Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technique in constructing components from a CAD model to a finished product. This is done by depositing molten material at a specific coordinate and height. This is done continuously until the finished product has been produced. Both FDM and PLA are well-known technology and material in the AM field. Optimizing the parameters will surely provide a good reach for hobbyists, researchers, and academicians. Optimization is a process concerned with the identification of the best possible value/condition for a certain parameter. Most research papers optimize a response/factor at a time given that less than five parameters are being studied. This paper aims to optimize three mechanical properties such as strength, elongation, and modulus of elasticity. This response was optimized through seven (7) benchmark parameters conducted in mixed levels (a combination of two and three levels). This paper was able to identify the optimum level per parameter, provide insight into the significant contributors affecting the target responses, and lastly, provide a contour plot to serve as a reference of AM end-users.
快速成型制造（AM）是一种从 CAD 模型到成品的构件制造技术。其方法是在特定坐标和高度上沉积熔融材料。这一过程持续进行，直至生产出成品。FDM 和 PLA 都是 AM 领域著名的技术和材料。优化参数必将为业余爱好者、研究人员和学术界人士提供一个良好的平台。优化是指确定某一参数的最佳可能值/条件的过程。鉴于研究的参数少于五个，大多数研究论文都是一次优化一个响应/因子。本文旨在优化三种机械性能，如强度、伸长率和弹性模量。该响应通过七（7）个基准参数进行混合优化（两级和三级的组合）。本文能够确定每个参数的最佳水平，深入分析影响目标响应的重要因素，最后提供等高线图，供 AM 终端用户参考。
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of FDM Fabricated PLA Parts: Effect of 3D Printing Parameter Optimization Using Taguchi Method","authors":"Charles Edward Alviar, B. Basilia","doi":"10.4028/p-to8lkl","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-to8lkl","url":null,"abstract":"Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technique in constructing components from a CAD model to a finished product. This is done by depositing molten material at a specific coordinate and height. This is done continuously until the finished product has been produced. Both FDM and PLA are well-known technology and material in the AM field. Optimizing the parameters will surely provide a good reach for hobbyists, researchers, and academicians. Optimization is a process concerned with the identification of the best possible value/condition for a certain parameter. Most research papers optimize a response/factor at a time given that less than five parameters are being studied. This paper aims to optimize three mechanical properties such as strength, elongation, and modulus of elasticity. This response was optimized through seven (7) benchmark parameters conducted in mixed levels (a combination of two and three levels). This paper was able to identify the optimum level per parameter, provide insight into the significant contributors affecting the target responses, and lastly, provide a contour plot to serve as a reference of AM end-users.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a research paper on the influence of heat treatment on FSW in Al 7075 materials. A comprehensive investigation was used to examine the impact of crucial weld parameters on the weld quality, including strength, flexibility, corrosion resistance, and weld structure. Additionally, the influence of temperature and tempering time on the weld quality was thoroughly examined. A series of comprehensive experiments were carried out on a 2.5 m thick aluminum 7075 plate that was welded using the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique. The primary objective of these experiments was to methodically examine the impact of heat treatment on the welded plate's mechanical and microstructural characteristics. The samples underwent examination both before and during heat treatment. The macroscopic and microstructural characteristics were analyzed utilizing optical microscope, tensile testing, and microhardness assessment. The impact of heat treatment is noteworthy as it substantially reduces the weld hardness while enhancing its elasticity.
