Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070706
M. Rodrigues, Almeida Sawimbo, Julieta Moreira da Silva, C. Correia, M. Arrobas
Sewage sludge can be used as an organic amendment as long as it is ensured that there is no risk of environmental contamination or risk to public health. In this study, sewage sludge from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) subjected to two disinfection and stabilization treatments [40% (mass/mass), calcium oxide, and calcium hydroxide] and their respective untreated sewage sludge were used. Three control treatments were also added: conventional farmyard manure (FYM), a nitrogen (N) mineral fertilizer (ammonium nitrate 34.5% N) applied at a rate of 50 kg N ha−1 (N50) (the same rate of all organic amendments), and an unfertilized control (N0), totaling nine treatments. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was cultivated in pots for two growing cycles. The dry matter yield (DMY) was higher in the N50 treatment (13.5 and 10.6 g plant−1 in the first and second growing cycles, respectively), followed by sewage sludge (10.8 to 12.4 and 8.4 to 8.7 g plant−1), FYM (8.5 and 7.2 g plant−1), and the control (7.7 and 6.0 g plant−1). The DMY was related to the N provided by the different treatments, assessed by the N and nitrate concentrations in tissues, N uptake, and apparent N recovery (ANR). Sewage sludge, due to its high N concentration and low carbon (C)/N ratio, mineralized rapidly, providing a significant amount of N to plants, as well as other nutrients, such as phosphorus (P) and boron (B). FYM, with a higher C/N ratio, provided less N to plants, also due to the short duration of the lettuce growing cycle. Alkalized sewage sludge increased soil pH and calcium (Ca) availability for plants. Fertilizer treatments minimally influenced cationic micronutrients. Heavy metals in the initial sewage sludge were below the threshold values established in international legislation, and the levels in soil and lettuce tissues were generally not higher than those in other treatments. Both of the sewage sludges used in this study showed high fertilizing value and very reactive behavior, making nutrients available much more quickly than FYM. This information is relevant to consider in defining their agricultural use.
只要确保不会造成环境污染或危害公众健康，污水污泥就可以用作有机添加剂。在这项研究中，使用了来自两家污水处理厂的经过两种消毒和稳定化处理[40%（质量/质量）、氧化钙和氢氧化钙]的污水污泥及其各自未经处理的污水污泥。此外，还添加了三种对照处理：常规农家肥（FYM）、氮（N）矿物肥料（硝酸铵，氮含量为 34.5%），施肥量为 50 千克/公顷（N50）（与所有有机添加剂的施肥量相同），以及未施肥对照（N0），共计九种处理。生菜（Lactuca sativa L.）在花盆中栽培了两个生长周期。N50 处理的干物质产量（DMY）较高（第一和第二个生长周期分别为 13.5 和 10.6 g plant-1），其次是污水污泥（10.8 至 12.4 和 8.4 至 8.7 g plant-1）、生石灰（8.5 和 7.2 g plant-1）以及对照（7.7 和 6.0 g plant-1）。DMY 与不同处理提供的氮有关，通过组织中的氮和硝酸盐浓度、氮吸收量和表观氮回收率（ANR）进行评估。污水污泥的氮浓度高，碳（C）/氮比率低，因此矿化速度快，为植物提供了大量的氮以及磷（P）和硼（B）等其他养分。C/N比值较高的堆肥为植物提供的氮较少，这也是由于莴苣的生长周期较短。碱化的污水污泥提高了土壤的 pH 值和植物对钙（Ca）的利用率。肥料处理对阳离子微量营养元素的影响很小。初始污水污泥中的重金属含量低于国际法规规定的阈值，土壤和莴苣组织中的重金属含量一般不高于其他处理方法。本研究中使用的两种污水污泥都具有很高的肥料价值和很强的反应性，使养分的利用速度远高于 FYM。在确定它们的农业用途时，需要考虑这些信息。
{"title":"Sewage Sludge Increased Lettuce Yields by Releasing Valuable Nutrients While Keeping Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants at Levels Well below International Legislative Limits","authors":"M. Rodrigues, Almeida Sawimbo, Julieta Moreira da Silva, C. Correia, M. Arrobas","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070706","url":null,"abstract":"Sewage sludge can be used as an organic amendment as long as it is ensured that there is no risk of environmental contamination or risk to public health. In this study, sewage sludge from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) subjected to two disinfection and stabilization treatments [40% (mass/mass), calcium oxide, and calcium hydroxide] and their respective untreated sewage sludge were used. Three control treatments were also added: conventional farmyard manure (FYM), a nitrogen (N) mineral fertilizer (ammonium nitrate 34.5% N) applied at a rate of 50 kg N ha−1 (N50) (the same rate of all organic amendments), and an unfertilized control (N0), totaling nine treatments. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was cultivated in pots for two growing cycles. The dry matter yield (DMY) was higher in the N50 treatment (13.5 and 10.6 g plant−1 in the first and second growing cycles, respectively), followed by sewage sludge (10.8 to 12.4 and 8.4 to 8.7 g plant−1), FYM (8.5 and 7.2 g plant−1), and the control (7.7 and 6.0 g plant−1). The DMY was related to the N provided by the different treatments, assessed by the N and nitrate concentrations in tissues, N uptake, and apparent N recovery (ANR). Sewage sludge, due to its high N concentration and low carbon (C)/N ratio, mineralized rapidly, providing a significant amount of N to plants, as well as other nutrients, such as phosphorus (P) and boron (B). FYM, with a higher C/N ratio, provided less N to plants, also due to the short duration of the lettuce growing cycle. Alkalized sewage sludge increased soil pH and calcium (Ca) availability for plants. Fertilizer treatments minimally influenced cationic micronutrients. Heavy metals in the initial sewage sludge were below the threshold values established in international legislation, and the levels in soil and lettuce tissues were generally not higher than those in other treatments. Both of the sewage sludges used in this study showed high fertilizing value and very reactive behavior, making nutrients available much more quickly than FYM. This information is relevant to consider in defining their agricultural use.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"57 1‐2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070705
