Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060609
Gustavo Brunetto, P. B. Sete, Paulo Marcio Norberto, Paola Daiane Welter, Ingrid Thábata Silva Viana, Marco Paulo Andrade
The timing of nitrogen fertilizer application in an orchard can determine the amount of nitrogen (N) absorbed, distributed, and accumulated in fig tree organs. This study aimed to evaluate the fate of nitrogen (N) applied to the fig tree at different times in the soil. The experiment was conducted in the 2009–2010 crop season. The planted trees belonged to the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos, in the São João Del Rei municipality of Minas Gerais state (MG), Brazil. The treatments were the application of 20 kg N ha−1 as urea, enriched with 2% excess 15N atoms, on September 30 (T1) or on October 30 (T2). In January 2010, the fig trees were cut down and separated into fruit, leaves, new shoots and shoots from previous years, and the stem. The harvested parts were dried, weighed, and ground. Soil was collected from the 0.00–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m layers, dried, and ground. The total N and excess 15N atoms in the organs and in the soil were determined, and the N derived from the fertilizer was calculated. The annual organs of the fig tree, including leaves, fruit, and young shoots, exhibited the highest accumulation of N from soil application at both timings, with similar N uptake and accumulation levels. However, nitrogen fertilization had a minimal contribution to the overall nitrogen content in young trees and did not exceed 11%. Understanding the fate of nitrogen derived from fertilizer within the fig tree’s organs will allow for more precise adjustments when recommending nitrogen doses.
{"title":"The Fate of Soil-Applied Nitrogen in the Fig Tree","authors":"Gustavo Brunetto, P. B. Sete, Paulo Marcio Norberto, Paola Daiane Welter, Ingrid Thábata Silva Viana, Marco Paulo Andrade","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060609","url":null,"abstract":"The timing of nitrogen fertilizer application in an orchard can determine the amount of nitrogen (N) absorbed, distributed, and accumulated in fig tree organs. This study aimed to evaluate the fate of nitrogen (N) applied to the fig tree at different times in the soil. The experiment was conducted in the 2009–2010 crop season. The planted trees belonged to the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos, in the São João Del Rei municipality of Minas Gerais state (MG), Brazil. The treatments were the application of 20 kg N ha−1 as urea, enriched with 2% excess 15N atoms, on September 30 (T1) or on October 30 (T2). In January 2010, the fig trees were cut down and separated into fruit, leaves, new shoots and shoots from previous years, and the stem. The harvested parts were dried, weighed, and ground. Soil was collected from the 0.00–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m layers, dried, and ground. The total N and excess 15N atoms in the organs and in the soil were determined, and the N derived from the fertilizer was calculated. The annual organs of the fig tree, including leaves, fruit, and young shoots, exhibited the highest accumulation of N from soil application at both timings, with similar N uptake and accumulation levels. However, nitrogen fertilization had a minimal contribution to the overall nitrogen content in young trees and did not exceed 11%. Understanding the fate of nitrogen derived from fertilizer within the fig tree’s organs will allow for more precise adjustments when recommending nitrogen doses.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141368110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060611
S. Vršič, B. Pulko, Tadeja Vodovnik-Plevnik, Andrej Perko
In this study, the development trends of bioclimatic parameters recorded at the Maribor and Murska Sobota climate stations from 1952 to 2022 and the dynamics of grape ripening in early-, medium-, and late-ripening grape varieties in the Podravje wine-growing region in Slovenia (north-eastern Slovenia) from 1980 to 2022 were investigated. Based on the data on soluble solids content, total acidity, and the recommended harvest date per year (until the technological ripeness of the grapes; 76°Oe), trends for shortening the growing period of the vines were calculated. Temperature changes have been more pronounced since 1980. The number of so-called hot days (with a maximum of T > 30 °C) has increased the most, which has the greatest impact on other bioclimatic parameters, e.g., the average temperature and growing degree days (GDDs) and the Huglin index (HI). For the period of 1980 to 2022, the trends were 0.44 °C (Murska Sobota) and 0.51 °C (Maribor) per decade, respectively. The trends were more pronounced for the average temperature in the period of May–June (TMJ). After 1980, the HI increased by about 10 units per year. As a result of the climate warming, grapes in north-eastern Slovenia ripened 26 (‘Sauvignon Blanc’) to 35 (‘Welschriesling’) days earlier. The trends showed a decrease in total acidity, which can be attributed to the higher temperatures during the growing season period, especially during the ripening period of the grapes (véraison). After 2010, the average temperatures during the growing season (1 April to 31 October) in Podravje were 1.6 °C higher than in the 1980s. In line with the earlier ripening of the grapes, the actual average temperature from 1 April to the harvest date was a further 1.0 °C higher. The higher temperatures in the late-ripening varieties ‘Riesling’ and ‘Furmint’ had a positive effect on the lower total acidity. Total annual precipitation and precipitation in the growing season for the period 1980 to 2022 in the Maribor area show decreasing trends of 6 mm/m2 (p = 0.001) and 4 mm/m2 (p = 0.012), respectively. In the eastern sub-wine-growing region of Podravje (Murska Sobota), the trends in precipitation were not significant.
