundance data on coastal marine fishes at Islas Marías. Ninety-nine species were identified, 3 of which were additions to the previous assessment. We found strong separation of fish communities based on both habitat and depth, and an association between hard-bottom habitats and high biodiversity of reef fishes. With the declaration of Islas Marías as a natural reserve and relocation of the prison in 2019, there is an opportunity for the reserve to become a priority area for marine conservation on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Spatial analyses of fish biodiversity at Isla María Cleofas can help develop sustainable management strategies at a time when the governmental jurisdiction of the iconic archipelago is uncertain.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45020144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mesophotic ecosystems are found at depths of the ocean defined by the amount of incident light (1%–10% of light found at the surface). These ecosystems remain unexplored in many regions, including the Pacific region along the coast of Mexico, given the difficulty of accessing them using traditional methods, such as scuba. Using a remotely operated vehicle, we characterized fish assemblages across rock and sand habitat at mesophotic depths around continental islands in the Gulf of California and oceanic islands in the Revillagigedo Archipelago in Mexico. We conducted 78 video-transect surveys and identified observed fish to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Using species’ presence per video-transect, we calculated traditional diversity indices (species richness, taxonomic distinctness, and trophic level) and functional indices (number of functional entities, functional richness, and functional volume) for each island group and habitat type. The model results indicated that habitat type was the most important factor for predicting mesophotic fish diversity. The functional indices showed higher values for the rocky reefs of oceanic islands than for the sandy habitats, driven primarily by the presence of elasmobranchs and commercially important transpacific species. While the values of taxonomic distinctness and functional diversity could indicate that the mesophotic reefs in the oceanic island group are more ecologically intact than those around the continental islands, it will require more exploration to determine if this condition persists over time and if these ecosystems could serve as refuges for commercial fish species against the increasing number of disturbances impacting shallow reefs.
{"title":"Fish assemblages at mesophotic depths in the Pacific: a comparison between continental and oceanic islands of Mexico","authors":"Manuel F Velasco-Lozano","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3112","url":null,"abstract":"Mesophotic ecosystems are found at depths of the ocean defined by the amount of incident light (1%–10% of light found at the surface). These ecosystems remain unexplored in many regions, including the Pacific region along the coast of Mexico, given the difficulty of accessing them using traditional methods, such as scuba. Using a remotely operated vehicle, we characterized fish assemblages across rock and sand habitat at mesophotic depths around continental islands in the Gulf of California and oceanic islands in the Revillagigedo Archipelago in Mexico. We conducted 78 video-transect surveys and identified observed fish to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Using species’ presence per video-transect, we calculated traditional diversity indices (species richness, taxonomic distinctness, and trophic level) and functional indices (number of functional entities, functional richness, and functional volume) for each island group and habitat type. The model results indicated that habitat type was the most important factor for predicting mesophotic fish diversity. The functional indices showed higher values for the rocky reefs of oceanic islands than for the sandy habitats, driven primarily by the presence of elasmobranchs and commercially important transpacific species. While the values of taxonomic distinctness and functional diversity could indicate that the mesophotic reefs in the oceanic island group are more ecologically intact than those around the continental islands, it will require more exploration to determine if this condition persists over time and if these ecosystems could serve as refuges for commercial fish species against the increasing number of disturbances impacting shallow reefs.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47368683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building bridges not walls: the past, present, and future of international collaboration and research in northwest Mexico","authors":"JULIO LORDA","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3233","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46866534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of depth and diet on red abalone growth and survival in cage mariculture at San Jeronimo Island, Baja California, Mexico","authors":"Jeremie Bauer","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43275848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aggregations of rhodoliths, habitat-forming, free-living coralline red algae, form beds throughout the world’s oceans. On Santa Catalina Island, California, USA, rhodolith beds occur in protected coves where dense networks of moorings support recreational boating activities. The chains and spreader lines associated with these moorings chronically disturb the benthos, crushing the rhodoliths and reducing biodiversity of rhodolith-associated communities. Here, we examine how mooring disturbance affects rhodolith photosynthesis and respiration and characterize rhodolith-associated invertebrate respiration to better understand how this disturbance affects productivity by the ecosystem. To do this, we used a respiration chamber in the laboratory to measure the amount of oxygen produced and/or consumed by undisturbed (intact) rhodoliths, mooring-disturbed (“crushed”) rhodolith fragments, and laboratory-crushed rhodoliths, and the amount of oxygen consumed by the dominant rhodolith-associated invertebrate taxa. Our results indicate that rhodolith maximum net productivity is significantly reduced and rhodolith respiration is significantly increased by mooring disturbance in the field, but that crushing of the rhodolith thalli alone does not result in immediate changes to either of these measures. Rather, it appears that chronic crushing of rhodolith thalli, which results in their mortality and rhodolith habitat degradation, is required to elicit these metabolic changes. In addition, we observed variation in respiration rates among the 5 most commonly observed invertebrate taxa within the Catalina Island rhodolith beds, and scaling these respiration rates by each species’ abundance in the rhodolith beds and in adjacent mooring-disturbed (degraded) habitats indicated that mooring disturbance results in a decrease in community respiration by approximately 2.61 mg O2·m·d, with individual species contributing between 0.05 mg O2·m·d and 1.84 mg O2·m·d to this decrease. This study provides insight into the consequences of anthropogenic disturbance on productivity and respiration in these ecologically important habitats.