R. Filimon, C. Bunea, R. Filimon, F. Bora, D. Damian
Climate change is currently the greatest threat to the environment as we know it today. The present study aimed to highlight the changes in the main climatic elements during the last five decades (1971–2020) in northeastern Romania (Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center) and their impact on grape quality, as part of precision viticulture strategies and efficient management of grapevine plantations. Data analysis revealed a constant and significant increase in the average air temperature in the last 50 years (+1.70 °C), more pronounced in the last 10 years (+0.61 °C), with a number of days with extreme temperatures (>30 °C) of over 3.5-fold higher, in parallel with a fluctuating precipitation regime. The increase in average temperatures in the last 40 years was highly correlated with the advancement of the grape harvest date (up to 12 days), a significant increase in Vitis vinifera L. white grape sugar concentration (+15–25 g/L), and a drastic decrease in total acidity (−2.0–3.5 g/L tartaric acid). The significant increase in the values of the bioclimatic indices require the reclassification of the wine-growing area in higher classes of favorability, raising the opportunity to grow cultivars that are more suited to warmer climates, ensuring the efficiency of the plantation, and meeting current consumer expectations.
{"title":"Long-Term Evolution of the Climatic Factors and Its Influence on Grape Quality in Northeastern Romania","authors":"R. Filimon, C. Bunea, R. Filimon, F. Bora, D. Damian","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070705","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is currently the greatest threat to the environment as we know it today. The present study aimed to highlight the changes in the main climatic elements during the last five decades (1971–2020) in northeastern Romania (Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center) and their impact on grape quality, as part of precision viticulture strategies and efficient management of grapevine plantations. Data analysis revealed a constant and significant increase in the average air temperature in the last 50 years (+1.70 °C), more pronounced in the last 10 years (+0.61 °C), with a number of days with extreme temperatures (>30 °C) of over 3.5-fold higher, in parallel with a fluctuating precipitation regime. The increase in average temperatures in the last 40 years was highly correlated with the advancement of the grape harvest date (up to 12 days), a significant increase in Vitis vinifera L. white grape sugar concentration (+15–25 g/L), and a drastic decrease in total acidity (−2.0–3.5 g/L tartaric acid). The significant increase in the values of the bioclimatic indices require the reclassification of the wine-growing area in higher classes of favorability, raising the opportunity to grow cultivars that are more suited to warmer climates, ensuring the efficiency of the plantation, and meeting current consumer expectations.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"85 s368","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070702
Muhammad Akram, Zunera Sajid, A. Farooq, Iftikhar Ahmad, A. Jamal, Humaira Rizwana, Bandar M. Almunqedhi, D. Ronga
Salinity poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity worldwide, with its detrimental effects on plant growth and physiological processes. Understanding the mechanisms by which plants respond to salt stress is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate its impact on crop yield and sustainability. To address this issue, a pot study was conducted to determine the effect of salt stress on the physiological and biochemical attributes of neem (Azdiarchta indica A. Juss). Plants were grown for 10 months in pots filled with soil having different salinity levels of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 dS m−1 and compared with a control of 1.7 dS m−1. The results showed that plant growth and chlorophyll contents declined as salinity levels increased. Due to oxidative stress, the contents of H2O2 increased under higher salt levels. The mitigation of oxidative stress was achieved through the activation of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Multivariate analysis indicated that Na+ accumulation in plants was positively related to H2O2 production and enzymatic activities, and negatively related to plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, root and shoot K+ concentration, and root K+/Na+. The experimental results suggest that neem plants can be grown in moderate saline soils.