{"title":"The Impact of Climatic Warming on Earlier Wine-Grape Ripening in Northeastern Slovenia","authors":"S. Vršič, B. Pulko, Tadeja Vodovnik-Plevnik, Andrej Perko","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060611","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the development trends of bioclimatic parameters recorded at the Maribor and Murska Sobota climate stations from 1952 to 2022 and the dynamics of grape ripening in early-, medium-, and late-ripening grape varieties in the Podravje wine-growing region in Slovenia (north-eastern Slovenia) from 1980 to 2022 were investigated. Based on the data on soluble solids content, total acidity, and the recommended harvest date per year (until the technological ripeness of the grapes; 76°Oe), trends for shortening the growing period of the vines were calculated. Temperature changes have been more pronounced since 1980. The number of so-called hot days (with a maximum of T > 30 °C) has increased the most, which has the greatest impact on other bioclimatic parameters, e.g., the average temperature and growing degree days (GDDs) and the Huglin index (HI). For the period of 1980 to 2022, the trends were 0.44 °C (Murska Sobota) and 0.51 °C (Maribor) per decade, respectively. The trends were more pronounced for the average temperature in the period of May–June (TMJ). After 1980, the HI increased by about 10 units per year. As a result of the climate warming, grapes in north-eastern Slovenia ripened 26 (‘Sauvignon Blanc’) to 35 (‘Welschriesling’) days earlier. The trends showed a decrease in total acidity, which can be attributed to the higher temperatures during the growing season period, especially during the ripening period of the grapes (véraison). After 2010, the average temperatures during the growing season (1 April to 31 October) in Podravje were 1.6 °C higher than in the 1980s. In line with the earlier ripening of the grapes, the actual average temperature from 1 April to the harvest date was a further 1.0 °C higher. The higher temperatures in the late-ripening varieties ‘Riesling’ and ‘Furmint’ had a positive effect on the lower total acidity. Total annual precipitation and precipitation in the growing season for the period 1980 to 2022 in the Maribor area show decreasing trends of 6 mm/m2 (p = 0.001) and 4 mm/m2 (p = 0.012), respectively. In the eastern sub-wine-growing region of Podravje (Murska Sobota), the trends in precipitation were not significant.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060599
Yeyuan Deng, Yi Lin, Guo Wei, Xiaoqian Hu, Yanghui Zheng, Jing Ma
Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link) is a commercial significance woody plant. As a rare winter-blooming plant, C. praecox is widely distributed and highly adaptable to various climates, especially low temperatures. In this study, we identified the COR413 plasma membrane gene CpCOR413PM1 in wintersweet. CpCOR413PM1 was expressed in all tissues of the plant, with the highest expression observed in the root and floral parts. Cultivation under 4 °C and with treatment of ABA led to the up-regulated expression of CpCOR413PM1. The expression of recombinant CpCOR413PM1 protein in Escherichia coli resulted in the tissues’ increased resilience to cold and drought stress. In vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed the protective impact of the CpCOR413PM1 protein on superoxide dismutase under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, the overexpression of CpCOR413PM1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in increased cold and drought tolerance and ABA inhibited transgenic Arabidopsis seed germination. The CpCOR413PM1 gene promoter can influence expression of the GUS reporter gene under conditions of 4 °C, 42 °C and abscisic acid. Overall, our study demonstrates that CpCOR413PM1 plays a significate role in cold and drought stress. Our findings strengthen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying wintersweet’s tolerance to stress and lay the groundwork for the future investigation of the functions of the COR gene family.
