ABSTRACT A small piece of cartilage or bone, the element of Paaw, occurs in the tendon of the stapedius muscle in some extant marsupial and placental mammals. It has been nearly a century since the last comprehensive treatment of the distribution of the element of Paaw in mammals. The current report updates knowledge on this structure by synthesizing the subsequent literature and providing new observations of extant marsupials from the collections of the Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and two online resources for CT scanned data: DigiMorph.org and MorphoSource.org. We found an element of Paaw in some representatives of all seven extant marsupial orders: Didelphimorphia, Microbiotheria, Notoryctemorphia, Peramelemorphia, Paucituberculata, Dasyuromorphia, and Diprotodontia. In the first four orders, the element is substantial, longer than the long axis of the fenestra vestiuli (oval window), which holds the stapedial footplate; it is smaller than the long axis of the fenestra vestibuli in Paucituberculata and we do not have measures to report for the last two orders. In most marsupials examined, the element of Paaw contacts the petrosal behind the oval window, suggesting it functions as a sesamoid bone, increasing the lever arm of the stapedius muscle. Although there is some variability in the presence of the bone both between and within individual museum specimens, we interpret this as the result of preparation techniques rather than true variation. To place the element of Paaw in its anatomical context, we describe in detail the ear region and middle-ear auditory apparatus of the gray four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758), a didelphid from Central and South America, based on a CT scanned specimen from Carnegie Museum of Natural History. It has an ossified element of Paaw with a volume greater than the stapes. Comparisons are made with petrosals of Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, and Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842), also based on CT scanned specimens.
{"title":"The Element of Paaw in Marsupials and the Ear Region of Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)","authors":"J. Wible, Sarah L. Shelley, C. Belz","doi":"10.2992/007.087.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.087.0101","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A small piece of cartilage or bone, the element of Paaw, occurs in the tendon of the stapedius muscle in some extant marsupial and placental mammals. It has been nearly a century since the last comprehensive treatment of the distribution of the element of Paaw in mammals. The current report updates knowledge on this structure by synthesizing the subsequent literature and providing new observations of extant marsupials from the collections of the Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and two online resources for CT scanned data: DigiMorph.org and MorphoSource.org. We found an element of Paaw in some representatives of all seven extant marsupial orders: Didelphimorphia, Microbiotheria, Notoryctemorphia, Peramelemorphia, Paucituberculata, Dasyuromorphia, and Diprotodontia. In the first four orders, the element is substantial, longer than the long axis of the fenestra vestiuli (oval window), which holds the stapedial footplate; it is smaller than the long axis of the fenestra vestibuli in Paucituberculata and we do not have measures to report for the last two orders. In most marsupials examined, the element of Paaw contacts the petrosal behind the oval window, suggesting it functions as a sesamoid bone, increasing the lever arm of the stapedius muscle. Although there is some variability in the presence of the bone both between and within individual museum specimens, we interpret this as the result of preparation techniques rather than true variation. To place the element of Paaw in its anatomical context, we describe in detail the ear region and middle-ear auditory apparatus of the gray four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758), a didelphid from Central and South America, based on a CT scanned specimen from Carnegie Museum of Natural History. It has an ossified element of Paaw with a volume greater than the stapes. Comparisons are made with petrosals of Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, and Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842), also based on CT scanned specimens.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"16 1","pages":"1 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85136191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The Troublesome Formation of northcentral Colorado ranges in age from the middle Arikareean North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA: latest Oligocene) to the early Clarendonian NALMA (early–late Miocene), a range of 14.5 million years. The rodent fauna from this formation varies greatly through the section, which is dominated by entoptychine geomyids in the Arikareean, mylagaulids in the Hemingfordian, and heteormyids in the Barstovian. The Clarendonian is the least-well represented horizon from which only four species are recognized. Of the nearly forty species of rodents identified, there is only one new genus, Argaleogaulus a primitive promylagauline mylagaulid from the Arikareean. There are 12 new species recognized: the mylagaulid Argaleogaulus primoticus; a sciurid, Protospermophilus parvus; six heteromyids, Harrymys cyanothos, Harrymys taussigi, Schizodontomys bareia, Balantiomys coloradensis, Oregonomys perilaccos, and Cupidinimus robinsoni; and four entoptychine geomyids, Pleurolicus compressus, Pleurolicus mensae, Gregorymys montanus, and Entoptychus rensbergeri. The genera from the Troublesome Formation are similar to those of equivalent faunas throughout North America. The presence of the unique species of otherwise common North American genera suggests some minor degree of isolation of the basin during the time of formation.
