Nurdaulet Sharipkhan, Omonini Clifford, Asma Perveen, Di Chuan Zhang, Dong Ming Wei
When using the coat hanger die method for co-extrusion, the biggest challenges often involve maintaining the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the outlet of the die and ensuring the stability of the interface plane. This paper investigates the effect of different cross-section of feed channels connected to the coat hanger die on the velocity and pressure distribution of the flow at different parts of the die. Co-extrusion of LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) and HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) polymers is simulated using ANSYS software 2020 R2 for coat hanger die design with rectangular and circular cross-sections inlet geometry; the results are compared for Carreau-Yasuda model to observe the result differences between rectangular and circular coextrusion channels connected to coat hanger die. Our results showed that rectangular cross-section feedblock generated higher values for pressure in comparison with the pressure generated by the circular cross-section feedblock. The maximum velocity generated in the circular feedblock is lower than that generated in the rectangular one, nevertheless there is more uniformity in velocity distribution in circular than rectangular cross-section.
{"title":"Investigation of Co-Extrusion Using a Coat Hanger Die with Different Feedblock Cross-Section","authors":"Nurdaulet Sharipkhan, Omonini Clifford, Asma Perveen, Di Chuan Zhang, Dong Ming Wei","doi":"10.4028/p-rctkv4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-rctkv4","url":null,"abstract":"When using the coat hanger die method for co-extrusion, the biggest challenges often involve maintaining the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the outlet of the die and ensuring the stability of the interface plane. This paper investigates the effect of different cross-section of feed channels connected to the coat hanger die on the velocity and pressure distribution of the flow at different parts of the die. Co-extrusion of LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) and HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) polymers is simulated using ANSYS software 2020 R2 for coat hanger die design with rectangular and circular cross-sections inlet geometry; the results are compared for Carreau-Yasuda model to observe the result differences between rectangular and circular coextrusion channels connected to coat hanger die. Our results showed that rectangular cross-section feedblock generated higher values for pressure in comparison with the pressure generated by the circular cross-section feedblock. The maximum velocity generated in the circular feedblock is lower than that generated in the rectangular one, nevertheless there is more uniformity in velocity distribution in circular than rectangular cross-section.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139849811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the controllability of the spring performance of complex sheet spring shapes was investigated to develop complex sheet spring shapes that are based on origami engineering, with the aim of integrating laser hardening formation with origami engineering. The number of forms generated during the same development was predicted from an origami engineering perspective, and two forms that agreed with the experimental results were generated. Consequently, the rigid-body origami simulation showed that the deformation behavior differs from that of the measured values, which is considered to be in accordance with elastic-body origami. Moreover, springs with arbitrary performances could be produced by varying the processing time and form.
{"title":"Application of Origami Engineering in the Formation of Complex Spring Shapes of Thin Steel Plates via Laser Quenching Forming","authors":"Yusuke Mima, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama","doi":"10.4028/p-b4vtqc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-b4vtqc","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the controllability of the spring performance of complex sheet spring shapes was investigated to develop complex sheet spring shapes that are based on origami engineering, with the aim of integrating laser hardening formation with origami engineering. The number of forms generated during the same development was predicted from an origami engineering perspective, and two forms that agreed with the experimental results were generated. Consequently, the rigid-body origami simulation showed that the deformation behavior differs from that of the measured values, which is considered to be in accordance with elastic-body origami. Moreover, springs with arbitrary performances could be produced by varying the processing time and form.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139788344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research paper aims to investigate the significance of considering the humidity factor during material selection in plastic product design. Humidity is a crucial environmental parameter that can profoundly influence the properties and performance of plastic materials. To ensure the long-term performance and dependability of plastic products, it is essential to comprehend and take into consideration the impacts of moisture on plastics. Humidity plays a fundamental role in the degradation and functional changes of plastic materials. Moisture absorption can lead to reduced mechanical strength and accelerated degradation processes. The selection of appropriate materials that can withstand humid conditions becomes paramount in product design. For this reason it is important to evaluate the moisture absorption properties of plastic materials. Different polymers exhibit varying degrees of moisture diffusion rates that directly affect their performance in humid environments. Evaluation of moisture measurement results allows designers to make informed decisions during material selection. For this reason, we designed an experiment to investigate which material retains less moisture. In our research, we determined 2 different experimental groups. The first of these groups (type A) was kept under normal conditions by adding glass fiber additive at different rates to the PA66 material, and each product with 3 different additives was tested for moisture for 10 days and the results were recorded. In the second experimental group, type B, the products produced with the same material and additives at the same rate were kept in water for 24 hours, then they were removed from the water and moisture tests were performed. It is aimed to make material selection by interpreting the test results and thus to facilitate the making of designs suitable for use.
