Metal particle reinforcement plays an important role in the mechanical properties and printability of composite materials for FDM 3D-printing technology. PLA/Iron composite filament is widely used in many applications, such as magnetic and biomedical devices. This research aims to study the effect of iron particles on the printability and mechanical properties of PLA/Iron composite and compare it with another PLA composite of PLA/Stainless steel composite. The PLA/Iron (Fe) and PLA/Stainless steel (SS) composites were printed at different printing temperatures between 260-290 °C, printing speeds between 30-90 mm/s, and infill density of 100%. The max stress and elongation of printed PLA/Fe composite were higher than that of printed PLA/SS composite about 1.5 and 1.2 times. Moreover, the highest max stress of printed PLA/Fe composite specimens was 40.20 MPa at a printing temperature of 280 °C and printing speed of 60 mm/s. The optical microscope observed the homogeneous iron and stainless-steel particle distribution in PLA composite matrix and revealed the printed structure.
{"title":"Printability and Mechanical Properties of PLA/Iron Composites for FDM 3D Printing","authors":"Korbkaroon Doungkeaw, Jennarong Tungtrongpairoj","doi":"10.4028/p-yo4czk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-yo4czk","url":null,"abstract":"Metal particle reinforcement plays an important role in the mechanical properties and printability of composite materials for FDM 3D-printing technology. PLA/Iron composite filament is widely used in many applications, such as magnetic and biomedical devices. This research aims to study the effect of iron particles on the printability and mechanical properties of PLA/Iron composite and compare it with another PLA composite of PLA/Stainless steel composite. The PLA/Iron (Fe) and PLA/Stainless steel (SS) composites were printed at different printing temperatures between 260-290 °C, printing speeds between 30-90 mm/s, and infill density of 100%. The max stress and elongation of printed PLA/Fe composite were higher than that of printed PLA/SS composite about 1.5 and 1.2 times. Moreover, the highest max stress of printed PLA/Fe composite specimens was 40.20 MPa at a printing temperature of 280 °C and printing speed of 60 mm/s. The optical microscope observed the homogeneous iron and stainless-steel particle distribution in PLA composite matrix and revealed the printed structure.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140375982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eakpoom Boonthum, Sirichai Sirichana, Aphainun Namkhet, U. Teeboonma
Performance of solar dryers were tested. In the past, to study the efficiency of solar dryers. A dryer with one drying chamber was built and tested by changing the conditions. In each experiment, the solar irradiance value is different, which can cause the results to be inaccurate. Therefore, in this study, a number of drying chambers are designed according to the number of experimental conditions to be studied during the same period. To reduce factors that will cause discrepancies in the experimental results. The solar dryer with 4 drying chambers was constructed in 1 unit and tested the performance of passive solar dryer (PSD) and active solar dryer (ASD). Air flowrate of ASD varied at 0.03 m3/s (ASD0.03), 0.06 m3/s (ASD0.06) and 0.09 m3/s (ASD0.09). Pork was selected as testing material with initial moisture content of 265% dry basis. Drying rate, solar dryer efficiency and specific energy consumption are criteria to evaluate of solar dryer performance. Result from the experimental was found that the performance of PSD is lowest compared with ASDs. Furthermore, it was revealed that the drying rate of ASD0.06 is higher than that for PSD, ASD0.03 and ASD0.09 by 22% 10% and 8%, respectively. Results from the experimental reveal the ASDs performance are higher than that of PSD. Moreover, it was found that the drying rate of ASD0.06 is higher than that for PSD, ASD0.03 and ASD0.09 by 22% 10% and 8%, respectively. Whereas, specific energy consumption of ASD0.06 is lower than that PSD, ASD0.03 and ASD0.09 by 26%, 11% and 9%, respectively. Finally, it was also found that solar dryer efficiency of PSD, ASD0.03, ASD0.06 and ASD0.09 are 11.68%, 13.34%, 14.89% and 13.73%, respectively.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Performance of Passive and Active Solar Dryer","authors":"Eakpoom Boonthum, Sirichai Sirichana, Aphainun Namkhet, U. Teeboonma","doi":"10.4028/p-2gfc9w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-2gfc9w","url":null,"abstract":"Performance of solar dryers were tested. In the past, to study the efficiency of solar dryers. A dryer with one drying chamber was built and tested by changing the conditions. In each experiment, the solar irradiance value is different, which can cause the results to be inaccurate. Therefore, in this study, a number of drying chambers are designed according to the number of experimental conditions to be studied during the same period. To reduce factors that will cause discrepancies in the experimental results. The solar dryer with 4 drying chambers was constructed in 1 unit and tested the performance of passive solar dryer (PSD) and active solar dryer (ASD). Air flowrate of ASD varied at 0.03 m3/s (ASD0.03), 0.06 m3/s (ASD0.06) and 0.09 m3/s (ASD0.09). Pork was selected as testing material with initial moisture content of 265% dry basis. Drying rate, solar dryer efficiency and specific energy