{"title":"Rodents (Mammalia) from the Troublesome Formation, Late Oligocene to Miocene (Middle Arikareean–Early Clarendonian) of Colorado","authors":"W. Korth, Donald G. Kron","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0401","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Troublesome Formation of northcentral Colorado ranges in age from the middle Arikareean North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA: latest Oligocene) to the early Clarendonian NALMA (early–late Miocene), a range of 14.5 million years. The rodent fauna from this formation varies greatly through the section, which is dominated by entoptychine geomyids in the Arikareean, mylagaulids in the Hemingfordian, and heteormyids in the Barstovian. The Clarendonian is the least-well represented horizon from which only four species are recognized. Of the nearly forty species of rodents identified, there is only one new genus, Argaleogaulus a primitive promylagauline mylagaulid from the Arikareean. There are 12 new species recognized: the mylagaulid Argaleogaulus primoticus; a sciurid, Protospermophilus parvus; six heteromyids, Harrymys cyanothos, Harrymys taussigi, Schizodontomys bareia, Balantiomys coloradensis, Oregonomys perilaccos, and Cupidinimus robinsoni; and four entoptychine geomyids, Pleurolicus compressus, Pleurolicus mensae, Gregorymys montanus, and Entoptychus rensbergeri. The genera from the Troublesome Formation are similar to those of equivalent faunas throughout North America. The presence of the unique species of otherwise common North American genera suggests some minor degree of isolation of the basin during the time of formation.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"11 1","pages":"295 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80937502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Multi-year studies of syntopic species provide a spatiotemporal framework for comparing their demographic responses to the same environmental conditions. We used data derived from 15 years of sampling at an artificial pond matrix in southwestern Pennsylvania to investigate the survival, growth, and ages of Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata) and Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina). We trapped turtles with baited hoop-nets at a primary wetland, which was the largest and deepest of five artificial ponds in a spatially aggregated matrix at the Powdermill Nature Reserve, a protected site in the Allegheny Mountains. We captured 81 Midland Painted Turtles 162 times, and 43 Common Snapping Turtles 136 times. For both species, apparent survival probabilities were higher for adults (range 79–95%) compared to juveniles (range 57–82%), and higher in females compared to males or juveniles. The average growth rate was highest in juvenile turtles of both species, indicating growth was maximal during periods of the lowest survival. Average growth rates, in general, were slower for Midland Painted Turtles compared to Common Snapping Turtles. Relating body size to age revealed estimates conforming to studies elsewhere and to longevity records based on known-age turtles. We interpret findings at this wetland matrix to represent the demographics of a deme within a fluid and dynamic regional network of demes for these two species and highlight the value of artificial pond networks to the conservation of freshwater turtle metapopulations in Pennsylvania.