{"title":"Overexpression of the CpCOR413PM1 Gene from Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) Enhances Cold and Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis","authors":"Yeyuan Deng, Yi Lin, Guo Wei, Xiaoqian Hu, Yanghui Zheng, Jing Ma","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060599","url":null,"abstract":"Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link) is a commercial significance woody plant. As a rare winter-blooming plant, C. praecox is widely distributed and highly adaptable to various climates, especially low temperatures. In this study, we identified the COR413 plasma membrane gene CpCOR413PM1 in wintersweet. CpCOR413PM1 was expressed in all tissues of the plant, with the highest expression observed in the root and floral parts. Cultivation under 4 °C and with treatment of ABA led to the up-regulated expression of CpCOR413PM1. The expression of recombinant CpCOR413PM1 protein in Escherichia coli resulted in the tissues’ increased resilience to cold and drought stress. In vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed the protective impact of the CpCOR413PM1 protein on superoxide dismutase under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, the overexpression of CpCOR413PM1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in increased cold and drought tolerance and ABA inhibited transgenic Arabidopsis seed germination. The CpCOR413PM1 gene promoter can influence expression of the GUS reporter gene under conditions of 4 °C, 42 °C and abscisic acid. Overall, our study demonstrates that CpCOR413PM1 plays a significate role in cold and drought stress. Our findings strengthen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying wintersweet’s tolerance to stress and lay the groundwork for the future investigation of the functions of the COR gene family.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060603
Jianmin Tang, R. Zou, Ke Huang, Limei Gao, Fengluan Tang, Tao Ding, Yunsheng Jiang, Xiao Wei
The genus Ottelia comprises approximately 21 submerged macrophyte species primarily found in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. The classification of several Ottelia species as vulnerable under the criteria “A2c” in the China Species Red List emphasizes the urgency of establishing a credible taxonomy. The ambiguity in taxonomy and evolutionary history persists, primarily stemming from the absence of a robust phylogeny at the species level. The rapid progress in high-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated the retrieval of complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences, offering a molecular foundation for conducting phylogenetic analyses. In this study, the entire cp genomes of five samples of four Ottelia species were sequenced. All five Ottelia samples exhibited a circular, quadripartite-structured molecule, with lengths ranging from 156,823 to 162,442 bp. A total of 75–88 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the cp genomes of the five Ottelia samples were observed, which could be used for species identification. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. fengshanensis, O. acuminata, and O. guanyangensis clustered with strong support (100 BS). O. acuminata var. jingxiensis was resolved as a sister to O. acuminata var. lunanensis (100 BS), and both were further found to be sisters to O. balansae. The widely distributed O. alismoides exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship as the sister taxon to all the Chinese endemic taxa, supported by robust values. Together, our thorough examination of the entire cp genomes of the five Ottelia samples provides eminent insights into reconstructing their phylogeny. Furthermore, it illuminates the evolutionary dynamics of the cp genome within the Ottelia genus.