consumption are criteria to evaluate of solar dryer performance. Result from the experimental was found that the performance of PSD is lowest compared with ASDs. Furthermore, it was revealed that the drying rate of ASD0.06 is higher than that for PSD, ASD0.03 and ASD0.09 by 22% 10% and 8%, respectively. Results from the experimental reveal the ASDs performance are higher than that of PSD. Moreover, it was found that the drying rate of ASD0.06 is higher than that for PSD, ASD0.03 and ASD0.09 by 22% 10% and 8%, respectively. Whereas, specific energy consumption of ASD0.06 is lower than that PSD, ASD0.03 and ASD0.09 by 26%, 11% and 9%, respectively. Finally, it was also found that solar dryer efficiency of PSD, ASD0.03, ASD0.06 and ASD0.09 are 11.68%, 13.34%, 14.89% and 13.73%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140376640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasma Arc Machining is a metal cutting where conductor metal such as sheets metal are cut with plasma arc. Problem in plasma arc machining is the result of cutting has burr which is quite large due to the heat, resulting the surface roughness on the workpiece. This research aim to minimize the surface roughness of the stainless steel plate uses a design of experiment method with full factorial design. In this research, there are three factors, that are torch height, cutting speed, and electric current. Each factor has three levels. By using full factorial design, the number of treatments are 33=27 trials. The results of the research on data processing analysis of variance show that the most influential factor on surface roughness is cutting speed with contribution value of 90.76% followed by two other factors, that is height torch with contribution value of 2.42% and electric current with contribution value of 0.23% and contribution value of noise by 6.59%. Then based on data processing robust design the optimum combination of parameters is obtained by using setting 1 mm torch height, 2400 mm/min cutting speed, and 30 A electric current. Based on the confirmation experiments, experiments with optimum parameter combinations can reach a gap noise of 2.283 dB. Therefore, the design of experiment for determining parameter setting plasma arc machining can determine the optimum combination of parameters to minimize the surface roughness.
等离子弧加工是用等离子弧切割导体金属（如金属板）的一种金属切削方式。等离子弧加工存在的问题是，由于热量的作用，切割结果会产生较大的毛刺，从而导致工件表面粗糙。本研究采用全因子设计的实验方法，旨在最大限度地降低不锈钢板的表面粗糙度。在这项研究中，有三个因素，即割炬高度、切割速度和电流。每个因素都有三个水平。通过全因子设计，处理次数为 33=27 次试验。数据处理方差分析的研究结果表明，对表面粗糙度影响最大的因素是切割速度，其贡献值为 90.76%，其次是其他两个因素，即割炬高度的贡献值为 2.42%，电流的贡献值为 0.23%，噪声的贡献值为 6.59%。然后，基于数据处理鲁棒设计，通过设置 1 mm 割炬高度、2400 mm/min 切割速度和 30 A 电流，获得了最佳参数组合。根据确认实验，采用最佳参数组合的实验可使间隙噪声达到 2.283 dB。因此，确定等离子弧加工参数设置的实验设计可以确定参数的最佳组合，使表面粗糙度最小。
{"title":"Design of Experiment for Determining Setting Parameter on Plasma Arc Machining for Stainless Steel Plate Cutting with Full Factorial Design","authors":"Restiawan Ahmaddani, Khusna Dwijayanti","doi":"10.4028/p-bxul3c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-bxul3c","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma Arc Machining is a metal cutting where conductor metal such as sheets metal are cut with plasma arc. Problem in plasma arc machining is the result of cutting has burr which is quite large due to the heat, resulting the surface roughness on the workpiece. This research aim to minimize the surface roughness of the stainless steel plate uses a design of experiment method with full factorial design. In this research, there are three factors, that are torch height, cutting speed, and electric current. Each factor has three levels. By using full factorial design, the number of treatments are 33=27 trials. The results of the research on data processing analysis of variance show that the most influential factor on surface roughness is cutting speed with contribution value of 90.76% followed by two other factors, that is height torch with contribution value of 2.42% and electric current with contribution value of 0.23% and contribution value of noise by 6.59%. Then based on data processing robust design the optimum combination of parameters is obtained by using setting 1 mm torch height, 2400 mm/min cutting speed, and 30 A electric current. Based on the confirmation experiments, experiments with optimum parameter combinations can reach a gap noise of 2.283 dB. Therefore, the design of experiment for determining parameter setting plasma arc machining can determine the optimum combination of parameters to minimize the surface roughness.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Prasetiawan, D. S. Fardhyanti, H. Hadiyanto, W. Fatriasari
Biomass waste is one of the promising resource for the production of bio oil. In this study, a mixture of biomass waste will be pyrolyzed in the presence of activated carbon and zeolite as the catalyst. The catalyst concentrations were varied at 2%, 4%, 6%, respectively. While, the pyrolysis process was carried out at 500°C, for 60 minutes, with a nitrogen flow of 3 L/min. The highest bio oil yield was obtained the pyrolysis process by using zeolite with 35% at 4% w/w of the catalyst concentration. The lowest acid number obtained was 42.92 on 4% zeolite catalyst with rice husk biomass as the raw material, the best viscosity was obtained on 4% activated carbon multi feedstock with a viscosity value of 4.96 cP. The best density was obtained in multi feedstock with 4% zeolite catalyst and rice husk with 4% zeolite of 0.996 g/mL.