{"title":"Demography of Aquatic Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata and Chelydra serpentina serpentina) in Southwestern Pennsylvania","authors":"Daniel F. Hughes, W. Meshaka","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0402","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Multi-year studies of syntopic species provide a spatiotemporal framework for comparing their demographic responses to the same environmental conditions. We used data derived from 15 years of sampling at an artificial pond matrix in southwestern Pennsylvania to investigate the survival, growth, and ages of Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata) and Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina). We trapped turtles with baited hoop-nets at a primary wetland, which was the largest and deepest of five artificial ponds in a spatially aggregated matrix at the Powdermill Nature Reserve, a protected site in the Allegheny Mountains. We captured 81 Midland Painted Turtles 162 times, and 43 Common Snapping Turtles 136 times. For both species, apparent survival probabilities were higher for adults (range 79–95%) compared to juveniles (range 57–82%), and higher in females compared to males or juveniles. The average growth rate was highest in juvenile turtles of both species, indicating growth was maximal during periods of the lowest survival. Average growth rates, in general, were slower for Midland Painted Turtles compared to Common Snapping Turtles. Relating body size to age revealed estimates conforming to studies elsewhere and to longevity records based on known-age turtles. We interpret findings at this wetland matrix to represent the demographics of a deme within a fluid and dynamic regional network of demes for these two species and highlight the value of artificial pond networks to the conservation of freshwater turtle metapopulations in Pennsylvania.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"71 1","pages":"361 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86361005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT We describe two partial postcranial skeletons belonging to the enigmatic theropod dinosaur clade Megaraptoridae from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian–upper Turonian) Bajo Barreal Formation of southern Chubut Province, central Patagonia, Argentina. The specimens are assigned to Megaraptoridae due to their possession of multiple anatomical features that are considered synapomorphies of that predatory dinosaur group, such as a greatly enlarged, laterally compressed ungual of manual digit I that possesses asymmetrical lateral and medial vascular grooves. Overlapping elements of the two skeletons are nearly identical in morphology, suggesting that they probably represent the same taxon, a large-bodied theropod that was previously unknown from the early Late Cretaceous of southern South America. The Bajo Barreal specimens constitute the most ancient unquestionable records of Megaraptoridae from that continent, and exhibit particularly strong osteological resemblances to penecontemporaneous megaraptorids from the Winton Formation of Australia. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the unnamed Bajo Barreal taxon as the earliest-diverging South American megaraptorid and the oldest-known representative of this clade that likely attained a body length of at least seven meters and a mass of at least one metric ton. Overall, the balance of the evidence suggests that megaraptorids originated in eastern Gondwana (Australia) during the Early Cretaceous, then subsequently dispersed to western Gondwana (South America) during the mid-Cretaceous, where they attained substantially larger body sizes, ultimately coming to occupy the apex predator niches in their respective habitats.
摘要本文描述了阿根廷中部巴塔哥尼亚Chubut省南部上白垩世(下cenomanian -上Turonian) Bajo Barreal组的两具神秘兽脚亚目恐龙分支Megaraptoridae的部分颅骨后骨骼。这些标本被归为大盗龙科，因为它们具有多种被认为是该掠食性恐龙群的近亲的解剖特征，例如手指I的一个极大扩大的、侧向压缩的足趾，具有不对称的外侧和内侧血管沟。这两具骨骼的重叠部分在形态上几乎完全相同，这表明它们可能代表同一个分类群，一种来自南美南部晚白垩纪早期的大型兽脚亚目恐龙，此前人们对这种恐龙一无所知。Bajo Barreal标本构成了该大陆最古老的、毫无疑问的巨盗龙科记录，并与澳大利亚温顿组准同时期的巨盗龙表现出特别强烈的骨学相似性。系统发育分析显示，未命名的Bajo Barreal分类群是南美洲最早分化的巨盗龙，也是已知最古老的代表，可能达到了至少7米的体长和至少1吨的质量。总的来说，证据的平衡表明，巨龙在白垩纪早期起源于冈瓦纳东部(澳大利亚)，随后在白垩纪中期分散到冈瓦纳西部(南美洲)，在那里它们的体型大大增加，最终占据了各自栖息地的顶级捕食者壁龛。
{"title":"Megaraptorid (Theropoda: Tetanurae) Partial Skeletons from the Upper Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Central Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for the Evolution of Large Body Size in Gondwanan MegaraptoranS","authors":"M. Lamanna, G. Casal, R. Martínez, L. Ibiricu","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0302","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We describe two partial postcranial skeletons belonging to the enigmatic theropod dinosaur clade Megaraptoridae from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian–upper Turonian) Bajo Barreal Formation of southern Chubut Province, central Patagonia, Argentina. The specimens are assigned to Megaraptoridae due to their possession of multiple anatomical features that are considered synapomorphies of that predatory dinosaur group, such as a greatly enlarged, laterally compressed ungual of manual digit I that possesses asymmetrical lateral and medial vascular grooves. Overlapping elements of the two skeletons are nearly identical in morphology, suggesting that they probably represent the same taxon, a large-bodied theropod that was previously unknown from the early Late Cretaceous of southern South America. The Bajo Barreal specimens constitute the most ancient unquestionable records of Megaraptoridae from that continent, and exhibit particularly strong osteological resemblances to penecontemporaneous megaraptorids from the Winton Formation of Australia. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the unnamed Bajo Barreal taxon as the earliest-diverging South American megaraptorid and the oldest-known representative of this clade that likely attained a body length of at least seven meters and a mass of at least one metric ton. Overall, the balance of the evidence suggests that megaraptorids originated in eastern Gondwana (Australia) during the Early Cretaceous, then subsequently dispersed to western Gondwana (South America) during the mid-Cretaceous, where they attained substantially larger body sizes, ultimately coming to occupy the apex predator niches in their respective habitats.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"19 1","pages":"255 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76881896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albert D. Kollar, M. Feely, Ambrose Joyce, Rich Fedosick, K. Hughes, A. Costanzo
The Connemara Marble of Ireland is a distinctive green decorative stone used in world architecture. These stones were imported and widely used in the Carnegie Institute Extension built in 1907 which is acknowledged as one of the America's finest Gilded Age Beaux-Arts structures. This report documents the use, quantities, and locations of Connemara Marble in the Carnegie Institute and through a review of historic primary source documents, secondary sources articles, on-site inspections, sampling, testing, and microscopic analysis has determined the stone's mineralogy and petrology, color types, and the specific location and identify of the actual quarry site and the lithostratigraphy from which these materials originated. In the 1970's the Carnegie Institute was listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior and named a Historic Landmark by the Pittsburgh History Landmarks Foundation. In 2019, the Connemara Marble was proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Resource to the International Union of Geological Sciences. The Carnegie Institute incorporates 32 varieties of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks types from Algeria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Ireland (i.e., the Connemara Marble), and the United States of America. The building's architects utilized four-color types of Connemara Marble in 13 prominent interior spaces of the building. The Connemara Marble formed from Precambrian Dalradian carbonates during the lower Ordovician Grampian orogeny, some 470 million years ago in western Ireland. Approximately, 366 square meters of floor tiles and wall inlays were fabricated out of some 60 metric tons of Connemara Marble blocks extracted from the Streamstown quarry near Clifden, County Galway.
{"title":"Carnegie Institute Extension Connemara Marble: Cross-Atlantic Connections between Western Ireland and Gilded Age Architecture in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","authors":"Albert D. Kollar, M. Feely, Ambrose Joyce, Rich Fedosick, K. Hughes, A. Costanzo","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0301","url":null,"abstract":"The Connemara Marble of Ireland is a distinctive green decorative stone used in world architecture. These stones were imported and widely used in the Carnegie Institute Extension built in 1907 which is acknowledged as one of the America's finest Gilded Age Beaux-Arts structures. This report documents the use, quantities, and locations of Connemara Marble in the Carnegie Institute and through a review of historic primary source documents, secondary sources articles, on-site inspections, sampling, testing, and microscopic analysis has determined the stone's mineralogy and petrology, color types, and the specific location and identify of the actual quarry site and the lithostratigraphy from which these materials originated. In the 1970's the Carnegie Institute was listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior and named a Historic Landmark by the Pittsburgh History Landmarks Foundation. In 2019, the Connemara Marble was proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Resource to the International Union of Geological Sciences. The Carnegie Institute incorporates 32 varieties of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks types from Algeria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Ireland (i.e., the Connemara Marble), and the United States of America. The building's architects utilized four-color types of Connemara Marble in 13 prominent interior spaces of the building. The Connemara Marble formed from Precambrian Dalradian carbonates during the lower Ordovician Grampian orogeny, some 470 million years ago in western Ireland. Approximately, 366 square meters of floor tiles and wall inlays were fabricated out of some 60 metric tons of Connemara Marble blocks extracted from the Streamstown quarry near Clifden, County Galway.