{"title":"Comparative and Phylogenetic Analyses of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Four Ottelia Species","authors":"Jianmin Tang, R. Zou, Ke Huang, Limei Gao, Fengluan Tang, Tao Ding, Yunsheng Jiang, Xiao Wei","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060603","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Ottelia comprises approximately 21 submerged macrophyte species primarily found in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. The classification of several Ottelia species as vulnerable under the criteria “A2c” in the China Species Red List emphasizes the urgency of establishing a credible taxonomy. The ambiguity in taxonomy and evolutionary history persists, primarily stemming from the absence of a robust phylogeny at the species level. The rapid progress in high-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated the retrieval of complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences, offering a molecular foundation for conducting phylogenetic analyses. In this study, the entire cp genomes of five samples of four Ottelia species were sequenced. All five Ottelia samples exhibited a circular, quadripartite-structured molecule, with lengths ranging from 156,823 to 162,442 bp. A total of 75–88 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the cp genomes of the five Ottelia samples were observed, which could be used for species identification. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. fengshanensis, O. acuminata, and O. guanyangensis clustered with strong support (100 BS). O. acuminata var. jingxiensis was resolved as a sister to O. acuminata var. lunanensis (100 BS), and both were further found to be sisters to O. balansae. The widely distributed O. alismoides exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship as the sister taxon to all the Chinese endemic taxa, supported by robust values. Together, our thorough examination of the entire cp genomes of the five Ottelia samples provides eminent insights into reconstructing their phylogeny. Furthermore, it illuminates the evolutionary dynamics of the cp genome within the Ottelia genus.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141374123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060608
F. Carreel, Guillaume Martin, S. Ravel, Véronique Roussel, Christine Pages, Rémy Habas, Théo Cantagrel, Chantal Guiougou, J. Delos, C. Hervouet, P. Mournet, A. D'Hont, N. Yahiaoui, F. Salmon
Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is a recent pandemic and the most economically and environmentally important leaf disease of banana. To assist breeding of varieties with durable resistance to the rapidly evolving P. fijiensis, we used a diploid genitor ‘IDN 110’ with partial resistance to BLSD to search for QTLs. We assessed diploid progeny of 73 hybrids between ‘IDN 110’ and the diploid cultivar ‘Khai Nai On’, which is susceptible to BLSD. Hybrids were phenotyped with artificial inoculation under controlled conditions. This method allowed us to focus on resistance in the early stages of the interaction already identified as strongly influencing BLSD epidemiology. Progeny were genotyped by sequencing. As both parents are heterozygous for large reciprocal translocations, the distribution of recombination was assessed and revealed regions with low recombination rates. Fourteen non-overlapping QTLs of resistance to BLSD were identified of which four main QTLs from the ‘IDN110‘ parent, located on chromosomes 06, 07, 08, and 09, were shown to be of interest for marker-assisted selection. Genes that underline those four QTLs are discussed in the light of previous literature.
{"title":"Identification of Resistance QTLs to Black Leaf Streak Disease (Due to Pseudocercospora fijiensis) in Diploid Bananas (Musa acuminata)","authors":"F. Carreel, Guillaume Martin, S. Ravel, Véronique Roussel, Christine Pages, Rémy Habas, Théo Cantagrel, Chantal Guiougou, J. Delos, C. Hervouet, P. Mournet, A. D'Hont, N. Yahiaoui, F. Salmon","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060608","url":null,"abstract":"Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is a recent pandemic and the most economically and environmentally important leaf disease of banana. To assist breeding of varieties with durable resistance to the rapidly evolving P. fijiensis, we used a diploid genitor ‘IDN 110’ with partial resistance to BLSD to search for QTLs. We assessed diploid progeny of 73 hybrids between ‘IDN 110’ and the diploid cultivar ‘Khai Nai On’, which is susceptible to BLSD. Hybrids were phenotyped with artificial inoculation under controlled conditions. This method allowed us to focus on resistance in the early stages of the interaction already identified as strongly influencing BLSD epidemiology. Progeny were genotyped by sequencing. As both parents are heterozygous for large reciprocal translocations, the distribution of recombination was assessed and revealed regions with low recombination rates. Fourteen non-overlapping QTLs of resistance to BLSD were identified of which four main QTLs from the ‘IDN110‘ parent, located on chromosomes 06, 07, 08, and 09, were shown to be of interest for marker-assisted selection. Genes that underline those four QTLs are discussed in the light of previous literature.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141374524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060600
Sergio Arias-Martínez, Guadalupe Oyoque-Salcedo, Oscar Giovanni Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, E. Oregel-Zamudio, J. Torres-García
This study investigated the chemical and sensory distinctions in tomato fruits from three Physalis species (P. ixocarpa, P. angulata, and P. philadelphica) found in Michoacán, Mexico, using metabolomic fingerprinting through GC-MS analysis. The objective was to identify organoleptic differences that could influence consumer preferences, highlighting the significance of these species’ unique traits. These species represented a valuable genetic reservoir for potential hybridization or selection aimed at enhancing commercial varieties by focusing on organoleptic properties rather than traditional selection criteria like fruit size or yield. This research emphasizes the importance of preserving Mexican biodiversity and providing insights into domestication processes that prioritize flavor and sensory qualities. By analyzing metabolite profiles and their correlation with taste preferences, this study contributes to understanding how these differences could be leveraged in breeding programs to develop new tomato varieties with preferred flavors. It was suggested that variations in taste among the species are mainly due to differences in metabolite expression. This knowledge underscores the importance of organoleptic properties in the selection and domestication of edible fruits, offering a pathway toward the conservation and enhancement of tomato varieties through the exploitation of genetic diversity for organoleptic improvement.
