The concerns towards sustainable development have triggered the need of adopting biodegradable products in different applications. The natural fibers are being widely explored in the field of composites for various applications. Sustainable architecture is also seeking the research and development of new materials to minimize the negative environmental effect of the traditional structural materials. A bast fiber obtained from Grewia Optiva (G.O.) tree is abundantly available in the sub-Himalayan terrains and is still underutilized in the field of biocomposites. The promotion of G.O. fiber in fabrication of biocomposites may give a source of income and employment to rural hilly populations. This research work utilizes the G.O. fiber collected from the Okhalkanda block of Nainital district of Uttarakhand to develop biocomposites. The effect of mercerization on the water absorption behavior and mechanical properties has been also studied. It is found that the treatment of fibers with NaOH reduces the water absorption tendency of G.O. Natural Fiber Reinforced Biocomposites (NFRB) upto 41.05% and the mechanical properties are also improved by appreciable amount. The tensile and flexural strength obtained are 141.45 MPa and 109.84 MPa respectively for mercerized fiber reinforcement. Impact strength and mode-I fracture toughness have been recorded as 11.97 KJ/m2 and 1.85 MPa√m respectively. SEM images of fractured surfaces indicate good bonding of mercerized fibers as compared to untreated fibers with epoxy matrix. Hence the Grewia Optiva biocomposites have potential to be used in different architectural applications like wall panels, false ceilings, doors, windows, etc.
{"title":"Effect of Mercerization on Mechanical Properties of Grewia Optiva Natural Fiber Polymer Composites","authors":"S. Chauhan, P. C. Gope","doi":"10.4028/p-bji4ez","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-bji4ez","url":null,"abstract":"The concerns towards sustainable development have triggered the need of adopting biodegradable products in different applications. The natural fibers are being widely explored in the field of composites for various applications. Sustainable architecture is also seeking the research and development of new materials to minimize the negative environmental effect of the traditional structural materials. A bast fiber obtained from Grewia Optiva (G.O.) tree is abundantly available in the sub-Himalayan terrains and is still underutilized in the field of biocomposites. The promotion of G.O. fiber in fabrication of biocomposites may give a source of income and employment to rural hilly populations. This research work utilizes the G.O. fiber collected from the Okhalkanda block of Nainital district of Uttarakhand to develop biocomposites. The effect of mercerization on the water absorption behavior and mechanical properties has been also studied. It is found that the treatment of fibers with NaOH reduces the water absorption tendency of G.O. Natural Fiber Reinforced Biocomposites (NFRB) upto 41.05% and the mechanical properties are also improved by appreciable amount. The tensile and flexural strength obtained are 141.45 MPa and 109.84 MPa respectively for mercerized fiber reinforcement. Impact strength and mode-I fracture toughness have been recorded as 11.97 KJ/m2 and 1.85 MPa√m respectively. SEM images of fractured surfaces indicate good bonding of mercerized fibers as compared to untreated fibers with epoxy matrix. Hence the Grewia Optiva biocomposites have potential to be used in different architectural applications like wall panels, false ceilings, doors, windows, etc.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice straw and rice husk fibers (RS/RH) reinforced polymer-based composites have theability to conserve wood and petroleum resources. As natural filler, rice straw and rice husk offer asustainable material for the production of polymer-based composites. The application ofbiocomposite limits the burning of straw at the root and may further enhance the socioeconomicstatus of farmers and rural populations. This review mainly focuses on five different weightpercentage of reinforced RS and RH fiber content (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) in polymercomposites. Nowadays, Epoxy, polyurethane, polyester, PVA, PLA and polyethylene are beingused as matrix material in polymer composites. This paper holds good with understanding themechanical properties, pretreatment methods and offer important insight into potential uses ofpolymer composites with biodegradable reinforce fiber.