{"title":"Characterization of Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) under Salinity Stress","authors":"Muhammad Akram, Zunera Sajid, A. Farooq, Iftikhar Ahmad, A. Jamal, Humaira Rizwana, Bandar M. Almunqedhi, D. Ronga","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070702","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity worldwide, with its detrimental effects on plant growth and physiological processes. Understanding the mechanisms by which plants respond to salt stress is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate its impact on crop yield and sustainability. To address this issue, a pot study was conducted to determine the effect of salt stress on the physiological and biochemical attributes of neem (Azdiarchta indica A. Juss). Plants were grown for 10 months in pots filled with soil having different salinity levels of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 dS m−1 and compared with a control of 1.7 dS m−1. The results showed that plant growth and chlorophyll contents declined as salinity levels increased. Due to oxidative stress, the contents of H2O2 increased under higher salt levels. The mitigation of oxidative stress was achieved through the activation of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Multivariate analysis indicated that Na+ accumulation in plants was positively related to H2O2 production and enzymatic activities, and negatively related to plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, root and shoot K+ concentration, and root K+/Na+. The experimental results suggest that neem plants can be grown in moderate saline soils.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"73 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070698
Alberto Guirao, J. Valverde, H. Díaz-Mula, D. Valero, María Serrano, D. Martínez-Romero
Cv ‘Doña María’ table grape is a high-quality table grape variety included in the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) of the European Union “The bagged grape of the Vinalopó”. The PDO stipulates that grape clusters must be protected with paper bags from inclement weather and insects, which helps enhance the final grape quality. However, ‘Doña María’ is a variety prone to high shattering in the late stages of ripening on the vine and during postharvest. Inorganic calcium treatments are one of the most commonly used tools to reduce this disorder, but the translocation of this mineral from veraison onward has been questioned. In this study, five applications were performed, from veraison to harvest, using sorbitol-chelated calcium (0.7% + 1.0%), Ca(NO3)2 (Ca) at 0.7% and sorbitol at 1%. It was observed that bagged grapes (not wetted with the solutions) only increased the concentration of total and bound calcium when treated with sorbitol–Ca. This resulted in reduced berry drop during cultivation and postharvest and improved fruit firmness. Additionally, it reduced grape metabolism indicators such as respiration rate, weight loss, malic acid degradation, prevented abscisic acid (ABA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and favored the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, increased antioxidant activity, and sugar content. The application of sorbitol-chelated calcium is an effective and safe tool that enhances fruit quality and prevents losses due to shattering during postharvest.