本研究通过 GC-MS 分析，利用代谢组指纹图谱研究了墨西哥米却肯州发现的三种 Physalis（P. ixocarpa、P. angulata 和 P. philadelphica）番茄果实的化学和感官差异。目的是找出可能影响消费者偏好的感官差异，突出这些物种独特特征的重要性。这些物种代表着一个宝贵的基因库，可用于潜在的杂交或选育，旨在通过注重感官特性而不是果实大小或产量等传统选育标准来增强商业品种。这项研究强调了保护墨西哥生物多样性的重要性，并深入探讨了优先考虑风味和感官品质的驯化过程。通过分析代谢物特征及其与口味偏好的相关性，本研究有助于了解如何在育种计划中利用这些差异来开发具有偏好口味的番茄新品种。研究表明，品种间口味的差异主要是由于代谢物表达的不同。这些知识强调了感官特性在食用水果的选择和驯化中的重要性，为通过利用遗传多样性改良感官提供了一条保护和改良番茄品种的途径。
{"title":"Comparative Metabolomic Fingerprinting Analysis of Tomato Fruits from Physalis Species in Mexico’s Balsas Basin","authors":"Sergio Arias-Martínez, Guadalupe Oyoque-Salcedo, Oscar Giovanni Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, E. Oregel-Zamudio, J. Torres-García","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060600","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the chemical and sensory distinctions in tomato fruits from three Physalis species (P. ixocarpa, P. angulata, and P. philadelphica) found in Michoacán, Mexico, using metabolomic fingerprinting through GC-MS analysis. The objective was to identify organoleptic differences that could influence consumer preferences, highlighting the significance of these species’ unique traits. These species represented a valuable genetic reservoir for potential hybridization or selection aimed at enhancing commercial varieties by focusing on organoleptic properties rather than traditional selection criteria like fruit size or yield. This research emphasizes the importance of preserving Mexican biodiversity and providing insights into domestication processes that prioritize flavor and sensory qualities. By analyzing metabolite profiles and their correlation with taste preferences, this study contributes to understanding how these differences could be leveraged in breeding programs to develop new tomato varieties with preferred flavors. It was suggested that variations in taste among the species are mainly due to differences in metabolite expression. This knowledge underscores the importance of organoleptic properties in the selection and domestication of edible fruits, offering a pathway toward the conservation and enhancement of tomato varieties through the exploitation of genetic diversity for organoleptic improvement.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141375009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060601
Olivia M. Erskine, Alexa J. Lamm, Catherine E. Sanders, K. Lamm
Extreme weather events, increased intensity of droughts and floods, and changes to growing seasons are results of climate change that impact horticulture, agriculture, and food systems. In the United States, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina experience similar impacts caused by climate change such as rising sea levels and extreme heat. In these states, community gardens can be a source of local, fresh foods, especially in areas experiencing food insecurity. The goals of this study were to identify garden coordinators’ perceptions of the need for climate change adaptation, perceptions regarding the five perceived attributes of climate change adaptation, and where community garden coordinators stand in the innovation–decision process when it comes to climate change adaptation. The findings show that participants valued relative advantage and low levels of complexity when adopting and implementing climate-smart practices into their gardens. This study found that the community gardens were all implementing some form of climate-smart adaptations even if implementation was not for climate-related reasons. All participants noted that the largest barrier to adopting new practices was a lack of extra money. The findings from this study should be used to inform environmental education and communication strategies that encourage adoption of climate-smart practices.