{"title":"Comparative Review of Mechanical Properties of Rice Straw and RiceHusk Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite","authors":"D. Patel, Sachin Kumar, Hari Om Sharma, S. Kumar","doi":"10.4028/p-93j3hv","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-93j3hv","url":null,"abstract":"Rice straw and rice husk fibers (RS/RH) reinforced polymer-based composites have theability to conserve wood and petroleum resources. As natural filler, rice straw and rice husk offer asustainable material for the production of polymer-based composites. The application ofbiocomposite limits the burning of straw at the root and may further enhance the socioeconomicstatus of farmers and rural populations. This review mainly focuses on five different weightpercentage of reinforced RS and RH fiber content (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) in polymercomposites. Nowadays, Epoxy, polyurethane, polyester, PVA, PLA and polyethylene are beingused as matrix material in polymer composites. This paper holds good with understanding themechanical properties, pretreatment methods and offer important insight into potential uses ofpolymer composites with biodegradable reinforce fiber.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Odeyemi, Abdulqudus Adeyanju Adegun, Michael Oluwasegun Adisa
Kaolin is one of the most vital industrial minerals whose application is reliant on its chemistry and structural makeup. This research attempts to determine the properties of unfired kaolinitic clay bricks for sustainable construction. Samples of the material were pre-treated and analyzed to obtain their physical and refractory properties, such as chemical composition, microstructure, moisture content, dry density, linear shrinkage, plastic index, and crushing strength. The results revealed that the clay comprises high percentages of silicon and alumina oxides being 75.6% and 17.0% of the total oxide composition respectively. The clay also contained some residual impurities in the form of metallic oxides i.e., oxides of iron, sodium, calcium, potassium, manganese, and lead. Characterization tests on the clay presented a specific gravity of 2.66, liquid limit of 38, plastic limit of 25.9, and plasticity index of 12.1 which classifies the clay as low-plasticity clay based on the Unified Soil Classification System. The river sand used was distributed between 0.06 – 3 mm falling within the category of medium and fine sand. The aggregate fineness modulus was obtained as 3.03%. The coefficient of uniformity was lower than 4.0 and thus classified as being uniformly graded. Stabilization of the clay with sand and lime resulted in decreased compression and flexural strength but increased durability. The results imply that kaolinitic clay can be used in an unfired form for earth construction.
{"title":"Determining the Properties of Unfired Stabilized Kaolinitic Clay Brick for Sustainable Construction","authors":"S. Odeyemi, Abdulqudus Adeyanju Adegun, Michael Oluwasegun Adisa","doi":"10.4028/p-05qmwb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-05qmwb","url":null,"abstract":"Kaolin is one of the most vital industrial minerals whose application is reliant on its chemistry and structural makeup. This research attempts to determine the properties of unfired kaolinitic clay bricks for sustainable construction. Samples of the material were pre-treated and analyzed to obtain their physical and refractory properties, such as chemical composition, microstructure, moisture content, dry density, linear shrinkage, plastic index, and crushing strength. The results revealed that the clay comprises high percentages of silicon and alumina oxides being 75.6% and 17.0% of the total oxide composition respectively. The clay also contained some residual impurities in the form of metallic oxides i.e., oxides of iron, sodium, calcium, potassium, manganese, and lead. Characterization tests on the clay presented a specific gravity of 2.66, liquid limit of 38, plastic limit of 25.9, and plasticity index of 12.1 which classifies the clay as low-plasticity clay based on the Unified Soil Classification System. The river sand used was distributed between 0.06 – 3 mm falling within the category of medium and fine sand. The aggregate fineness modulus was obtained as 3.03%. The coefficient of uniformity was lower than 4.0 and thus classified as being uniformly graded. Stabilization of the clay with sand and lime resulted in decreased compression and flexural strength but increased durability. The results imply that kaolinitic clay can be used in an unfired form for earth construction.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Hamdi, Z. Boumerzoug, Oualid Bedjaoui, W. Melik, F. Delaunois
The aim of this work was to study the microstructure evolution of simulated heat affected zone in mild steel using thermal cycle simulation and it was compared to the heat affected zone in the real welded joint. The optical microscopy, micro-hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction were used as characterization techniques. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the simulated heat affected zone were also determined. The use of the thermal cycle simulation technique revealed in detail the different microstructures in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joint. Some similarities were observed between the heat affected zone obtained by the thermal cycle simulation technique and the heat affected zone observed in the real welded joint. The thermal cycle simulation technique revealed more details about the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the heat-affected zone. The HAZ microhardness values were lowest hardness in the welded joint. Moreover, the lowest hardness value is obtained for the HAZ simulated at 850°C.