{"title":"Studying Effects of Heat Treatment on Friction Stir Welding of Al 7075","authors":"D. M. Nhat, Pham Quang Trung, Bui Duy Khanh","doi":"10.4028/p-rxp4kx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-rxp4kx","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a research paper on the influence of heat treatment on FSW in Al 7075 materials. A comprehensive investigation was used to examine the impact of crucial weld parameters on the weld quality, including strength, flexibility, corrosion resistance, and weld structure. Additionally, the influence of temperature and tempering time on the weld quality was thoroughly examined. A series of comprehensive experiments were carried out on a 2.5 m thick aluminum 7075 plate that was welded using the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique. The primary objective of these experiments was to methodically examine the impact of heat treatment on the welded plate's mechanical and microstructural characteristics. The samples underwent examination both before and during heat treatment. The macroscopic and microstructural characteristics were analyzed utilizing optical microscope, tensile testing, and microhardness assessment. The impact of heat treatment is noteworthy as it substantially reduces the weld hardness while enhancing its elasticity.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parikin Farihin, Bambang Suharno, Mohammad Dani, Andryansyah Andryansyah, Dian Adi Prastowo, Andon Insani, Djoko Hadi Prayitno
A powder metallurgical process has been applied to synthesize the FeNiCr+Y2O3 oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys. The composition of the reinforcing Y2O3 added into matrix was varied from zero to 2.0 percent weight. Raw powders were carefully weighed with a four-digit balance. Y2O3 powder was pre-linked into Fe powder as the dominant element in the matrix by manually ground for half an hour. Ni and Cr powders were then mixed evenly for the next a half hour to obtain FeNiCr+Y2O3 precursor. Avoiding agglomeration and grain coarsening, the precursor was uniformly homogenized by milling for 20 hours. The precursors were then compressed at an isostatic pressure of 100 kN to 12 grams of pellets each. To prevent sample erosion during smelting with an electric arc furnace (EAF), crystal growing mechanism by conventional sintering was performed at 900 °C for 2 hours. This strengthens the bonds between precursors in forming ODS alloys. The samples were then melt-casted in the arc by 4 times flips. As a result, the neutron diffraction analysis and SEM-EDS strongly reveal the austenitic crystal structure and Y2O3 oxide successfully dispersed in the cast-alloy respectively. The microstructures with Y2O3 oxide spread uniformly overall the cast-alloy surfaces.
{"title":"A Novel Processing Route in the Mechano-Synthesis of Austenitic 58Fe25Ni17Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Cast Alloy through Y2O3 Pre-Linking","authors":"Parikin Farihin, Bambang Suharno, Mohammad Dani, Andryansyah Andryansyah, Dian Adi Prastowo, Andon Insani, Djoko Hadi Prayitno","doi":"10.4028/p-1uiqtf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-1uiqtf","url":null,"abstract":"A powder metallurgical process has been applied to synthesize the FeNiCr+Y2O3 oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys. The composition of the reinforcing Y2O3 added into matrix was varied from zero to 2.0 percent weight. Raw powders were carefully weighed with a four-digit balance. Y2O3 powder was pre-linked into Fe powder as the dominant element in the matrix by manually ground for half an hour. Ni and Cr powders were then mixed evenly for the next a half hour to obtain FeNiCr+Y2O3 precursor. Avoiding agglomeration and grain coarsening, the precursor was uniformly homogenized by milling for 20 hours. The precursors were then compressed at an isostatic pressure of 100 kN to 12 grams of pellets each. To prevent sample erosion during smelting with an electric arc furnace (EAF), crystal growing mechanism by conventional sintering was performed at 900 °C for 2 hours. This strengthens the bonds between precursors in forming ODS alloys. The samples were then melt-casted in the arc by 4 times flips. As a result, the neutron diffraction analysis and SEM-EDS strongly reveal the austenitic crystal structure and Y2O3 oxide successfully dispersed in the cast-alloy respectively. The microstructures with Y2O3 oxide spread uniformly overall the cast-alloy surfaces.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research focused on the development of filament composite materials for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing applications. The main objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize poly (lactic acid) (PLA) filaments with varying amounts of alumina (Al2O3) nanopowder (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 wt.%). The resulting PLA/Al2O3 filament blends were produced using hot-melt extrusion. The filament blends were subjected to different characterization techniques and mechanical testing. The results indicate that the thermal stability of the filaments increased with increasing filler content. Furthermore, PLA with 5.0 wt.% nanoAl2O3 exhibited 55.84%, 66.14%, and 45.84% improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and toughness, respectively.
{"title":"Effect of Nano-Alumina (Al2O3) Loading on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Applications","authors":"M. S. Tolentino, B. Basilia, P. A. D. De Yro","doi":"10.4028/p-pyzm8q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-pyzm8q","url":null,"abstract":"This research focused on the development of filament composite materials for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing applications. The main objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize poly (lactic acid) (PLA) filaments with varying amounts of alumina (Al2O3) nanopowder (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 wt.%). The resulting PLA/Al2O3 filament blends were produced using hot-melt extrusion. The filament blends were subjected to different characterization techniques and mechanical testing. The results indicate that the thermal stability of the filaments increased with increasing filler content. Furthermore, PLA with 5.0 wt.% nanoAl2O3 exhibited 55.84%, 66.14%, and 45.84% improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and toughness, respectively.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3D-printed polymer component parts and spare parts are now being widely used in various applications. In this paper, the 3D printing technologies and materials for spare part production in several applications are presented. Some opportunities and challenges faced when using 3d-printed spare parts are also discussed. The acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) has mostly been used. And it was found out that the durability of the spare parts could vary depending on the application.