{"title":"Exploring Community Garden Coordinators’ Perceptions of Climate-Smart Adaptations to Support Local Food Systems","authors":"Olivia M. Erskine, Alexa J. Lamm, Catherine E. Sanders, K. Lamm","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060601","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme weather events, increased intensity of droughts and floods, and changes to growing seasons are results of climate change that impact horticulture, agriculture, and food systems. In the United States, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina experience similar impacts caused by climate change such as rising sea levels and extreme heat. In these states, community gardens can be a source of local, fresh foods, especially in areas experiencing food insecurity. The goals of this study were to identify garden coordinators’ perceptions of the need for climate change adaptation, perceptions regarding the five perceived attributes of climate change adaptation, and where community garden coordinators stand in the innovation–decision process when it comes to climate change adaptation. The findings show that participants valued relative advantage and low levels of complexity when adopting and implementing climate-smart practices into their gardens. This study found that the community gardens were all implementing some form of climate-smart adaptations even if implementation was not for climate-related reasons. All participants noted that the largest barrier to adopting new practices was a lack of extra money. The findings from this study should be used to inform environmental education and communication strategies that encourage adoption of climate-smart practices.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060606
Michael Blanke
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) stands out among fruit in terms of three open physiological questions about its climacteric character, CO2 uptake, and the absence or presence of stomata on its floral organs. The objective of the present study was to examine the structures of blueberry flowers and fruit to explain their contribution to CO2 exchange and transpiration in order to clarify these discrepancies. Blueberries were dewaxed and the sepals/corolla removed for stomata counts, and their micromorphology was studied via LT-SEM. The fruit has stomata, contrary to beliefs in the literature, possibly because the stomata are occluded by the dense wax cover or ‘bloom’ and hidden on the distal part of the ovary in between and underneath the corolla. However, stomata were located on the distal part of the fruit surrounded by the sepals (calyx) and found predominantly on the abaxial sepals, while the adaxial side of the sepals and the proximal part of the ovary lacked stomata. The petals were devoid of stomata, trichomes, and chlorophyll and abscised after anthesis. In contrast, the sepals remained until maturity, contributing 5–7% to the berry surface but contributing to the majority of fruit stomata and chlorophyll. With 59–71% of the fruit’s chlorophyll, sepals were a significant source of the CO2 uptake. Similarly, with 95% of the berry stomata, sepals were a significant source of water loss, measured via porometry of fruit with and without sepals. Overall, this study identified the ovary as a minor source and sepals as the dominant source of CO2 and H2O exchange in blueberries.
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Vertically transmitted endophytes (VTEs) with multi-host-supporting functions are considered plant-acquired heritable traits, which can be manipulated to develop plants with the stable inheritance of these VTEs, defined here as ‘plant endophytic modification (PEM)’. To translate this hypothetical strategy into agricultural and horticultural practice, a PEM was carried out by introducing an anti-fungal pathogenic bacterium, Bacillus cereus (strain ID: ZX-2), into grapevine cuttings and growing the cuttings into vine plants. Bacterial strain XZ-2 is highly efficient in infecting grapevine cuttings and colonizing the interior of the infected cuttings, various parts of the subsequently established vine plants, and next year’s emerging vine shoots and leaves. Profiling the endophytic microbiota by high-throughput sequencing to the grapevines revealed that the colonization with exogenous ZX-2 slightly affected endophytic diversity, while significantly altering the composition and the predicted phenotypes of endophytic microbiota in ZX-2-modified grapevines (ZX-2mg). Most importantly, leaves (from both first- and second-year grapevines) of ZX-2mg conferred significantly higher (p < 0.001) anti-fungal pathogen abilities and a reduction in naturally occurring lesion area than leaves compared to the control grapevines. For all detected vines, a significant correlation (N = 37, r = 0.418; p < 0.01) between fungal pathogen inhibition rates and B. cereus (ZX-2) isolation rates was observed. In addition, ZX-2mg showed some growth promotion and a delay (15–20 days) in leaf abscission. The work established an alternative strategy to create plant lines with functions of specific VTEs via PEM, confirming the practical value of PEM in future organic farming systems.