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"13 1","pages":"207-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73329319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Entoptychine gophers are a species-rich subfamily of the Geomyidae from the Oligo-Miocene known from countless teeth, numerous jaws, and rare skulls and skeletons. Because of this rich fossil record, entoptychine gophers have greatly contributed to our understanding of the biostratigraphy, biogeography, and paleoecology of fossil deposits of the western United States. Nonetheless, there is currently no phylogenetic framework for the subfamily. We describe four new species of entoptychines from the Arikareean-aged Cabbage Patch beds of Montana, including three species of the genus Pleurolicus (P. gwinni, P. nelsoni, and P. rensbergeri) and one species of Gregorymys (G. tavenneri) and include these taxa into the first phylogenetic analysis of Entoptychinae to include all species within Pleurolicus Cope, 1878, Gregorymys Wood, 1936, and Ziamys Gawne, 1975, as well as a species of the genus Entoptychus Cope, 1878. We recover a paraphyletic Pleurolicus at the base of the tree. Ziamys is a monophyletic genus, sister taxon to the clade formed by the genera Entoptychus and Gregorymys. Within Pleurolicus, the species strictly from the Great Plains form a clade. Gregorymys is divided into two major clades, one that includes the southern species G. riograndensis Stevens, 1977, and G. veloxikua Jiménez-Hidalgo et al., 2018, as well as G. riggsi Wood, 1936, and G. tavenneri and one including all other species from the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Gregorymys kayi Wood, 1950, a poorly known outlier species of the genus is sister to the Entoptychus species included in our analysis. Our findings suggest a complicated evolutionary history for the Entoptychinae, but also offer the opportunity for fruitful future analyses of evolutionary ecology.
{"title":"New Gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) from the Cabbage Patch Beds of Montana (Renova Formation) and the Phylogenetic Relationships Within Entoptychinae","authors":"J. Calede, D. Rasmussen","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0202","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Entoptychine gophers are a species-rich subfamily of the Geomyidae from the Oligo-Miocene known from countless teeth, numerous jaws, and rare skulls and skeletons. Because of this rich fossil record, entoptychine gophers have greatly contributed to our understanding of the biostratigraphy, biogeography, and paleoecology of fossil deposits of the western United States. Nonetheless, there is currently no phylogenetic framework for the subfamily. We describe four new species of entoptychines from the Arikareean-aged Cabbage Patch beds of Montana, including three species of the genus Pleurolicus (P. gwinni, P. nelsoni, and P. rensbergeri) and one species of Gregorymys (G. tavenneri) and include these taxa into the first phylogenetic analysis of Entoptychinae to include all species within Pleurolicus Cope, 1878, Gregorymys Wood, 1936, and Ziamys Gawne, 1975, as well as a species of the genus Entoptychus Cope, 1878. We recover a paraphyletic Pleurolicus at the base of the tree. Ziamys is a monophyletic genus, sister taxon to the clade formed by the genera Entoptychus and Gregorymys. Within Pleurolicus, the species strictly from the Great Plains form a clade. Gregorymys is divided into two major clades, one that includes the southern species G. riograndensis Stevens, 1977, and G. veloxikua Jiménez-Hidalgo et al., 2018, as well as G. riggsi Wood, 1936, and G. tavenneri and one including all other species from the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Gregorymys kayi Wood, 1950, a poorly known outlier species of the genus is sister to the Entoptychus species included in our analysis. Our findings suggest a complicated evolutionary history for the Entoptychinae, but also offer the opportunity for fruitful future analyses of evolutionary ecology.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"137 1","pages":"107 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79727006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. V. Miller, J. P. O’Gorman, S. Salisbury, R. Coria, E. Roberts, P. O’Connor, M. Reguero, M. Lamanna
ABSTRACT Although knowledge of Mesozoic marine reptiles from Antarctica has improved considerably in recent years, associated and well-preserved skeletal material of these animals remains uncommon. Here we describe a largely complete, closely associated plesiosaur pelvic girdle recovered from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Sandwich Bluff Member of the López de Bertodano Formation of Vega Island, in the James Ross Basin of the northernmost Antarctic Peninsula. The new specimen exhibits characters that allow its referral to Elasmosauridae, but its incompleteness precludes a more precise taxonomic determination. Ontogenetically variable and systematically useful features of the elasmosaurid pelvis are reviewed and discussed. The new specimen improves knowledge of Southern Hemisphere elasmosaurids just prior to the K/Pg extinction event.