{"title":"3D-Printed Polymer Spare Parts for Various Applications","authors":"John Ryan C. Dizon","doi":"10.4028/p-nba9dx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-nba9dx","url":null,"abstract":"3D-printed polymer component parts and spare parts are now being widely used in various applications. In this paper, the 3D printing technologies and materials for spare part production in several applications are presented. Some opportunities and challenges faced when using 3d-printed spare parts are also discussed. The acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) has mostly been used. And it was found out that the durability of the spare parts could vary depending on the application.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rando Tungga Dewa, Daffa Mandala Adinata, Raja Akbar, Muhammad Raihan Atallah Yasir
In this paper, a series of tensile testing on wire drawing SUS 304 were conducted in order to meet the required specifications, thus, it can be utilized on the aircraft fighter components to remain stable and avoid shaking or vibration when the engine is operated. The studied material is expected to be used on flank airframes to improve its strength, wear resistance, corrosion, and aesthetic appearance. Series of tensile test has been conducted with universal testing machine (1 tonne) with modified jig configuration according to ASTM E8. The specimens were made according to the manufacture requirements such as wavy pin and straight pin connecting rod. The wire diameter has been drawing into the final diameter, which is Φ8.0 mm. From the tensile tests, yielding 1165.8 MPa and 1588.1 MPa, respectively. It is observed that the strength of woven SUS 304 wire drawing has reached the required specification to be manufactured in aircraft fastener. Factor of safety up to 2.0 has been acquired to the studied woven SUS 304 wire drawing.
本文对拉丝 SUS 304 进行了一系列拉伸测试，以满足所需的规格要求，从而使其可用于飞机战斗机部件，在发动机运行时保持稳定，避免晃动或振动。所研究的材料有望用于侧翼机身，以提高其强度、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和美观性。根据 ASTM E8 标准，使用带有改良夹具配置的万能试验机（1 吨）进行了一系列拉伸试验。试样是根据生产要求制作的，如波浪形销钉和直销连杆。钢丝直径已被拉伸到最终直径，即 Φ8.0 毫米。从拉伸试验来看，屈服强度分别为 1165.8 兆帕和 1588.1 兆帕。由此可见，SUS 304 编织拉丝的强度已达到飞机紧固件制造所需的规格。所研究的 SUS 304 编织拉丝的安全系数高达 2.0。
{"title":"Tensile Strength of Wire-Woven SUS 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel","authors":"Rando Tungga Dewa, Daffa Mandala Adinata, Raja Akbar, Muhammad Raihan Atallah Yasir","doi":"10.4028/p-lb4si9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-lb4si9","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a series of tensile testing on wire drawing SUS 304 were conducted in order to meet the required specifications, thus, it can be utilized on the aircraft fighter components to remain stable and avoid shaking or vibration when the engine is operated. The studied material is expected to be used on flank airframes to improve its strength, wear resistance, corrosion, and aesthetic appearance. Series of tensile test has been conducted with universal testing machine (1 tonne) with modified jig configuration according to ASTM E8. The specimens were made according to the manufacture requirements such as wavy pin and straight pin connecting rod. The wire diameter has been drawing into the final diameter, which is Φ8.0 mm. From the tensile tests, yielding 1165.8 MPa and 1588.1 MPa, respectively. It is observed that the strength of woven SUS 304 wire drawing has reached the required specification to be manufactured in aircraft fastener. Factor of safety up to 2.0 has been acquired to the studied woven SUS 304 wire drawing.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140438203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phan Bao Hoai Nam, Pham Quang Trung, Bui Duy Khanh
Rotary friction welding (RFW) is one of the most essential creations of modern technologies because it satisfies and compensates for the shortcomings of traditional welding methods. This paper presents a study on the impact of the annealing solution process on the joints of the rotary friction welding process in Al 6061 material and with a selection of the best parameter for the procedure. The quality of the weld-joints was evaluated by a series of experiments of measuring hardness, tensile strength tests and observing the micro-structures of the specimens to achieve conclusive evidence. The aim of these experiments is to carefully and precisely examine the impact of the heat treatment process on the welded joints’ physical properties and microstructure properties. The results show that the heat treatment does enhance the mechanical properties of the material, but it is essential to conduct experiments to find the optimized parameters; or else, the properties will decrease largely.