{"title":"Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass Waste Mixture over Activated Carbon and Zeolite Catalyst for the Production Bio Oil","authors":"H. Prasetiawan, D. S. Fardhyanti, H. Hadiyanto, W. Fatriasari","doi":"10.4028/p-9igsfm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-9igsfm","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass waste is one of the promising resource for the production of bio oil. In this study, a mixture of biomass waste will be pyrolyzed in the presence of activated carbon and zeolite as the catalyst. The catalyst concentrations were varied at 2%, 4%, 6%, respectively. While, the pyrolysis process was carried out at 500°C, for 60 minutes, with a nitrogen flow of 3 L/min. The highest bio oil yield was obtained the pyrolysis process by using zeolite with 35% at 4% w/w of the catalyst concentration. The lowest acid number obtained was 42.92 on 4% zeolite catalyst with rice husk biomass as the raw material, the best viscosity was obtained on 4% activated carbon multi feedstock with a viscosity value of 4.96 cP. The best density was obtained in multi feedstock with 4% zeolite catalyst and rice husk with 4% zeolite of 0.996 g/mL.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140377473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Welding joint Austenitic stainless steels can undergo intergranular corrosion attack in some service conditions, such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and industrial furnaces operating at high temperatures (between 500°C and 675°C). This research focuses on fabricating dissimilar metal welds to avoid failure due to sensitization and investigate stress-relieved carbon steel by Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). This work studies a dissimilar weld joint (DWJ) of ASTM 335 grade P11 joint to ASTM 304L and PWHT after welding. These welding processes are used in multi-pass gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using filler metal R309L. PWHT at temperatures of 550 °C with holding times of 40, 50, and 60 minutes and then slow cooling in atmospheric air temperature, It was used to compare the results holding time carbon steel ASTM A335 Gr. P11 while processing. Holding time at 50 minutes has the maximum result of PWHT with 182 HV and has a good distribution of perlite with fine grain and increasing holding time also increases formed carbide on the grain boundary of stainless steel 304L.
{"title":"Study Effect of Holding Time at Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) on Joint Dissimilar Welding ASTM 335 P11 to ASTM 304L under Controlled Condition","authors":"Sabandi Ismadi, W. Winarto","doi":"10.4028/p-f9s6hs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-f9s6hs","url":null,"abstract":"Welding joint Austenitic stainless steels can undergo intergranular corrosion attack in some service conditions, such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and industrial furnaces operating at high temperatures (between 500°C and 675°C). This research focuses on fabricating dissimilar metal welds to avoid failure due to sensitization and investigate stress-relieved carbon steel by Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). This work studies a dissimilar weld joint (DWJ) of ASTM 335 grade P11 joint to ASTM 304L and PWHT after welding. These welding processes are used in multi-pass gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using filler metal R309L. PWHT at temperatures of 550 °C with holding times of 40, 50, and 60 minutes and then slow cooling in atmospheric air temperature, It was used to compare the results holding time carbon steel ASTM A335 Gr. P11 while processing. Holding time at 50 minutes has the maximum result of PWHT with 182 HV and has a good distribution of perlite with fine grain and increasing holding time also increases formed carbide on the grain boundary of stainless steel 304L.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the Markforged simulation software's efficacy in predicting properties of Markforged 3D-printed parts. Material extrusion (MEX) is widely used across industries for its ability to create intricate shapes with diverse internal patterns. To evaluate mechanical properties, especially due to varying infill patterns, the Markforged simulation tool is employed. Tensile test specimens based on ASTM D-638 were 3D printed using a Markforged Mark Two printer and "Onyx" material, varying layer thickness, infill pattern, and density. Deformation is simulated under a 500 N tensile load and compares to physical tests on a tensile machine, considering different pulling speeds. Results show minimal variation between simulations of solid infill patterns and experiments, regardless of speed. However, porous infill patterns exhibited notable differences. Tensile testing also revealed the impact of pulling speed on deflection for "Onyx" specimens under a 500 N load.