{"title":"Consideration of Moisture Factor during Material Selection in Plastic Product Design","authors":"Burak Kukcu, B. Daşdemir","doi":"10.4028/p-gmih5f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-gmih5f","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper aims to investigate the significance of considering the humidity factor during material selection in plastic product design. Humidity is a crucial environmental parameter that can profoundly influence the properties and performance of plastic materials. To ensure the long-term performance and dependability of plastic products, it is essential to comprehend and take into consideration the impacts of moisture on plastics. Humidity plays a fundamental role in the degradation and functional changes of plastic materials. Moisture absorption can lead to reduced mechanical strength and accelerated degradation processes. The selection of appropriate materials that can withstand humid conditions becomes paramount in product design. For this reason it is important to evaluate the moisture absorption properties of plastic materials. Different polymers exhibit varying degrees of moisture diffusion rates that directly affect their performance in humid environments. Evaluation of moisture measurement results allows designers to make informed decisions during material selection. For this reason, we designed an experiment to investigate which material retains less moisture. In our research, we determined 2 different experimental groups. The first of these groups (type A) was kept under normal conditions by adding glass fiber additive at different rates to the PA66 material, and each product with 3 different additives was tested for moisture for 10 days and the results were recorded. In the second experimental group, type B, the products produced with the same material and additives at the same rate were kept in water for 24 hours, then they were removed from the water and moisture tests were performed. It is aimed to make material selection by interpreting the test results and thus to facilitate the making of designs suitable for use.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139849476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mikhailov, Ye. Shtefan, O. Mikhailov, Mikhail Shtern
The main theoretical aspects of porous and powder materials technological processing is worked out. The proposed material model is based on: - the four-parameter plasticity theory, which reflect the influence of porosity, resistance and the presence of dilatancy of solid phase deformation regime; - the dissipative potential and the load surface expression, that allow to take account such materials elastic - viscous - plastic properties; - the solid phase energy deformation speed with its subsequent over the representative element volume averaging. The peculiarity of this model is that the equilibrium flow concept elastic-viscous-plastic material is an alternative to its elastic-plastic deformation. The proposed equations are suitable for their effective practical using for digital models creation that based on existent software for the of equilibrium processes of compact materials deformation finite–element analysis. The practical use of the proposed methodologies made it possible to determine: - the regularities of the different modules material layers interaction during stamping of bimetallic blanks with an conical working surface; - the porosity distribution over the product volume at the final stage of radial extrusion of the bushings with an internal flange; - the effect of powder material decompression during reverse extrusion of cylindrical products.
{"title":"Method for the Determination of Rational Constructional and Technological Parameters for the Processes of Powder Materials Forming","authors":"A. Mikhailov, Ye. Shtefan, O. Mikhailov, Mikhail Shtern","doi":"10.4028/p-n63szt","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-n63szt","url":null,"abstract":"The main theoretical aspects of porous and powder materials technological processing is worked out. The proposed material model is based on: - the four-parameter plasticity theory, which reflect the influence of porosity, resistance and the presence of dilatancy of solid phase deformation regime; - the dissipative potential and the load surface expression, that allow to take account such materials elastic - viscous - plastic properties; - the solid phase energy deformation speed with its subsequent over the representative element volume averaging. The peculiarity of this model is that the equilibrium flow concept elastic-viscous-plastic material is an alternative to its elastic-plastic deformation. The proposed equations are suitable for their effective practical using for digital models creation that based on existent software for the of equilibrium processes of compact materials deformation finite–element analysis. The practical use of the proposed methodologies made it possible to determine: - the regularities of the different modules material layers interaction during stamping of bimetallic blanks with an conical working surface; - the porosity distribution over the product volume at the final stage of radial extrusion of the bushings with an internal flange; - the effect of powder material decompression during reverse extrusion of cylindrical products.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139848716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurdaulet Sharipkhan, Asma Perveen, Di Chuan Zhang, Dong Ming Wei
A process when different materials are combined to produce a product with multiple layers is called co-extrusion. During this process, polymers are melted in separate machines and then extrudate from different die channels. Once these channels converge, the polymers meet and flow through a single channel. The surface where the two fluids face is called “interface”. It is crucial to maintain the interface's uniformity and stability in order to achieve the desired multi-layered structure. Most of the issues in co-extrusion are related to issues that can be classified into two categories such as polymer encapsulation/interfacial distortion and die swell. To solve these problems, designers focus on improving the interface's stability. This paper examines effects of cross-section modification of the two-channel feedblock on the interface location and velocity and pressure distributions of the flow. The ANSYS software was used to simulate the co-extrusion of polymers, LLDPE and HDPE, in two-channel feedblock with rectangular, circular, and straight slot cross-sections. The results show that sharp corners increase the thickness of dead zones, while rounding them decreases the thickness. Additionally, stadium-shaped (or straight-slot) cross-section channels can move the flow with a higher maximum velocity and thinner boundary layer combining the results of rectangular and circular feedblocks.