Cv'Doña María'鲜食葡萄是欧盟原产地名称保护（PDO）"维纳罗波袋装葡萄 "中的优质鲜食葡萄品种。该原产地名称规定，必须用纸袋保护葡萄果穗，防止恶劣天气和昆虫的侵袭，这有助于提高葡萄的最终品质。然而，"Doña María "这个品种在葡萄成熟后期和采收后很容易破碎。无机钙处理是减少这种失调的最常用工具之一，但这种矿物质从成熟期开始的转移一直受到质疑。在这项研究中，从葡萄成熟到采收，共进行了五次施用，分别使用了山梨醇螯合钙（0.7% + 1.0%）、0.7%的 Ca（NO3）2（钙）和 1%的山梨醇。据观察，用山梨醇钙处理袋装葡萄（未用溶液浸湿）时，只增加了总钙和结合钙的浓度。这就减少了浆果在栽培和采收后的掉落，提高了果实的坚硬度。此外，它还降低了葡萄的新陈代谢指标，如呼吸速率、重量损失、苹果酸降解，防止脱落酸（ABA）和丙二醛（MDA）的积累，有利于次生代谢物的积累，如多酚总量、抗氧化活性和含糖量的提高。应用山梨醇螯合钙是一种有效、安全的工具，可提高果实质量，防止采后破碎造成的损失。
{"title":"Role of Pre-Harvest Sorbitol–Calcium Treatments in Controlling Berry Drop in Bagged Table Grapes of the “Doña María” Variety","authors":"Alberto Guirao, J. Valverde, H. Díaz-Mula, D. Valero, María Serrano, D. Martínez-Romero","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070698","url":null,"abstract":"Cv ‘Doña María’ table grape is a high-quality table grape variety included in the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) of the European Union “The bagged grape of the Vinalopó”. The PDO stipulates that grape clusters must be protected with paper bags from inclement weather and insects, which helps enhance the final grape quality. However, ‘Doña María’ is a variety prone to high shattering in the late stages of ripening on the vine and during postharvest. Inorganic calcium treatments are one of the most commonly used tools to reduce this disorder, but the translocation of this mineral from veraison onward has been questioned. In this study, five applications were performed, from veraison to harvest, using sorbitol-chelated calcium (0.7% + 1.0%), Ca(NO3)2 (Ca) at 0.7% and sorbitol at 1%. It was observed that bagged grapes (not wetted with the solutions) only increased the concentration of total and bound calcium when treated with sorbitol–Ca. This resulted in reduced berry drop during cultivation and postharvest and improved fruit firmness. Additionally, it reduced grape metabolism indicators such as respiration rate, weight loss, malic acid degradation, prevented abscisic acid (ABA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and favored the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, increased antioxidant activity, and sugar content. The application of sorbitol-chelated calcium is an effective and safe tool that enhances fruit quality and prevents losses due to shattering during postharvest.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141685832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070700
Anabel Morales-Solis, Artemio Pérez-López, M. E. Ramírez-Guzman, Teodoro Espinosa-Solares, Irán Alia-Tejacal
This research explores how random events influence the respiration rate in Hass avocado beyond deterministic models in order to develop better strategies for extending its shelf life. Understanding these factors can enhance the accuracy of postharvest management strategies. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model with exogenous variables (ARIMAX) is an alternative stochastic probability model which is capable of modeling complex, externally influenced phenomena such as respiration. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of three exogenous variables, namely temperature, relative humidity, and ambient illumination, on the respiration rate of Hass avocado fruits. Data on the respiration rate and exogenous variables were obtained using sensors coupled to a data acquisition system in a prototype of continuous airflow. The Box–Jenkins methodology was employed to construct the ARIMA models. The temperature, relative humidity, ambient illumination, and respiration rate variables were adjusted to the ARIMA models (3,1,2), ARIMA (1,1,2), ARIMA (1,1,2), and ARIMA (1,1,3), respectively. The ARIMAX (1,1,3) models were obtained from the pre-whitened respiration rate series. The impact detected in the transfer functions indicates increases in the respiration rate of 0.34%, 1.52%, and 0.99% for each unit increase in the temperature, relative humidity, and ambient illumination variables, respectively. In this regard, ARIMAX modeling is reliable for explaining the physiological response of Hass avocado fruits due to external factors. In future research, it is intended to extrapolate this stochastic modeling procedure to measure the effect of dynamic loads on the respiratory metabolism of fruits during transportation, where there is a considerable loss in the quality of fresh products.