{"title":"A Study on Optimizing the Parameters of the Heat Treatment Process on Rotary Friction Welding of Aluminum Alloy A6061","authors":"Phan Bao Hoai Nam, Pham Quang Trung, Bui Duy Khanh","doi":"10.4028/p-o0lhwr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-o0lhwr","url":null,"abstract":"Rotary friction welding (RFW) is one of the most essential creations of modern technologies because it satisfies and compensates for the shortcomings of traditional welding methods. This paper presents a study on the impact of the annealing solution process on the joints of the rotary friction welding process in Al 6061 material and with a selection of the best parameter for the procedure. The quality of the weld-joints was evaluated by a series of experiments of measuring hardness, tensile strength tests and observing the micro-structures of the specimens to achieve conclusive evidence. The aim of these experiments is to carefully and precisely examine the impact of the heat treatment process on the welded joints’ physical properties and microstructure properties. The results show that the heat treatment does enhance the mechanical properties of the material, but it is essential to conduct experiments to find the optimized parameters; or else, the properties will decrease largely.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rahma, M. Elma, Muhammad Roil Bilad, I. Syauqiah, Rahmad Aprido Patria, Muhammad Ziqri, Dita Kartikawati
Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is a solid waste produced from the palm cooking oil refining industry. The commercial ceramic membranes are quite pricey, therefore SBE solid waste is possible to be an alternative for reduction of membrane material cost due to high silica content. This work demonstrates the fabrication of ceramic tubular support membrane with varied SBE addition and investigates the functionalization group of its membranes. The ceramic support membrane was prepared from regeneration SBE with varied loading composition 15 and 35 wt%. The regeneration SBE using n-Hexane as solvent. Membranes were casted into tubular configuration using centrifugal casting technique at 3000 rpm. The tubular ceramic SBE membranes were dried and followed by calcined at 900°C with heating rate 2°C/min using programable furnace for 2 h. Both of raw SBE material and membranes were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The SBE material after regenerated exhibits has high Si-OH and Si-O-Si peaks over raw material. Interestingly, the fabrication ceramic support membrane with tubular configuration is successfully preparation by centrifugal casting. Ceramic SBE membrane exhibits functionalization and deconvolution the present of siloxane, Al-OH-Al, Ti-O-Ti, and Al-O bands for both of 15 and 35wt% SBE loading. It concluded this tubular ceramic support membrane from SBE has appropriated chemical functionalize properties to applicates as membrane separation.
{"title":"Functionalization and Deconvolution of Tubular Ceramic Support Membrane Prepare from High Silica Spent Bleaching Earth by Centrifugal Casting","authors":"A. Rahma, M. Elma, Muhammad Roil Bilad, I. Syauqiah, Rahmad Aprido Patria, Muhammad Ziqri, Dita Kartikawati","doi":"10.4028/p-de2xpu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-de2xpu","url":null,"abstract":"Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is a solid waste produced from the palm cooking oil refining industry. The commercial ceramic membranes are quite pricey, therefore SBE solid waste is possible to be an alternative for reduction of membrane material cost due to high silica content. This work demonstrates the fabrication of ceramic tubular support membrane with varied SBE addition and investigates the functionalization group of its membranes. The ceramic support membrane was prepared from regeneration SBE with varied loading composition 15 and 35 wt%. The regeneration SBE using n-Hexane as solvent. Membranes were casted into tubular configuration using centrifugal casting technique at 3000 rpm. The tubular ceramic SBE membranes were dried and followed by calcined at 900°C with heating rate 2°C/min using programable furnace for 2 h. Both of raw SBE material and membranes were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The SBE material after regenerated exhibits has high Si-OH and Si-O-Si peaks over raw material. Interestingly, the fabrication ceramic support membrane with tubular configuration is successfully preparation by centrifugal casting. Ceramic SBE membrane exhibits functionalization and deconvolution the present of siloxane, Al-OH-Al, Ti-O-Ti, and Al-O bands for both of 15 and 35wt% SBE loading. It concluded this tubular ceramic support membrane from SBE has appropriated chemical functionalize properties to applicates as membrane separation.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amjad Fakhri Kamarulzaman, Nursyam Dzuha Haris, Hazleen Anuar, S. Toha, Y. A. Alli, M. R. Manshor
The allure of 4D printing and machine learning (ML) for various applications is unquestionable, and researchers are striving hard to improve their performance. In this work, machine learning has been applied to predict the tensile strength of the 4D printed materials. The study investigated the reinforcement of polylactic acid (PLA) filament with lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in the presence of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) as 4D printable filament. The alkaline extraction method was carried out used sodium hydroxide (NaOH), followed by precipitation with mineral acids utilizing one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). Thereafter, the tensile strength of the 4D printed material was evaluated by tensile testing machine followed by machine learning prediction in which convolutional neural network (CNN) was adopted. The morphology of the 4D printed materials was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM micrograph of the tensile test of biocomposites revealed layer-by-layer formation of the filaments on the printed unfilled PLA biocomposite indicating lower inter-filament bonding. In the first trial, the actual result of the experiment was evaluated to be 24.44 MPa while the CNN prediction was 25.53 MPa. In the second attempt, the actual result of the experiment was 31.61 MPa whereas the prediction from CNN was 27.55 MPa. The coefficient of determination value obtained from CNN prediction is 0.12662. The current study indicates that machine learning is an important tool to optimize and/or predict the properties of 4D printing materials.