本研究探讨了 Markforged 仿真软件在预测 Markforged 3D 打印部件性能方面的功效。材料挤压（MEX）因其能够创建具有各种内部图案的复杂形状而被广泛应用于各行各业。为了评估机械性能，特别是由于不同填充模式造成的机械性能，我们使用了 Markforged 仿真工具。使用 Markforged Mark Two 打印机和 "Onyx "材料，根据 ASTM D-638 标准，通过改变层厚、填充图案和密度，三维打印出拉伸测试试样。在 500 N 拉伸负载下模拟变形，并与拉伸机上的物理测试进行比较，同时考虑到不同的拉伸速度。结果表明，无论速度如何，实心填充图案的模拟与实验之间的差异极小。然而，多孔填充图案则表现出明显的差异。拉伸测试还显示了在 500 N 负载下拉伸速度对 "缟玛瑙 "试样挠度的影响。
{"title":"Evaluating the Accuracy of Finite Element Analysis in Predicting Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Parts","authors":"Chanawee Promaue, Suchandrima Das, Aydin Nassehi","doi":"10.4028/p-j9ohwj","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-j9ohwj","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the Markforged simulation software's efficacy in predicting properties of Markforged 3D-printed parts. Material extrusion (MEX) is widely used across industries for its ability to create intricate shapes with diverse internal patterns. To evaluate mechanical properties, especially due to varying infill patterns, the Markforged simulation tool is employed. Tensile test specimens based on ASTM D-638 were 3D printed using a Markforged Mark Two printer and \"Onyx\" material, varying layer thickness, infill pattern, and density. Deformation is simulated under a 500 N tensile load and compares to physical tests on a tensile machine, considering different pulling speeds. Results show minimal variation between simulations of solid infill patterns and experiments, regardless of speed. However, porous infill patterns exhibited notable differences. Tensile testing also revealed the impact of pulling speed on deflection for \"Onyx\" specimens under a 500 N load.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. J. Numberi, J. Joni, E. I. Bhiftime, Rando Tungga Dewa, Ariyo N.S. Permata, Wahyu D. Lestari, M. S. Utama R., M. I. Atami, Annisa Ariesta, Muhammad Raihan Atallah Yasir
Innovation in the automotive field is now growing rapidly. New materials are considered to be incorporated in automotive design if they have economic and vehicle performance benefits. This research investigates the change of the Magnesium (Mg) addition and heat treatment to the mechanical properties and microstructure of the car chassis prototype with Al10Si Aluminum alloy base material. The process of casting using the High-Pressure Die Casting method. Variation of Mg (3, 4, 5 wt%) to increase the strength of mechanical properties of Al10Si aluminum alloy material. In the casting process, the first Al10Si heated up to 690°C. Mg is incorporated into the heating furnace, then stirred by a mechanical stirrer. Stirring speed of 90 rpm and stirring time of 120 seconds. After it has poured into the mold, the casting temperature is 740°C. Then cools the room to room temperature 39°C. Then performed, heat treatment, using the method of age hardening and artificial aging. The test results prove that the hardening heat treatment makes the grain size smaller. Small grain size, then increase the strength of the material with the addition of Mg elements.