{"title":"ARIMAX Modelling: Response of Hass Avocado Respiration Rate to Environmental Factors","authors":"Anabel Morales-Solis, Artemio Pérez-López, M. E. Ramírez-Guzman, Teodoro Espinosa-Solares, Irán Alia-Tejacal","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070700","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores how random events influence the respiration rate in Hass avocado beyond deterministic models in order to develop better strategies for extending its shelf life. Understanding these factors can enhance the accuracy of postharvest management strategies. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model with exogenous variables (ARIMAX) is an alternative stochastic probability model which is capable of modeling complex, externally influenced phenomena such as respiration. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of three exogenous variables, namely temperature, relative humidity, and ambient illumination, on the respiration rate of Hass avocado fruits. Data on the respiration rate and exogenous variables were obtained using sensors coupled to a data acquisition system in a prototype of continuous airflow. The Box–Jenkins methodology was employed to construct the ARIMA models. The temperature, relative humidity, ambient illumination, and respiration rate variables were adjusted to the ARIMA models (3,1,2), ARIMA (1,1,2), ARIMA (1,1,2), and ARIMA (1,1,3), respectively. The ARIMAX (1,1,3) models were obtained from the pre-whitened respiration rate series. The impact detected in the transfer functions indicates increases in the respiration rate of 0.34%, 1.52%, and 0.99% for each unit increase in the temperature, relative humidity, and ambient illumination variables, respectively. In this regard, ARIMAX modeling is reliable for explaining the physiological response of Hass avocado fruits due to external factors. In future research, it is intended to extrapolate this stochastic modeling procedure to measure the effect of dynamic loads on the respiratory metabolism of fruits during transportation, where there is a considerable loss in the quality of fresh products.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070699
Sonia Expósito-Goás, Lautaro Gabriel Pinacho-Lieti, Fernando Lago-Pena, C. Cabaleiro
Protected geographical indications (PGIs) share health problems related to plant propagation material. The PGI “Faba de Lourenzá” encompasses a 1660 km2 area in northern Galicia, Spain, renowned for its “Faba Galaica” (FG) and Faba do marisco” (FM) bean cultivars. The lack of certified virus-free seeds poses a challenge. From 2019 to 2023, seeds from 60 lots were tested for BCMV. Plants from several plots were tested periodically to develop disease progress curves (DPCs). Control methods (plots out PGI zone, virus-free seedlings, rogueing, corn borders, and intercropping) were tested. Yields in five plots were used to assess BCMV’s economic impact. Seed lots were 22.3% FG-infected and <5% FM-infected. The transmission rate of BCMV from infected FG plants to their seeds was 25.5 ± 5%, while for FM it was 12 ± 3%. FG yield losses were on average 31.6 ± 4.5%. Combining virus-free seedlings and infected plant removal in plots outside the PGI area proved effective at reducing infection rates; combining with intercropping resulted in the lowest incidence in an FG plot. Farmer training and off-site plot selection to produce healthy sowing beans are key to improving results.
{"title":"Epidemiology and Management of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) in Traditional Phaseolus vulgaris L. Landraces within Protected Geographical Indications","authors":"Sonia Expósito-Goás, Lautaro Gabriel Pinacho-Lieti, Fernando Lago-Pena, C. Cabaleiro","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070699","url":null,"abstract":"Protected geographical indications (PGIs) share health problems related to plant propagation material. The PGI “Faba de Lourenzá” encompasses a 1660 km2 area in northern Galicia, Spain, renowned for its “Faba Galaica” (FG) and Faba do marisco” (FM) bean cultivars. The lack of certified virus-free seeds poses a challenge. From 2019 to 2023, seeds from 60 lots were tested for BCMV. Plants from several plots were tested periodically to develop disease progress curves (DPCs). Control methods (plots out PGI zone, virus-free seedlings, rogueing, corn borders, and intercropping) were tested. Yields in five plots were used to assess BCMV’s economic impact. Seed lots were 22.3% FG-infected and <5% FM-infected. The transmission rate of BCMV from infected FG plants to their seeds was 25.5 ± 5%, while for FM it was 12 ± 3%. FG yield losses were on average 31.6 ± 4.5%. Combining virus-free seedlings and infected plant removal in plots outside the PGI area proved effective at reducing infection rates; combining with intercropping resulted in the lowest incidence in an FG plot. Farmer training and off-site plot selection to produce healthy sowing beans are key to improving results.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"31 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141685302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070701
W. Sonjaroon, Teerapat Tepkaew, Manop Kupia, P. Tongkok, P. Boonkorkaew, J. Thussagunpanit
UV-A (315–400 nm) is a component of solar radiation, which impacts plant physiology. Consequently, the impact was investigated of UV-A supplementation on various aspects of kale cultivation in a plant factory with artificial lighting. Three UV-A intensity treatments (5, 10, or 15 W/m2) were applied to kale plants for 5 days before harvesting. The results revealed that 5 or 10 W/m2 UV-A supplementation provided significant advantages for kale growth. The fresh weight of the kale shoots increased by over 35–50% after UV-A exposure. In particular, the 10 W/m2 UV-A exposure significantly improved the photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency, and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Y(II)). In addition, the treatment with UV-A positively impacted changes in leaf spectral indices, resulting in decreases in the simple ratio index (SR), the normalized phaeophytinization index (NPQI), and the normalized difference red edge index (NDRE). Furthermore, the phytonutrients in kale (Vitamin C, soluble protein, and total phenolics) were enhanced using the 10 W/m2 UV-A treatment. One notable outcome was the consistent reduction in nitrate contents across all UV-A treatment intensities. Therefore, supplementing kale cultivation with UV-A radiation was a valuable strategy for enhancing kale yield and quality in plant factory production.