这项工作的目的是利用热循环模拟研究低碳钢模拟热影响区的微观结构演变，并将其与实际焊接接头中的热影响区进行比较。表征技术包括光学显微镜、显微硬度测量和 X 射线衍射。还测定了模拟热影响区的微观结构和机械性能。热循环模拟技术详细揭示了焊接接头热影响区（HAZ）的不同微观结构。通过热循环模拟技术获得的热影响区与实际焊点中观察到的热影响区有一些相似之处。热循环模拟技术揭示了热影响区微观结构和机械行为的更多细节。热影响区的显微硬度值是焊点中最低的。此外，在 850°C 下模拟的热影响区硬度值最低。
{"title":"Thermal Cycle Simulation of Heat Affected Zone in the Welded Mild Steel","authors":"I. Hamdi, Z. Boumerzoug, Oualid Bedjaoui, W. Melik, F. Delaunois","doi":"10.4028/p-4rswbo","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4rswbo","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to study the microstructure evolution of simulated heat affected zone in mild steel using thermal cycle simulation and it was compared to the heat affected zone in the real welded joint. The optical microscopy, micro-hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction were used as characterization techniques. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the simulated heat affected zone were also determined. The use of the thermal cycle simulation technique revealed in detail the different microstructures in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joint. Some similarities were observed between the heat affected zone obtained by the thermal cycle simulation technique and the heat affected zone observed in the real welded joint. The thermal cycle simulation technique revealed more details about the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the heat-affected zone. The HAZ microhardness values were lowest hardness in the welded joint. Moreover, the lowest hardness value is obtained for the HAZ simulated at 850°C.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Ekpe, H. Mgbemere, Lawal Ganiyu, Henry Ovri, Anna Lisa Sargent, Obioha Charles
Zeolites being used as builders in detergents are synthesized from expensive chemicals with a cumbersome production process. In this study, zeolite was synthesized from cheaper and readily available kaolin for possible use in detergent production. Kaolin from two sources namely Ajebo, Ogun State and Darazo, Bauchi State, Nigeria was used as starting materials while wet beneficiation followed by acid leaching was used to purify the kaolin and hydrothermal process was used to synthesize the zeolite. The chemical analysis confirms the presence of silica and alumina which are the precursors materials for zeolite synthesis. An increase in the amounts of the desired silica and alumina for both kaolin accompanied by a reduction in the amounts of the undesired oxides present in the kaolin as impurities are clear indications that the acid leaching was successful. The zeolites synthesized from both kaolin shows better water adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity compared to those reported for zeolite synthesized from pure chemicals, this ability makes zeolite more suitable for the production of detergent. These results are indications that zeolites synthesized from kaolin can serve as a possible replacement for the more expensive zeolite synthesized from chemicals used as builders in detergent production.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Synthesis of Type NaX Zeolite Prepared from Kaolin for Builder Application in Detergent Production","authors":"I. Ekpe, H. Mgbemere, Lawal Ganiyu, Henry Ovri, Anna Lisa Sargent, Obioha Charles","doi":"10.4028/p-lvxdd1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-lvxdd1","url":null,"abstract":"Zeolites being used as builders in detergents are synthesized from expensive chemicals with a cumbersome production process. In this study, zeolite was synthesized from cheaper and readily available kaolin for possible use in detergent production. Kaolin from two sources namely Ajebo, Ogun State and Darazo, Bauchi State, Nigeria was used as starting materials while wet beneficiation followed by acid leaching was used to purify the kaolin and hydrothermal process was used to synthesize the zeolite. The chemical analysis confirms the presence of silica and alumina which are the precursors materials for zeolite synthesis. An increase in the amounts of the desired silica and alumina for both kaolin accompanied by a reduction in the amounts of the undesired oxides present in the kaolin as impurities are clear indications that the acid leaching was successful. The zeolites synthesized from both kaolin shows better water adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity compared to those reported for zeolite synthesized from pure chemicals, this ability makes zeolite more suitable for the production of detergent. These results are indications that zeolites synthesized from kaolin can serve as a possible replacement for the more expensive zeolite synthesized from chemicals used as builders in detergent production.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, use of adhesive double-sided tape in laser welded ultra-high-strength steel lap joints was evaluated. The test material in the study was abrasion resistant steel (AR400). Optical microscopy was used to investigate macroscopic morphologies of the welds and hardness profiles were measured. Static properties of the joints were evaluated by performing tensile shear strength tests. Fatigue strength of the joints were evaluated by conducting axial fatigue tests. The use of tape resulted in a gap between the welded plates which has several advantages. The gap between the plates markedly increased the width of the weld at the interface of the plates. According to the hardness measurements the hardness of the weld metal was 12% higher compared to the hardness of the AR steel base material. The gap between the plates increased the strength of the joint by up to 20%. The adhesive tape itself did not have a significant effect on the shear strength of the joints. The main advantages of using the tape were a constant air gap and its function as a fastener in welding, so that separate fasteners are not needed.