{"title":"Investigation of the Two-Channel Feedblock Zone in Co-Extrusion of Polymers","authors":"Nurdaulet Sharipkhan, Asma Perveen, Di Chuan Zhang, Dong Ming Wei","doi":"10.4028/p-rn5jhp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-rn5jhp","url":null,"abstract":"A process when different materials are combined to produce a product with multiple layers is called co-extrusion. During this process, polymers are melted in separate machines and then extrudate from different die channels. Once these channels converge, the polymers meet and flow through a single channel. The surface where the two fluids face is called “interface”. It is crucial to maintain the interface's uniformity and stability in order to achieve the desired multi-layered structure. Most of the issues in co-extrusion are related to issues that can be classified into two categories such as polymer encapsulation/interfacial distortion and die swell. To solve these problems, designers focus on improving the interface's stability. This paper examines effects of cross-section modification of the two-channel feedblock on the interface location and velocity and pressure distributions of the flow. The ANSYS software was used to simulate the co-extrusion of polymers, LLDPE and HDPE, in two-channel feedblock with rectangular, circular, and straight slot cross-sections. The results show that sharp corners increase the thickness of dead zones, while rounding them decreases the thickness. Additionally, stadium-shaped (or straight-slot) cross-section channels can move the flow with a higher maximum velocity and thinner boundary layer combining the results of rectangular and circular feedblocks.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139849864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raschanan Poungprasert, Nattarawee Siripath, S. Suranuntchai
This study investigates the impact of lubrication on friction factors during the hot ring compression test of BS 080M46 medium carbon steel. Hot forging processes are crucial in industries due to the strength and durability of forged products, but friction-related issues can arise. Four lubrication conditions are focused: dry, oil to black graphite, water to black graphite, and water to colorless graphite. The ring compression test procedure, including sample dimensions and lubrication application, is explained. By employing predictive calibration curves generated through FEM which monitored height and internal diameter changes during compression. The study successfully aligns FEM simulation results with experimental data, thereby enhancing the accuracy of friction factor estimations and visualizing material behavior under various lubrication conditions. Results indicate that lubrication significantly affects friction factors, with oil to black graphite performing the best, yielding a friction factor of 0.15. A comparison between theoretical and experimental friction factors shows varying agreement levels, with water-to-black graphite, and water-to-colorless graphite respectively demonstrating excellent alignment with 0.990% and 0.971%. This study has practical implications for selecting lubricants in industrial applications, potentially enhancing manufacturing processes and product quality.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Lubrication Performance for Bs 080M46 Medium Carbon Steel Using Ring Compression Test and Finite Element Simulation","authors":"Raschanan Poungprasert, Nattarawee Siripath, S. Suranuntchai","doi":"10.4028/p-4n5lyd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4n5lyd","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of lubrication on friction factors during the hot ring compression test of BS 080M46 medium carbon steel. Hot forging processes are crucial in industries due to the strength and durability of forged products, but friction-related issues can arise. Four lubrication conditions are focused: dry, oil to black graphite, water to black graphite, and water to colorless graphite. The ring compression test procedure, including sample dimensions and lubrication application, is explained. By employing predictive calibration curves generated through FEM which monitored height and internal diameter changes during compression. The study successfully aligns FEM simulation results with experimental data, thereby enhancing the accuracy of friction factor estimations and visualizing material behavior under various lubrication conditions. Results indicate that lubrication significantly affects friction factors, with oil to black graphite performing the best, yielding a friction factor of 0.15. A comparison between theoretical and experimental friction factors shows varying agreement levels, with water-to-black graphite, and water-to-colorless graphite respectively demonstrating excellent alignment with 0.990% and 0.971%. This study has practical implications for selecting lubricants in industrial applications, potentially enhancing manufacturing processes and product quality.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139788917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is to study weldability and joining characteristics of dissimilar metal welding between low carbon steel and ferritic stainless steel using ER308L and ER309L filler wires. Weldability and welded joints were evaluated by microstructure analysis and bend test. It was observed that the microstructure of the fusion zone and the bend test of the welded joint were significantly affected by welding parameters and filler wire. A welded joint prepared with high heat input using the ER309L filler wire exhibited a significant delta ferrite and austenite microstructure. In contrast, when employing the ER308L filler wire with a high intensity welding current, martensite, and carbide formed at the fusion zone. The bend property was acceptable for all the specimens, and there was no evidence of solidification cracking.
{"title":"Weldability and Joining of Dissimilar Metal Welding between Low Carbon Steel and Ferritic Stainless Steel","authors":"J. Luijan, K. Eidhed, P. Surin","doi":"10.4028/p-kgyq7t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-kgyq7t","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is to study weldability and joining characteristics of dissimilar metal welding between low carbon steel and ferritic stainless steel using ER308L and ER309L filler wires. Weldability and welded joints were evaluated by microstructure analysis and bend test. It was observed that the microstructure of the fusion zone and the bend test of the welded joint were significantly affected by welding parameters and filler wire. A welded joint prepared with high heat input using the ER309L filler wire exhibited a significant delta ferrite and austenite microstructure. In contrast, when employing the ER308L filler wire with a high intensity welding current, martensite, and carbide formed at the fusion zone. The bend property was acceptable for all the specimens, and there was no evidence of solidification cracking.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139848558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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