{"title":"Predicting the Tensile Strength of 4D Printed PLA/EPO/Lignin Biocomposites Using Machine Learning","authors":"Amjad Fakhri Kamarulzaman, Nursyam Dzuha Haris, Hazleen Anuar, S. Toha, Y. A. Alli, M. R. Manshor","doi":"10.4028/p-g9nis7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-g9nis7","url":null,"abstract":"The allure of 4D printing and machine learning (ML) for various applications is unquestionable, and researchers are striving hard to improve their performance. In this work, machine learning has been applied to predict the tensile strength of the 4D printed materials. The study investigated the reinforcement of polylactic acid (PLA) filament with lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in the presence of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) as 4D printable filament. The alkaline extraction method was carried out used sodium hydroxide (NaOH), followed by precipitation with mineral acids utilizing one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). Thereafter, the tensile strength of the 4D printed material was evaluated by tensile testing machine followed by machine learning prediction in which convolutional neural network (CNN) was adopted. The morphology of the 4D printed materials was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM micrograph of the tensile test of biocomposites revealed layer-by-layer formation of the filaments on the printed unfilled PLA biocomposite indicating lower inter-filament bonding. In the first trial, the actual result of the experiment was evaluated to be 24.44 MPa while the CNN prediction was 25.53 MPa. In the second attempt, the actual result of the experiment was 31.61 MPa whereas the prediction from CNN was 27.55 MPa. The coefficient of determination value obtained from CNN prediction is 0.12662. The current study indicates that machine learning is an important tool to optimize and/or predict the properties of 4D printing materials.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Basilia, Julius N. Concepcion, John Jerald Prila
This study focused on the development of 3D printing filaments suitable for fused deposition modeling (FDM) by recycling expired polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. The 3D printing filaments were processed into pellets by incorporating montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay into the expired PLA filaments through twin-screw extrusion with varying concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5 wt.%. These composite pellets were reprocessed to filaments through a filament extruder with a diameter of 1.75 mm. These filaments underwent different characterization techniques to test its mechanical and thermal properties. The thermal properties showed increasing values in the glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, and melting temperature with a decrease in the specific heat upon incorporating increasing amount of MMT nanoclay. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a positive impact with better thermal stability when the MMT content was incorporated. In terms of mechanical properties, the study showed that the addition of 1 wt% MMT nanoclay, provided an increase in both the tensile strength and elastic modulus comparable to the virgin 3D printing PLA filament.
{"title":"Development of 3D Printing Filaments from Recycled PLA Reinforced with Nanoclay","authors":"B. Basilia, Julius N. Concepcion, John Jerald Prila","doi":"10.4028/p-2psmp3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-2psmp3","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the development of 3D printing filaments suitable for fused deposition modeling (FDM) by recycling expired polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. The 3D printing filaments were processed into pellets by incorporating montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay into the expired PLA filaments through twin-screw extrusion with varying concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5 wt.%. These composite pellets were reprocessed to filaments through a filament extruder with a diameter of 1.75 mm. These filaments underwent different characterization techniques to test its mechanical and thermal properties. The thermal properties showed increasing values in the glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, and melting temperature with a decrease in the specific heat upon incorporating increasing amount of MMT nanoclay. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a positive impact with better thermal stability when the MMT content was incorporated. In terms of mechanical properties, the study showed that the addition of 1 wt% MMT nanoclay, provided an increase in both the tensile strength and elastic modulus comparable to the virgin 3D printing PLA filament.","PeriodicalId":507685,"journal":{"name":"Key Engineering Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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