本研究评估了激光焊接超高强度钢搭接接头中粘合双面胶带的使用情况。研究中的测试材料是耐磨钢（AR400）。使用光学显微镜研究了焊缝的宏观形态，并测量了硬度曲线。通过拉伸剪切强度测试评估了接头的静态性能。通过轴向疲劳试验评估了接头的疲劳强度。使用胶带会在焊接板之间产生间隙，这有几个优点。钢板之间的间隙明显增加了钢板接口处的焊缝宽度。根据硬度测量结果，焊接金属的硬度比 AR 钢母材的硬度高 12%。钢板之间的间隙使接头强度提高了 20%。胶带本身对接头的剪切强度没有明显影响。使用胶带的主要优点是空气间隙恒定，并且在焊接时可用作紧固件，因此不需要单独的紧固件。
{"title":"Evaluation of the Use of Adhesive Tape in Laser Welded Ultra-High-Strength Steel Lap Joints","authors":"M. Hietala, M. Keskitalo, A. Järvenpää","doi":"10.4028/p-a9bpem","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-a9bpem","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, use of adhesive double-sided tape in laser welded ultra-high-strength steel lap joints was evaluated. The test material in the study was abrasion resistant steel (AR400). Optical microscopy was used to investigate macroscopic morphologies of the welds and hardness profiles were measured. Static properties of the joints were evaluated by performing tensile shear strength tests. Fatigue strength of the joints were evaluated by conducting axial fatigue tests. The use of tape resulted in a gap between the welded plates which has several advantages. The gap between the plates markedly increased the width of the weld at the interface of the plates. According to the hardness measurements the hardness of the weld metal was 12% higher compared to the hardness of the AR steel base material. The gap between the plates increased the strength of the joint by up to 20%. The adhesive tape itself did not have a significant effect on the shear strength of the joints. The main advantages of using the tape were a constant air gap and its function as a fastener in welding, so that separate fasteners are not needed.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. O. Nwaiwu, Jervas Ekezie, O. T. Azeez, Ada, J., Daniel, Oluchi Blessing Igbokwe, Magdalene Nkeiru Akanbi
Low mechanical behaviors of natural fibres in the reinforcement of polymer composites have remain an issue of concern. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of NaOH treatment on the mechanical properties of plantain fiber for the transtibial prosthetic sockets made of polyester resin. Plantain fiber was extracted from the plantain bast using water retting techniques. The fibres were modified using alkaline treatment method of 5 – 25% for variable time of 30 to 150 minutes. It was optimized using 3-level Factorial design (3-LCD) of response surface methodology based on tensile properties of treated fibres. The polyester composites of plantain and glass fibers were prepared using hand-layup techniques. Instron Universal testing machine-3369 model was used to determine the tensile and impact properties of fibers and polyester composites. Rockwell hardness tester-RBHT/S-39 model was used to determine the hardness property. The optimum process conditions of 5 % NaOH for 119 minutes improved plantain fiber tensile strength, modulus, strain, energy, and extension by improved by 102.03, 208.07, 9.70, 210.52 and 205.73 %, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength and modulus was obtained at 10 and 12.5% fiber loading. The hardness and impact strength of NaOH modified unsaturated polyester composites was marginally more than 3.51 and 10.69% of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated composites, respectively, at 12.5% fiber loading. FTIR analysis revealed the improvement in mechanical properties. Thus, NaOH modified plantain fiber unsaturated polyester composites serves as a better alternative for making transtibial prosthetic socket.