{"title":"Pre-Harvest UV-A Supplementation in Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting Improves Growth, Photosynthesis, and Phytonutrients in Kale","authors":"W. Sonjaroon, Teerapat Tepkaew, Manop Kupia, P. Tongkok, P. Boonkorkaew, J. Thussagunpanit","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070701","url":null,"abstract":"UV-A (315–400 nm) is a component of solar radiation, which impacts plant physiology. Consequently, the impact was investigated of UV-A supplementation on various aspects of kale cultivation in a plant factory with artificial lighting. Three UV-A intensity treatments (5, 10, or 15 W/m2) were applied to kale plants for 5 days before harvesting. The results revealed that 5 or 10 W/m2 UV-A supplementation provided significant advantages for kale growth. The fresh weight of the kale shoots increased by over 35–50% after UV-A exposure. In particular, the 10 W/m2 UV-A exposure significantly improved the photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency, and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Y(II)). In addition, the treatment with UV-A positively impacted changes in leaf spectral indices, resulting in decreases in the simple ratio index (SR), the normalized phaeophytinization index (NPQI), and the normalized difference red edge index (NDRE). Furthermore, the phytonutrients in kale (Vitamin C, soluble protein, and total phenolics) were enhanced using the 10 W/m2 UV-A treatment. One notable outcome was the consistent reduction in nitrate contents across all UV-A treatment intensities. Therefore, supplementing kale cultivation with UV-A radiation was a valuable strategy for enhancing kale yield and quality in plant factory production.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"351 7‐8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141686608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070697
András Lajos Juhász, Á. Szénási
Chilies are being increasingly favored worldwide, with an increasing growing area. As limited information is available about the population dynamic of arthropod communities in chilies under field conditions, the aim of our survey was to observe aphids and their natural enemies under various agrotechnological factors to improve IPM for chilies. The Yellow Scotch Bonnet (YSB) and Trinidad Scorpion Butch T (TSBT) chili varieties were investigated. Two plant spacings (30 vs. 40 and 40 vs. 60 cm in YSB and TSBT, respectively) and two watering rates (40 min/day; 20 min every second day) were applied with three replicates. Ten plants per plot/date were checked visually from July to September each year. In 2019, significantly more Chrysopidae eggs and significantly fewer Coccinellidae eggs were found under less watering. The number of Chrysopidae larvae and Coccinellidae pupae and larvae was significantly higher, whereas that of Chrysopidae eggs and Thomisidae individuals was significantly lower in the less-irrigated plots in 2021. In the same year, significantly more Coccinellidae adults were detected in the TSBT cultivar, and the number of Chrysopidae eggs and larvae and Coccinellidae pupae was significantly lower under decreased plant spacing. Predators preferred plots with an increased plant distance and plants with higher aphid pressure.