{"title":"Impacts of boat mooring disturbance on productivity and respiration in rhodolith beds from Catalina Island, USA","authors":"Dillon Dolinar","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3135","url":null,"abstract":"Aggregations of rhodoliths, habitat-forming, free-living coralline red algae, form beds throughout the world’s oceans. On Santa Catalina Island, California, USA, rhodolith beds occur in protected coves where dense networks of moorings support recreational boating activities. The chains and spreader lines associated with these moorings chronically disturb the benthos, crushing the rhodoliths and reducing biodiversity of rhodolith-associated communities. Here, we examine how mooring disturbance affects rhodolith photosynthesis and respiration and characterize rhodolith-associated invertebrate respiration to better understand how this disturbance affects productivity by the ecosystem. To do this, we used a respiration chamber in the laboratory to measure the amount of oxygen produced and/or consumed by undisturbed (intact) rhodoliths, mooring-disturbed (“crushed”) rhodolith fragments, and laboratory-crushed rhodoliths, and the amount of oxygen consumed by the dominant rhodolith-associated invertebrate taxa. Our results indicate that rhodolith maximum net productivity is significantly reduced and rhodolith respiration is significantly increased by mooring disturbance in the field, but that crushing of the rhodolith thalli alone does not result in immediate changes to either of these measures. Rather, it appears that chronic crushing of rhodolith thalli, which results in their mortality and rhodolith habitat degradation, is required to elicit these metabolic changes. In addition, we observed variation in respiration rates among the 5 most commonly observed invertebrate taxa within the Catalina Island rhodolith beds, and scaling these respiration rates by each species’ abundance in the rhodolith beds and in adjacent mooring-disturbed (degraded) habitats indicated that mooring disturbance results in a decrease in community respiration by approximately 2.61 mg O2·m·d, with individual species contributing between 0.05 mg O2·m·d and 1.84 mg O2·m·d to this decrease. This study provides insight into the consequences of anthropogenic disturbance on productivity and respiration in these ecologically important habitats.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42413569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental drivers of fish community functional diversity in arid mangroves compared to a tropical estuary","authors":"J. Á. Payán-Alcacio","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45684008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ctenophores in the class Tentaculata are distinct from Cnidarians in that they use sticky, not stinging, tentacles to capture and subdue their prey. The structures that make these tentacles sticky are colloblasts, specialized multicellular adhesive structures for predation. Located on the tentacles, tentacle side-branches (tentilla), or oral tentilla, colloblasts are only found in comb jellies (phylum Ctenophora). To perform comparative anatomy of the diversity of ctenophore colloblasts, specimens were collected from the epito bathypelagic zones near the coasts of central California and the Hawaiian Islands using blue-water divers and remotely operated vehicles. Tentacle samples were immediately fixed in a 4% formalin solution at sea, and then prepared in the lab via secondary fixation in 2% OsO4 for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Diversity of ultrastructural characteristics was observed using SEM, and the morphometrics of the collosphere, external secretion granules, and spiral filament were recorded for 20 species, within 9 families and 9 genera, including 13 undescribed species. Morphometry of colloblasts reveals that the shape of the collosphere (the organizational unit of sticky granules) falls into 3 classifications: spherical, ellipsoidal, or non-uniform. External secretion granule deposition falls into 2 categories: clustered or patterned; the cap cell membrane was either present or absent. This morphological variation is summarized graphically and will be useful to describe the functional diversity and feeding ecology of the interesting and controversial phylum Ctenophora.