{"title":"Targeted Manipulation of Vertically Transmitted Endophytes to Confer Beneficial Traits in Grapevines","authors":"Chun-Xiao Chen, Li-Rong Guo, Yu-Tao Wang, Yun Wen, Yu Li, Chun-Xi Lu, Ping Zhou, Shuang-Ye Huang, Yi-Qian Li, X. Pan, Shu-Sheng Zhu, Ming-Zhi Yang","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060607","url":null,"abstract":"Vertically transmitted endophytes (VTEs) with multi-host-supporting functions are considered plant-acquired heritable traits, which can be manipulated to develop plants with the stable inheritance of these VTEs, defined here as ‘plant endophytic modification (PEM)’. To translate this hypothetical strategy into agricultural and horticultural practice, a PEM was carried out by introducing an anti-fungal pathogenic bacterium, Bacillus cereus (strain ID: ZX-2), into grapevine cuttings and growing the cuttings into vine plants. Bacterial strain XZ-2 is highly efficient in infecting grapevine cuttings and colonizing the interior of the infected cuttings, various parts of the subsequently established vine plants, and next year’s emerging vine shoots and leaves. Profiling the endophytic microbiota by high-throughput sequencing to the grapevines revealed that the colonization with exogenous ZX-2 slightly affected endophytic diversity, while significantly altering the composition and the predicted phenotypes of endophytic microbiota in ZX-2-modified grapevines (ZX-2mg). Most importantly, leaves (from both first- and second-year grapevines) of ZX-2mg conferred significantly higher (p < 0.001) anti-fungal pathogen abilities and a reduction in naturally occurring lesion area than leaves compared to the control grapevines. For all detected vines, a significant correlation (N = 37, r = 0.418; p < 0.01) between fungal pathogen inhibition rates and B. cereus (ZX-2) isolation rates was observed. In addition, ZX-2mg showed some growth promotion and a delay (15–20 days) in leaf abscission. The work established an alternative strategy to create plant lines with functions of specific VTEs via PEM, confirming the practical value of PEM in future organic farming systems.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10060605
Félicien Mununga Katebe, Iris Szekely, Michel Mpundu Mubemba, C. Burgeon, M. H. Jijakli
Anthropogenic activities have denatured aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments throughout the world in general, and in Lubumbashi in particular, where market garden soils have become uncultivable for many plants. Thus, bioponics could be an effective means of producing uncontaminated vegetables in soilless cultivation, not only reducing the amount of fertilizer used and limiting contamination of agricultural produce but also achieving higher yields than in open-ground cultivation. The overall objective of this study was to implement a new bioponic technique for producing liquid fertilizer from chicken manure and utilize it in the organic hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia) installed on floating raft systems. To achieve this, two types of trials were conducted. The first was aimed at determining the quantities of organic matter to be used in the formulation of nutrient solutions. The second trial aimed to determine the optimal nitrogen concentration to be provided for hydroponic plant growth. Mineralization and/or anaerobic digestion of chicken manure were conducted for 7 days in 200 L barrels. For the first trial, nutrient solutions were created from three different concentrations of chicken manure (0.35%, 3.5%, and 7% dry matter—D.M.). These solutions were then used in bioponic rafts where total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were fixed at 150 mg/L. For the second trial, D.M. was fixed at 2.5% for each tested modality, but TAN concentrations varied among them (i.e., 60, 90, and 120 mg/L TAN concentration). Modalities with low D.M. concentration (0.35%) and those with low TAN concentration (60 mg/L) resulted in higher yields than bioponic modalities receiving high concentrations of dry matter or TAN, respectively, for trials 1 and 2. Although the reference chemical solutions generate the greatest yields, bioponic systems operating with chicken manure present a good alternative for the cultivation of vegetables in developing countries with heavily contaminated soils. Indeed, bioponics allows for the production of vegetables in large quantities from animal waste, which does not pose health risks for human consumption. Local vegetable species commonly grown in Lubumbashi should be tested under hydroponic conditions.