{"title":"Do Cultivar, Watering and Plant Distance Impact Aphids and Their Natural Enemies in Chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)?","authors":"András Lajos Juhász, Á. Szénási","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070697","url":null,"abstract":"Chilies are being increasingly favored worldwide, with an increasing growing area. As limited information is available about the population dynamic of arthropod communities in chilies under field conditions, the aim of our survey was to observe aphids and their natural enemies under various agrotechnological factors to improve IPM for chilies. The Yellow Scotch Bonnet (YSB) and Trinidad Scorpion Butch T (TSBT) chili varieties were investigated. Two plant spacings (30 vs. 40 and 40 vs. 60 cm in YSB and TSBT, respectively) and two watering rates (40 min/day; 20 min every second day) were applied with three replicates. Ten plants per plot/date were checked visually from July to September each year. In 2019, significantly more Chrysopidae eggs and significantly fewer Coccinellidae eggs were found under less watering. The number of Chrysopidae larvae and Coccinellidae pupae and larvae was significantly higher, whereas that of Chrysopidae eggs and Thomisidae individuals was significantly lower in the less-irrigated plots in 2021. In the same year, significantly more Coccinellidae adults were detected in the TSBT cultivar, and the number of Chrysopidae eggs and larvae and Coccinellidae pupae was significantly lower under decreased plant spacing. Predators preferred plots with an increased plant distance and plants with higher aphid pressure.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141685905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070694
Hassam Tahir, Muhammad Sajjad, Minjie Qian, Muhammad Zeeshan Ul Haq, Ashar Tahir, Tiantian Chen, Shaopu Shi, Muhammad Aamir Farooq, Wei Ling, Kaibing Zhou
Mango (Mangifera indica) is a highly valuable horticultural crop known for its quality and productivity. This study investigates the dynamic changes in physicochemical properties and glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolic pathways in mango pulp across various growth and development stages over two consecutive years (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) by transcriptomic analysis. Overall, the results demonstrate that during different ripening periods, the pulp shows increased levels of total soluble solids, relative conductivity, glutathione, and enzymes, while titratable acidity, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and ascorbic acid contents decreased. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis identified key differentially expressed genes from the glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolic pathways and validated them with qRT-PCR. In different comparisons, a total of 1776, 2513, and 828 DEGs were identified in 30 vs. 60, 30 vs. 90, and 60 vs. 90 days after flowering, respectively. Among them, seven DEGs were primarily enriched in relevant pathways, which included ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbate oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glutathione transferases, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The upregulation of these genes indicates that glutathione and AsA respond well to scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintain normal functioning in plants. This research sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of glutathione and ascorbic acid dynamic changes in mango pulp, providing valuable insights into the regulation of antioxidant and metabolic pathways during fruit growth and development.
{"title":"Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Dynamic Changes in Glutathione and Ascorbic Acid Content in Mango Pulp across Growth and Development Stages","authors":"Hassam Tahir, Muhammad Sajjad, Minjie Qian, Muhammad Zeeshan Ul Haq, Ashar Tahir, Tiantian Chen, Shaopu Shi, Muhammad Aamir Farooq, Wei Ling, Kaibing Zhou","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070694","url":null,"abstract":"Mango (Mangifera indica) is a highly valuable horticultural crop known for its quality and productivity. This study investigates the dynamic changes in physicochemical properties and glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolic pathways in mango pulp across various growth and development stages over two consecutive years (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) by transcriptomic analysis. Overall, the results demonstrate that during different ripening periods, the pulp shows increased levels of total soluble solids, relative conductivity, glutathione, and enzymes, while titratable acidity, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and ascorbic acid contents decreased. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis identified key differentially expressed genes from the glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolic pathways and validated them with qRT-PCR. In different comparisons, a total of 1776, 2513, and 828 DEGs were identified in 30 vs. 60, 30 vs. 90, and 60 vs. 90 days after flowering, respectively. Among them, seven DEGs were primarily enriched in relevant pathways, which included ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbate oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glutathione transferases, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The upregulation of these genes indicates that glutathione and AsA respond well to scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintain normal functioning in plants. This research sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of glutathione and ascorbic acid dynamic changes in mango pulp, providing valuable insights into the regulation of antioxidant and metabolic pathways during fruit growth and development.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"9 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070693