{"title":"A sticky thicket of glue cells: A comparative morphometric analysis of colloblasts in 20 species of comb jelly (phylum Ctenophora)","authors":"Nicholas D Leonardi","doi":"10.7773/cm.v46i4.3118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3118","url":null,"abstract":"Ctenophores in the class Tentaculata are distinct from Cnidarians in that they use sticky, not stinging, tentacles to capture and subdue their prey. The structures that make these tentacles sticky are colloblasts, specialized multicellular adhesive structures for predation. Located on the tentacles, tentacle side-branches (tentilla), or oral tentilla, colloblasts are only found in comb jellies (phylum Ctenophora). To perform comparative anatomy of the diversity of ctenophore colloblasts, specimens were collected from the epito bathypelagic zones near the coasts of central California and the Hawaiian Islands using blue-water divers and remotely operated vehicles. Tentacle samples were immediately fixed in a 4% formalin solution at sea, and then prepared in the lab via secondary fixation in 2% OsO4 for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Diversity of ultrastructural characteristics was observed using SEM, and the morphometrics of the collosphere, external secretion granules, and spiral filament were recorded for 20 species, within 9 families and 9 genera, including 13 undescribed species. Morphometry of colloblasts reveals that the shape of the collosphere (the organizational unit of sticky granules) falls into 3 classifications: spherical, ellipsoidal, or non-uniform. External secretion granule deposition falls into 2 categories: clustered or patterned; the cap cell membrane was either present or absent. This morphological variation is summarized graphically and will be useful to describe the functional diversity and feeding ecology of the interesting and controversial phylum Ctenophora.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49131664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valérie Chantal Gabrielle Schnoller, G. Hernández-Carmona, E. Hernández-Garibay, J. López-Vivas, M. Muñoz-Ochoa
espanol"Acanthophora spicifera" es un alga roja invasiva que recientemente fue detectada en la bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, donde se ha desarrollado en grandes biomasas. Debido a que es una nueva especie en la region, se desconocen las caracteristicas y las propiedades de los polisacaridos solubles (PS) que contiene . Con el proposito de determinar el contenido, la composicion quimica y las propiedades de los PS de A. spicifera, durante el ano 2013, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en punta Roca Caimancito en la bahia de La Paz, y se extrajeron y caracterizaron los PS nativos y los PS con tratamiento alcalino. El tratamiento alcalino redujo el rendimiento y modifico la composicion de los PS de A. spicifera. Los polisacaridos obtenidos antes o despues del tratamiento alcalino fueron de baja viscosidad y no gelificaron. En concordancia con los resultados obtenidos, la razon molar de los componentes (galactosa, 3,6-anhidrogalactosa, sulfatos [Gal:3,6-AG:sulfatos]) para los polisacaridos nativos (1.00:0.30:0.23) y los polisacaridos con tratamiento alcalino (1.00:0.30 :0.17) mostro que los PS de A. spicifera poseen una menor proporcion de sulfatos que la que corresponde a los polisacaridos que pertenecen a los carragenanos, pero mayor que la que corresponde a los polisacaridos pertenecientes al agar verdadero. Los espectros obtenidos de la espectrometria infrarroja con transformada de Fourier de los PS mostraron senales caracteristicas para galactanos sulfatados, con la presencia de acido piruvico; despues del tratamiento alcalino, se observaron senales caracteristicas para polisacaridos del tipo agar (agaroideo). Aunque los polisacaridos de A. spicifera no tienen propiedades gelificantes, es necesario realizar estudios adicionales para determinar la estructura de los PS que contiene esta especie con el proposito de encontrar usos apropiados para este recurso. English"Acanthophora spicifera" is an invasive red alga that was recently detected in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, where it has developed into a large biomass. Because it is a new species in the region, the characteristics and properties of the soluble polysaccharides (SPs) that it contains are unknown. To determine the content, chemical composition, and properties of SPs in A. spicifera, monthly samplings were carried out in 2013 at Point Roca Caimancito in La Paz Bay, and native and alkali-treated polysaccharides were extracted and characterized. The alkaline treatment produced lower yields and modified the composition of A. spicifera SPs. The polysaccharides obtained before or after the alkaline treatment had low viscosity and did not have gelling properties. In line with the obtained results, the molar ratio of components (galactose, 3,6-anhydrogalactose, sulfates [Gal:3,6-AG:sulfates ]) for native (1.00:0.30:0.23) and alkali-treated (1.00:0.30:0.17) polysaccharides showed that A. spicifera SPs have a lower proportion of sulfates than that in polysaccharides bel