{"title":"Effect of Weight Percent Mg and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Al10Si Aluminum Alloy Casting Products Car Chassis Materials","authors":"J. J. Numberi, J. Joni, E. I. Bhiftime, Rando Tungga Dewa, Ariyo N.S. Permata, Wahyu D. Lestari, M. S. Utama R., M. I. Atami, Annisa Ariesta, Muhammad Raihan Atallah Yasir","doi":"10.4028/p-ehyzw3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ehyzw3","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation in the automotive field is now growing rapidly. New materials are considered to be incorporated in automotive design if they have economic and vehicle performance benefits. This research investigates the change of the Magnesium (Mg) addition and heat treatment to the mechanical properties and microstructure of the car chassis prototype with Al10Si Aluminum alloy base material. The process of casting using the High-Pressure Die Casting method. Variation of Mg (3, 4, 5 wt%) to increase the strength of mechanical properties of Al10Si aluminum alloy material. In the casting process, the first Al10Si heated up to 690°C. Mg is incorporated into the heating furnace, then stirred by a mechanical stirrer. Stirring speed of 90 rpm and stirring time of 120 seconds. After it has poured into the mold, the casting temperature is 740°C. Then cools the room to room temperature 39°C. Then performed, heat treatment, using the method of age hardening and artificial aging. The test results prove that the hardening heat treatment makes the grain size smaller. Small grain size, then increase the strength of the material with the addition of Mg elements.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hietala, T. Rautio, M. Jaskari, M. Keskitalo, A. Järvenpää
This study presents a comprehensive exploration of the fatigue resistance of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) carbon steel for lattice structures. Microstructural analysis unveils substantial grain dimensions characterized by a distinctive crystallographic configuration. These grains exhibit equiaxed characteristics, demonstrating uniform dimensions in all directions. The prevailing microstructure is dominated by ferrite grains. In tandem with the microstructural insights, hardness evaluations were conducted in correspondence with the part's deposition direction. The analysis of these measurements unveiled a consistent base material hardness of approximately 159 HV. The uniform distribution of hardness profiles supports the deduction that WAAM carbon steel uniformly embodies strength attributes. This congruence aligns harmoniously with the uniform microstructure evident in microscopic analyses. The yield strength of the WAAM carbon steel exhibits higher values in the build direction, peaking at 392 MPa. The bending fatigue tests revealed a fatigue limit approximating 180 MPa for WAAM carbon steel, evident in both the build and deposition directions. Fatigue strength of WAAM carbon steel mirrors that observed for reference material S355MC steel sheet.
{"title":"Fatigue Resistance Assessment of WAAM Carbon Steel","authors":"M. Hietala, T. Rautio, M. Jaskari, M. Keskitalo, A. Järvenpää","doi":"10.4028/p-c3fgtr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-c3fgtr","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive exploration of the fatigue resistance of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) carbon steel for lattice structures. Microstructural analysis unveils substantial grain dimensions characterized by a distinctive crystallographic configuration. These grains exhibit equiaxed characteristics, demonstrating uniform dimensions in all directions. The prevailing microstructure is dominated by ferrite grains. In tandem with the microstructural insights, hardness evaluations were conducted in correspondence with the part's deposition direction. The analysis of these measurements unveiled a consistent base material hardness of approximately 159 HV. The uniform distribution of hardness profiles supports the deduction that WAAM carbon steel uniformly embodies strength attributes. This congruence aligns harmoniously with the uniform microstructure evident in microscopic analyses. The yield strength of the WAAM carbon steel exhibits higher values in the build direction, peaking at 392 MPa. The bending fatigue tests revealed a fatigue limit approximating 180 MPa for WAAM carbon steel, evident in both the build and deposition directions. Fatigue strength of WAAM carbon steel mirrors that observed for reference material S355MC steel sheet.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global market size for Additive Manufacturing is predicted to be around USD 20 billion by 2025. The question arises whether conventional machining such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) should be replaced by Additive Manufacturing (AM). The results presented in this paper are the outcome of an ongoing study. The overall objective of this study is a decision tool to decide which manufacturing route to adopt from a sustainability perspective. This paper will discuss the first phase of this study looking at the mechanical performance, cost and complexity of parts produced from AM and CNC. The results show that small parts are cheaper to fabricate by AM regardless of part complexity, whereas large, simple parts are cheaper to fabricate by CNC machining. These results might help in identifying manufacturing limitations of AM process in terms of mechanical performance and cost. These results will serve as inputs into a decision-making framework to decide on the most effective manufacturing route based on desired application such as in the spare parts in oil and gas industry.
预计到 2025 年，增材制造的全球市场规模将达到 200 亿美元左右。问题是，计算机数控（CNC）等传统加工是否应被快速成型制造（AM）所取代。本文介绍的结果是一项正在进行的研究的成果。这项研究的总体目标是提供一种决策工具，以便从可持续发展的角度决定采用哪种制造工艺。本文将讨论这项研究的第一阶段，研究 AM 和 CNC 生产的零件的机械性能、成本和复杂性。研究结果表明，无论零件的复杂程度如何，采用自动机械加工制造小型零件的成本更低，而采用数控加工制造大型简单零件的成本更低。这些结果可能有助于确定 AM 工艺在机械性能和成本方面的制造限制。这些结果将作为决策框架的输入，以便根据所需应用（如石油和天然气行业的备件）决定最有效的制造路线。
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