尽管近年来对南极洲中生代海洋爬行动物的认识有了很大的提高，但与这些动物相关且保存完好的骨骼材料仍然很少。在这里，我们描述了在南极半岛最北端的詹姆斯罗斯盆地的Vega岛López de Bertodano组的最上层白垩纪(马astrichtian)三明治崖成员中发现的一个基本完整的，密切相关的蛇颈龙骨盆带。新标本显示的特征使其可以归为Elasmosauridae，但其不完整妨碍了更精确的分类测定。本文回顾和讨论了依拉丝龙骨盆的个体遗传学变化和系统有用的特征。新标本提高了对K/Pg灭绝事件之前南半球elasmosaurids的认识。
{"title":"A New Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) Specimen from the Upper Cretaceous of West Antarctica, with Comments on the Ontogeny and Morphological Diversity of the Elasmosaurid Pelvic Girdle","authors":"C. V. Miller, J. P. O’Gorman, S. Salisbury, R. Coria, E. Roberts, P. O’Connor, M. Reguero, M. Lamanna","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0201","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although knowledge of Mesozoic marine reptiles from Antarctica has improved considerably in recent years, associated and well-preserved skeletal material of these animals remains uncommon. Here we describe a largely complete, closely associated plesiosaur pelvic girdle recovered from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Sandwich Bluff Member of the López de Bertodano Formation of Vega Island, in the James Ross Basin of the northernmost Antarctic Peninsula. The new specimen exhibits characters that allow its referral to Elasmosauridae, but its incompleteness precludes a more precise taxonomic determination. Ontogenetically variable and systematically useful features of the elasmosaurid pelvis are reviewed and discussed. The new specimen improves knowledge of Southern Hemisphere elasmosaurids just prior to the K/Pg extinction event.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"14 1","pages":"106 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75289485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT A new genus and species of sciuravid rodent, Perasciuravus mcintoshi, is named from the late Bridgerian (early Eocene) of the Washakie Formation, southcentral Wyoming. The most distinguishing characters of the species (and genus) are that it retains the primitive condition of the zygomasseteric structure for rodents, characteristic of sciuravids, but has a more specialized dental morphology of the cheek teeth (complete ectolophids and hypolophids on the lower molars; complete metalophs and protolophs on the upper molars) typical of the later-occurring family of geomyoid rodents, the Eomyidae. Perasciuravus is viewed as morphologically transitional between the Sciuravidae and the Eomyidae. Its occurrence also overlaps the temporal range of the Sciuravidae (Wasatchian [early Eocene] to Duchesnean [early-late Eocene]) and predates the first occurrence of the Eomyidae (Uintan [middle Eocene]).
{"title":"A New Sciuravid Rodent (Mammalia) from the Early Eocene (Bridgerian) and the Sciuravid-Eomyid Transition","authors":"W. Korth","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0204","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new genus and species of sciuravid rodent, Perasciuravus mcintoshi, is named from the late Bridgerian (early Eocene) of the Washakie Formation, southcentral Wyoming. The most distinguishing characters of the species (and genus) are that it retains the primitive condition of the zygomasseteric structure for rodents, characteristic of sciuravids, but has a more specialized dental morphology of the cheek teeth (complete ectolophids and hypolophids on the lower molars; complete metalophs and protolophs on the upper molars) typical of the later-occurring family of geomyoid rodents, the Eomyidae. Perasciuravus is viewed as morphologically transitional between the Sciuravidae and the Eomyidae. Its occurrence also overlaps the temporal range of the Sciuravidae (Wasatchian [early Eocene] to Duchesnean [early-late Eocene]) and predates the first occurrence of the Eomyidae (Uintan [middle Eocene]).","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"1 1","pages":"197 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89069232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The genera Astivalius Smit, 1953, and Obtusifrontia, Holland, 1969 endemic to Papua Province, Indonesia, and Astivalius, Idiochaetis Jordan, 1937, Muesebeckella Traub, 1969, and Obtusifrontia, endemic to Papua New Guinea, are reviewed as a continuation of the study of fleas in the Robert Traub flea collection deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. This paper (Part V) is an extension of previous studies by Hastriter (2012), Hastriter and Easton (2013, Part I, Striopsylla), Hastriter (2014, Part II, Nestivalius, Orthopsylloides, and Parastivalius), Hastriter (2015, Part III, Traubia), and Hastriter (2016, Part IV, Rectidigitus). Prior to the current study, Astivalius and Idiochaetis were each comprised of one species (A. microphthalmus Smit, 1953, and I. illustris Jordan, 1937), Muesebeckella of two species (Mu. mannae Traub, 1969, and Mu. nadi Traub, 1969), and Obtusifrontia of three species (O. falcata Mardon, 1978b, O. simplex Holland, 1969, and O. simula Mardon, 1978b). The female of A. microphthalmus Smit, 1953, is described for the first time and the previously known distribution of this species is expanded from Papua Province, Indonesia to the western fringes of Papua New Guinea (Sandaun Province). The female of O. simplex is also described for the first time and its geographical distribution is expanded to two additional provinces (Southern Highlands and Western Highlands provinces, Papua New Guinea). An additional three new species of Astivalius, one new species each of Idiochaetis, Muesebeckella, and Obtusifrontia are described herein (A. archboldi, n. sp., A. mirzai, n. sp., A. toxopeusi, n. sp., I. rogersi, n. sp., Mu. niobiensis, n. sp., and O. comohamulus, n. sp.). With the description of six new species, the total number of species in the superfamily Pygiopsylloidea in Papua Province, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago) and the Solomon Islands is 111. An additional eight species belonging to three other flea families (Ischnopsyllidae (3), Pulicidae (3), and Leptopsyllidae (2) bring the total number of flea taxa to 119 species (including subspecies). Keys to the species of Astivalius, Idiochaetis, Muesebeckella, and Obtusifrontia are provided.
{"title":"Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pygiopsyllomorpha) of Papua New Guinea and Papua Province (Indonesia). Part V. Astivalius, idiochaetis, muesebeckella, and Obtusifrontia (Stivaliidae: Stivaliinae), with Description of Six New Species","authors":"M. Hastriter","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0203","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The genera Astivalius Smit, 1953, and Obtusifrontia, Holland, 1969 endemic to Papua Province, Indonesia, and Astivalius, Idiochaetis Jordan, 1937, Muesebeckella Traub, 1969, and Obtusifrontia, endemic to Papua New Guinea, are reviewed as a continuation of the study of fleas in the Robert Traub flea collection deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. This paper (Part V) is an extension of previous studies by Hastriter (2012), Hastriter and Easton (2013, Part I, Striopsylla), Hastriter (2014, Part II, Nestivalius, Orthopsylloides, and Parastivalius), Hastriter (2015, Part III, Traubia), and Hastriter (2016, Part IV, Rectidigitus). Prior to the current study, Astivalius and Idiochaetis were each comprised of one species (A. microphthalmus Smit, 1953, and I. illustris Jordan, 1937), Muesebeckella of two species (Mu. mannae Traub, 1969, and Mu. nadi Traub, 1969), and Obtusifrontia of three species (O. falcata Mardon, 1978b, O. simplex Holland, 1969, and O. simula Mardon, 1978b). The female of A. microphthalmus Smit, 1953, is described for the first time and the previously known distribution of this species is expanded from Papua Province, Indonesia to the western fringes of Papua New Guinea (Sandaun Province). The female of O. simplex is also described for the first time and its geographical distribution is expanded to two additional provinces (Southern Highlands and Western Highlands provinces, Papua New Guinea). An additional three new species of Astivalius, one new species each of Idiochaetis, Muesebeckella, and Obtusifrontia are described herein (A. archboldi, n. sp., A. mirzai, n. sp., A. toxopeusi, n. sp., I. rogersi, n. sp., Mu. niobiensis, n. sp., and O. comohamulus, n. sp.). With the description of six new species, the total number of species in the superfamily Pygiopsylloidea in Papua Province, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago) and the Solomon Islands is 111. An additional eight species belonging to three other flea families (Ischnopsyllidae (3), Pulicidae (3), and Leptopsyllidae (2) bring the total number of flea taxa to 119 species (including subspecies). Keys to the species of Astivalius, Idiochaetis, Muesebeckella, and Obtusifrontia are provided.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"64 6 1","pages":"169 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84990454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The anatomy of the petrosal and associated middle ear structures are described and illustrated for the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769). Although the middle ear in this iconic mammal has been treated by prior authors, there has not been a comprehensive, well-illustrated contribution using current anatomical terminology. Descriptions are based on specimens from the osteological collections of the Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and a CT scanned osteological specimen from the Texas Memorial Museum. The petrosal, ectotympanic, malleus, incus, stapes, and inner ear were