人类活动已使世界各地的水生、陆地和空中环境变性，特别是在卢本巴希，市场菜园的土壤已无法种植许多植物。因此，生物栽培可以成为无土栽培中生产无污染蔬菜的有效手段，不仅可以减少化肥用量，限制对农产品的污染，还能获得比露地栽培更高的产量。本研究的总体目标是采用一种新的生物栽培技术，利用鸡粪生产液态肥料，并将其用于浮筏系统上莴苣（Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia）的有机水培。为此，进行了两类试验。第一项试验旨在确定营养液配方中使用的有机物数量。第二项试验旨在确定水培植物生长所需的最佳氮浓度。在 200 升的桶中对鸡粪进行了为期 7 天的矿化和/或厌氧消化。在第一次试验中，用三种不同浓度的鸡粪（0.35%、3.5% 和 7% 干物质-D.M.）制成营养液。然后将这些溶液用于总氨氮（TAN）浓度固定为 150 毫克/升的生物栽培筏。在第二次试验中，每种测试模式的干物质含量都固定为 2.5%，但总氨氮浓度各不相同（即总氨氮浓度分别为 60、90 和 120 毫克/升）。在试验 1 和 2 中，干物质浓度低（0.35%）和 TAN 浓度低（60 毫克/升）的模式的产量分别高于干物质或 TAN 浓度高的生物栽培模式。虽然参考化学溶液产生的产量最高，但使用鸡粪的生物栽培系统为土壤受到严重污染的发展中国家的蔬菜栽培提供了一个很好的替代方案。事实上，生物栽培可以利用动物粪便大量生产蔬菜，而且不会对人类健康造成危害。应在水培条件下对卢本巴希常见的当地蔬菜品种进行测试。
{"title":"Bioponic Cultivation Using Chicken Droppings to Produce Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa rz) Uncontaminated by Trace Metals","authors":"Félicien Mununga Katebe, Iris Szekely, Michel Mpundu Mubemba, C. Burgeon, M. H. Jijakli","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10060605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060605","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic activities have denatured aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments throughout the world in general, and in Lubumbashi in particular, where market garden soils have become uncultivable for many plants. Thus, bioponics could be an effective means of producing uncontaminated vegetables in soilless cultivation, not only reducing the amount of fertilizer used and limiting contamination of agricultural produce but also achieving higher yields than in open-ground cultivation. The overall objective of this study was to implement a new bioponic technique for producing liquid fertilizer from chicken manure and utilize it in the organic hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia) installed on floating raft systems. To achieve this, two types of trials were conducted. The first was aimed at determining the quantities of organic matter to be used in the formulation of nutrient solutions. The second trial aimed to determine the optimal nitrogen concentration to be provided for hydroponic plant growth. Mineralization and/or anaerobic digestion of chicken manure were conducted for 7 days in 200 L barrels. For the first trial, nutrient solutions were created from three different concentrations of chicken manure (0.35%, 3.5%, and 7% dry matter—D.M.). These solutions were then used in bioponic rafts where total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were fixed at 150 mg/L. For the second trial, D.M. was fixed at 2.5% for each tested modality, but TAN concentrations varied among them (i.e., 60, 90, and 120 mg/L TAN concentration). Modalities with low D.M. concentration (0.35%) and those with low TAN concentration (60 mg/L) resulted in higher yields than bioponic modalities receiving high concentrations of dry matter or TAN, respectively, for trials 1 and 2. Although the reference chemical solutions generate the greatest yields, bioponic systems operating with chicken manure present a good alternative for the cultivation of vegetables in developing countries with heavily contaminated soils. Indeed, bioponics allows for the production of vegetables in large quantities from animal waste, which does not pose health risks for human consumption. Local vegetable species commonly grown in Lubumbashi should be tested under hydroponic conditions.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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