“Acanthophora spicifera”是一种入侵的红色藻类，最近在墨西哥南下加利福尼亚的拉巴斯湾发现，在那里它已经发展成大型生物质体。由于它是该地区的一个新种，其可溶性多糖(PS)的特性和性质尚不清楚。目的确定内容、composicion a的化学物质和财产dw spicifera肛门2013年期间,每月进行取样点摇滚Caimancito在bahia的和平,进行钻孔和特点,dw当地人和dw处理碱性。碱性处理降低了spicifera的产量，改变了sp的组成。碱性处理前后得到的多糖粘度低，未凝胶化。符合组件的成果,是对的臼齿(乳糖、3,6-anhidrogalactosa硫酸盐加3,6-AG:硫酸盐)(原生polisacaridos 1.00:0.30:0.23)和碱治疗(1.00:0.30 polisacaridos: a . spicifera 0.17)表现出dw具有较低比例的硫酸盐符合polisacaridos属于carragenanos,但高于polisacaridos属于agar真正拥有。傅里叶变换红外光谱法得到的PS光谱显示了丙酮酸存在下半乳糖硫酸盐的特征信号;碱性处理后，琼脂型多糖(琼脂糖)有特征信号。虽然spicifera多糖没有胶凝特性，但为了找到这种资源的适当用途，还需要进一步的研究来确定该物种所含PS的结构。“棘藻”是一种入侵的红藻，最近在墨西哥下加利福尼亚的拉巴斯湾被发现，在那里它发展成为一种大型生物群落。由于它是该地区的一个新种，它所含的可可性多糖(SPs)的特性和性质尚不清楚。2013年，在拉巴斯湾的Point Roca Caimancito采集了一个月的样品，并对天然和碱处理的多糖进行了提取和鉴定。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该地区的总面积为，其中土地和(1.1%)水。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的面积为，其中土地面积为，其中土地面积为。In line with the获得成果,《components的摩尔比例(galactose 3,6-anhydrogalactose, sulfates[加:3,6-AG sulfates]) for native(1.00:0.30:0.23)和alkali-treated (1.00:0.30:0.17) polysaccharides显示a . spicifera SPs低有比例sulfates than that In polysaccharides carrageenans应but greater than that In polysaccharides true应琼脂。显示存在pyruvic酸的硫酸半乳糖的SPs特征信号的傅里叶变换红外光谱;碱性处理后，观察到琼脂型多糖es(琼脂类)的特性信号。虽然spicifera多糖没有凝胶特性，但需要进一步的研究来澄清它所包含的SPs的结构，以找到该资源的适当用途。
{"title":"Chemical characterization of the soluble polysaccharides of the red alga Acanthophora spicifera from La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, México","authors":"Valérie Chantal Gabrielle Schnoller, G. Hernández-Carmona, E. Hernández-Garibay, J. López-Vivas, M. Muñoz-Ochoa","doi":"10.7773/CM.V46I3.3090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/CM.V46I3.3090","url":null,"abstract":"espanol\"Acanthophora spicifera\" es un alga roja invasiva que recientemente fue detectada en la bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, donde se ha desarrollado en grandes biomasas. Debido a que es una nueva especie en la region, se desconocen las caracteristicas y las propiedades de los polisacaridos solubles (PS) que contiene . Con el proposito de determinar el contenido, la composicion quimica y las propiedades de los PS de A. spicifera, durante el ano 2013, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en punta Roca Caimancito en la bahia de La Paz, y se extrajeron y caracterizaron los PS nativos y los PS con tratamiento alcalino. El tratamiento alcalino redujo el rendimiento y modifico la composicion de los PS de A. spicifera. Los polisacaridos obtenidos antes o despues del tratamiento alcalino fueron de baja viscosidad y no gelificaron. En concordancia con los resultados obtenidos, la razon molar de los componentes (galactosa, 3,6-anhidrogalactosa, sulfatos [Gal:3,6-AG:sulfatos]) para los polisacaridos nativos (1.00:0.30:0.23) y los polisacaridos con tratamiento alcalino (1.00:0.30 :0.17) mostro que los PS de A. spicifera poseen una menor proporcion de sulfatos que la que corresponde a los polisacaridos que pertenecen a los carragenanos, pero mayor que la que corresponde a los polisacaridos pertenecientes al agar verdadero. Los espectros obtenidos de la espectrometria infrarroja con transformada de Fourier de los PS mostraron senales caracteristicas para galactanos sulfatados, con la presencia de acido piruvico; despues del tratamiento alcalino, se observaron senales caracteristicas para polisacaridos del tipo agar (agaroideo). Aunque los polisacaridos de A. spicifera no tienen propiedades gelificantes, es necesario realizar estudios adicionales para determinar la estructura de los PS que contiene esta especie con el proposito de encontrar usos apropiados para este recurso. English\"Acanthophora spicifera\" is an invasive red alga that was recently detected in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, where it has developed into a large biomass. Because it is a new species in the region, the characteristics and properties of the soluble polysaccharides (SPs) that it contains are unknown. To determine the content, chemical composition, and properties of SPs in A. spicifera, monthly samplings were carried out in 2013 at Point Roca Caimancito in La Paz Bay, and native and alkali-treated polysaccharides were extracted and characterized. The alkaline treatment produced lower yields and modified the composition of A. spicifera SPs. The polysaccharides obtained before or after the alkaline treatment had low viscosity and did not have gelling properties. In line with the obtained results, the molar ratio of components (galactose, 3,6-anhydrogalactose, sulfates [Gal:3,6-AG:sulfates ]) for native (1.00:0.30:0.23) and alkali-treated (1.00:0.30:0.17) polysaccharides showed that A. spicifera SPs have a lower proportion of sulfates than that in polysaccharides bel","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41614552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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