segmented from the CT scans. The petrosal of the brown rat is only loosely attached to the cranium, primarily along its posterior border; it is separated from the basisphenoid, alisphenoid, and squamosal by a large piriform fenestra that transmits various neurovascular structures including the postglenoid vein. The extent of the piriform fenestra broadly exposes the tegmen tympani of the petrosal in lateral view. The floor of the middle ear is formed by the expanded ectotympanic bulla, which is tightly held to the petrosal with five points of contact. The surfaces of the petrosal affording contact with the ectotympanic bulla are the rostral tympanic process, the epitympanic wing, the tegmen tympani, two of the three parts of the caudal tympanic process, and the tympanohyal, with the ectotympanic fused to the last. The ectotympanic in turn is fused to the elongate rostral process of the malleus, which is only discoverable through the study of juvenile specimens. In addition to osteology, the major nerves, arteries, and veins of the petrosal are described and illustrated based on the literature and osteological correlates. The petrosal of the brown rat is compared with those of several Eocene rodents to put the extant form in the context of early members of the rodent lineage. Comparisons benefitted from CT scans of the middle Eocene ischromyoid Paramys delicatus Leidy, 1871, from the western United States, affording the first description of the endocranial surface of the petrosal in an Eocene rodent. The petrosals in the Eocene fossils are more tightly held in the cranium, but the ectotympanic contacts the petrosal through the same five points, with some modifications. The most unexpected discovery in Paramys delicatus was the presence of a prominent tentorial process of the parietal in contact with the reduced crista petrosa.
{"title":"Anatomy of the Petrosal and Middle Ear of the Brown Rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) (Rodentia, Muridae)","authors":"J. Wible, Sarah L. Shelley","doi":"10.2992/007.086.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0101","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The anatomy of the petrosal and associated middle ear structures are described and illustrated for the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769). Although the middle ear in this iconic mammal has been treated by prior authors, there has not been a comprehensive, well-illustrated contribution using current anatomical terminology. Descriptions are based on specimens from the osteological collections of the Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and a CT scanned osteological specimen from the Texas Memorial Museum. The petrosal, ectotympanic, malleus, incus, stapes, and inner ear were segmented from the CT scans. The petrosal of the brown rat is only loosely attached to the cranium, primarily along its posterior border; it is separated from the basisphenoid, alisphenoid, and squamosal by a large piriform fenestra that transmits various neurovascular structures including the postglenoid vein. The extent of the piriform fenestra broadly exposes the tegmen tympani of the petrosal in lateral view. The floor of the middle ear is formed by the expanded ectotympanic bulla, which is tightly held to the petrosal with five points of contact. The surfaces of the petrosal affording contact with the ectotympanic bulla are the rostral tympanic process, the epitympanic wing, the tegmen tympani, two of the three parts of the caudal tympanic process, and the tympanohyal, with the ectotympanic fused to the last. The ectotympanic in turn is fused to the elongate rostral process of the malleus, which is only discoverable through the study of juvenile specimens. In addition to osteology, the major nerves, arteries, and veins of the petrosal are described and illustrated based on the literature and osteological correlates. The petrosal of the brown rat is compared with those of several Eocene rodents to put the extant form in the context of early members of the rodent lineage. Comparisons benefitted from CT scans of the middle Eocene ischromyoid Paramys delicatus Leidy, 1871, from the western United States, affording the first description of the endocranial surface of the petrosal in an Eocene rodent. The petrosals in the Eocene fossils are more tightly held in the cranium, but the ectotympanic contacts the petrosal through the same five points, with some modifications. The most unexpected discovery in Paramys delicatus was the presence of a prominent tentorial process of the parietal in contact with the reduced crista petrosa.","PeriodicalId":50771,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91327451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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