Mingming Zhao, Rongchun Ye, Yi Li, Lian Liu, Hanying Su, Xianfeng Ma, Ziniu Deng
Citrus bacterial canker disease, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), poses a significant global threat to the citrus industry. Lateral organ boundaries 1 (Lob1) is confirmed as a citrus susceptibility gene that induces pathogenesis by interaction with the PthA4 effector of Xcc. Citron C-05 (Citrus medica) is a Citrus genotype resistant to Xcc. However, there is little information available on the regulation of Lob1 in resistant genotypes, which is important for the breeding of citrus cultivars resistant to canker disease. This study aimed to identify upstream regulatory factors of Lob1 in Citron C-05 and to investigate its function in disease resistance. ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange (C. sinensis), a susceptible genotype, was utilized as the control. cDNA yeast libraries of Xcc-induced Citron C-05 and ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange were constructed. The capacities of ‘Bingtang’ and Citron C-05 were 1.896 × 107 and 2.154 × 107 CFU, respectively. The inserted fragments ranged from 500 to 2000 bp with a 100% recombination rate. The promoter of Lob1 was segmented into two pieces and the P1 fragment from both genotypes was used to construct a bait yeast (PAbAi-CsLob1-P1; PAbAi-CmLob1-P1). Through library screening with the bait yeast, upstream regulators interacting with the Lob1-P1 promoter were identified and then validated using Y1H and dual-luciferase tests. The expression analysis of the three transcript factors indicated that RMA3 was upregulated by inoculation with Xcc in the resistant Citron C-05, but not in the susceptible sweet orange. The overexpression of CsRMA3 in ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange led to reduced canker symptoms, with a significantly lower pathogen density in the leaves following Xcc inoculation. When CmRMA3 was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Citron C-05, typical canker symptoms appeared on the CmRMA3-silenced leaves at 15 days post-inoculation with Xcc. Further expression analyses revealed that the CmRMA3 transcription factor suppressed the expression of Lob1. These results suggest that RMA3 participates in the resistant reaction of Citron C-05 to Xcc infection, and such a response might be in relation to its suppression of the expression of the pathogenic gene Lob1.
{"title":"Functional Analysis of RMA3 in Response to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Infection in Citron C-05 (Citrus medica)","authors":"Mingming Zhao, Rongchun Ye, Yi Li, Lian Liu, Hanying Su, Xianfeng Ma, Ziniu Deng","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070693","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus bacterial canker disease, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), poses a significant global threat to the citrus industry. Lateral organ boundaries 1 (Lob1) is confirmed as a citrus susceptibility gene that induces pathogenesis by interaction with the PthA4 effector of Xcc. Citron C-05 (Citrus medica) is a Citrus genotype resistant to Xcc. However, there is little information available on the regulation of Lob1 in resistant genotypes, which is important for the breeding of citrus cultivars resistant to canker disease. This study aimed to identify upstream regulatory factors of Lob1 in Citron C-05 and to investigate its function in disease resistance. ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange (C. sinensis), a susceptible genotype, was utilized as the control. cDNA yeast libraries of Xcc-induced Citron C-05 and ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange were constructed. The capacities of ‘Bingtang’ and Citron C-05 were 1.896 × 107 and 2.154 × 107 CFU, respectively. The inserted fragments ranged from 500 to 2000 bp with a 100% recombination rate. The promoter of Lob1 was segmented into two pieces and the P1 fragment from both genotypes was used to construct a bait yeast (PAbAi-CsLob1-P1; PAbAi-CmLob1-P1). Through library screening with the bait yeast, upstream regulators interacting with the Lob1-P1 promoter were identified and then validated using Y1H and dual-luciferase tests. The expression analysis of the three transcript factors indicated that RMA3 was upregulated by inoculation with Xcc in the resistant Citron C-05, but not in the susceptible sweet orange. The overexpression of CsRMA3 in ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange led to reduced canker symptoms, with a significantly lower pathogen density in the leaves following Xcc inoculation. When CmRMA3 was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Citron C-05, typical canker symptoms appeared on the CmRMA3-silenced leaves at 15 days post-inoculation with Xcc. Further expression analyses revealed that the CmRMA3 transcription factor suppressed the expression of Lob1. These results suggest that RMA3 participates in the resistant reaction of Citron C-05 to Xcc infection, and such a response might be in relation to its suppression of the expression of the pathogenic gene Lob1.","PeriodicalId":507445,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"7 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：