{"title":"Optimization, Sodium Hydroxide and Plantain Fibres: Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Composites for Transtibial Prosthetic Socket","authors":"C. O. Nwaiwu, Jervas Ekezie, O. T. Azeez, Ada, J., Daniel, Oluchi Blessing Igbokwe, Magdalene Nkeiru Akanbi","doi":"10.4028/p-gx7c9i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-gx7c9i","url":null,"abstract":"Low mechanical behaviors of natural fibres in the reinforcement of polymer composites have remain an issue of concern. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of NaOH treatment on the mechanical properties of plantain fiber for the transtibial prosthetic sockets made of polyester resin. Plantain fiber was extracted from the plantain bast using water retting techniques. The fibres were modified using alkaline treatment method of 5 – 25% for variable time of 30 to 150 minutes. It was optimized using 3-level Factorial design (3-LCD) of response surface methodology based on tensile properties of treated fibres. The polyester composites of plantain and glass fibers were prepared using hand-layup techniques. Instron Universal testing machine-3369 model was used to determine the tensile and impact properties of fibers and polyester composites. Rockwell hardness tester-RBHT/S-39 model was used to determine the hardness property. The optimum process conditions of 5 % NaOH for 119 minutes improved plantain fiber tensile strength, modulus, strain, energy, and extension by improved by 102.03, 208.07, 9.70, 210.52 and 205.73 %, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength and modulus was obtained at 10 and 12.5% fiber loading. The hardness and impact strength of NaOH modified unsaturated polyester composites was marginally more than 3.51 and 10.69% of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated composites, respectively, at 12.5% fiber loading. FTIR analysis revealed the improvement in mechanical properties. Thus, NaOH modified plantain fiber unsaturated polyester composites serves as a better alternative for making transtibial prosthetic socket.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structural and Functional Advanced Materials","authors":"Cecilia Poletti, J. M. Torralba","doi":"10.4028/b-k2h7ue","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/b-k2h7ue","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outer covering of a hard shelled egg is known as eggshell. These are obtained from various sources like egg stations, chicken hatcheries industries and homes in different weights. It is a kind of waste which is considered not be used anywhere. It can produce hydroxyapatite which is considered most effective component of bone. This can have applications in medical supplements, bone graft substitute, floor tiles and in cements in order to improve strength but here discussion is limited to polymer composite. In composite fabrication egg shell waste is utilized, as it not only enhances the strength of composite but also provides us solution for the proper disposal waste egg shell. This review paper presents the brief insight of utilization of egg shell waste in polymer composite so as to improve its strength. From this review paper it may be concluded that research on tribological behavior of egg shell is less so it can be implemented in different sectors like metal matrix composite etc.
{"title":"Eggshells Utilisation in Polymer Composites","authors":"Sachin Kumar, D. Patel, Hari Om Sharma, S. Kumar","doi":"10.4028/p-8o3v3t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-8o3v3t","url":null,"abstract":"The outer covering of a hard shelled egg is known as eggshell. These are obtained from various sources like egg stations, chicken hatcheries industries and homes in different weights. It is a kind of waste which is considered not be used anywhere. It can produce hydroxyapatite which is considered most effective component of bone. This can have applications in medical supplements, bone graft substitute, floor tiles and in cements in order to improve strength but here discussion is limited to polymer composite. In composite fabrication egg shell waste is utilized, as it not only enhances the strength of composite but also provides us solution for the proper disposal waste egg shell. This review paper presents the brief insight of utilization of egg shell waste in polymer composite so as to improve its strength. From this review paper it may be concluded that research on tribological behavior of egg shell is less so it can be implemented in different sectors like metal matrix composite etc.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste eggshell powders with a particle size of less than 0.315 μm were surface treated with vinyltrimethoxysilane. XRD, FT-IR, BET and SEM analyses were used to determine the surface characteristics of eggshells before and after silane treatment. The preparation of films of unplasticized suspension polyvinyl chloride with untreated and silane-treated eggshells was done by co-precipitation of solutions from cyclohexanone. The tensile properties of obtained films containing vinyltrimethoxysilane-treated eggshell powders were investigated and analyzed relative to the compositions with untreated powders.
用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷对粒径小于 0.315 μm 的废弃蛋壳粉进行表面处理。利用 XRD、FT-IR、BET 和 SEM 分析确定了硅烷处理前后蛋壳的表面特性。用环己酮溶液共沉淀法制备了未经塑化的悬浮聚氯乙烯薄膜和经硅烷处理的蛋壳。研究和分析了含有乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷处理过的蛋壳粉末的薄膜的拉伸性能，并将其与未处理过的蛋壳粉末进行比较。
{"title":"Preparation of Silane-Treated Eggshells Polyvinyl Chloride Films by Co-Precipitation: Effect of Vinyltrimethoxysilane Surface Treatment on the Tensile Properties","authors":"D. Kiryakova, Ganka Kolchakova","doi":"10.4028/p-gl3hot","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-gl3hot","url":null,"abstract":"Waste eggshell powders with a particle size of less than 0.315 μm were surface treated with vinyltrimethoxysilane. XRD, FT-IR, BET and SEM analyses were used to determine the surface characteristics of eggshells before and after silane treatment. The preparation of films of unplasticized suspension polyvinyl chloride with untreated and silane-treated eggshells was done by co-precipitation of solutions from cyclohexanone. The tensile properties of obtained films containing vinyltrimethoxysilane-treated eggshell powders were investigated and analyzed relative to the compositions with untreated powders.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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