Animal Behaviour最新文献_第10页

Clearly membered societies among the nonprimate vertebrate animals 在非灵长类脊椎动物中有明显的成员社会

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123412

Mark W. Moffett

引用次数: 0

Effects of experimentally manipulating group size on cognitive performance in red junglefowl chicks 实验调节群体大小对红丛林鸮雏鸟认知能力的影响

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123340

Susana Garcia Dominguez , Laura Garnham , Alex Thornton , Rachael Shaw , Hanne Løvlie

Determining the drivers of intraspecific variation in cognitive performance is crucial for understanding how cognition evolves, but experimental studies are scarce. Several correlational studies have supported the hypothesis that living in larger groups enhances cognitive performance. However, empirical explanations of whether and how living in large groups causally affects individual cognitive performance remain unclear. Thus, in this study, red junglefowl chicks, Gallus gallus, were raised in artificially created smaller and larger groups of ecologically relevant sizes, before assaying their performance in tests of inhibitory control, discrimination learning and reversal learning. Group size did not affect reversal learning performance However, compared to chicks from larger groups, chicks from smaller groups tended to perform worse in the inhibitory control task, and performed better in the discrimination learning task. Group size also affected resampling in a reversal learning task depending on sex, where females in smaller groups and males in larger groups tended to be faster than males in smaller groups. In addition, stress, locomotor activity, neophobia and boldness were explored as potential covariates of group size, which could affect cognitive performance. Of these covariates, only locomotor activity differed between the two group sizes, where chicks in smaller groups were more active. More active chicks also learnt the discrimination task faster. Thus, locomotor activity could be a mechanism by which group size affects discrimination learning. Taken together, our results indicate that group size can causally affect aspects of cognitive performance, and that these effects may be sex specific. Moreover, our results for locomotor activity suggest that the effects of group size on cognitive performance may not be specifically related to differences in cognitive demand between group sizes. However, further studies are needed to disentangle how social dynamics influence individual differences in cognitive performance, and thus, cognitive evolution.

确定认知表现的种内变异的驱动因素对于理解认知如何进化至关重要，但实验研究很少。一些相关研究支持这样的假设，即生活在更大的群体中可以提高认知能力。然而，大群体生活是否以及如何影响个人认知表现的实证解释仍不清楚。因此，在本研究中，红丛林鸮雏鸡（Gallus Gallus）被人工饲养在生态相关大小的较小和较大的群体中，然后在抑制控制、辨别学习和逆转学习测试中分析它们的表现。但与大组相比，小组在抑制控制任务中表现较差，在辨别学习任务中表现较好。在逆向学习任务中，群体大小也会影响性别的重新抽样，小组较小的女性和小组较大的男性往往比小组较小的男性更快。此外，我们还探讨了压力、运动活动、新事物恐惧症和大胆度作为群体规模的潜在协变量，这些协变量可能影响认知表现。在这些协变量中，只有运动活动在两组大小之间有所不同，其中小组的小鸡更活跃。更活跃的小鸡也能更快地学会辨别任务。因此，运动活动可能是群体规模影响辨别学习的一种机制。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，群体规模会对认知表现的各个方面产生因果影响，而且这些影响可能是性别特有的。此外，我们的运动活动结果表明，群体大小对认知表现的影响可能与群体大小之间认知需求的差异没有特别的关系。然而，需要进一步的研究来解开社会动态如何影响认知表现的个体差异，从而影响认知进化。

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引用次数: 0

Emotional contexts influence vocal individuality in ungulates 情感环境影响有蹄类动物的声音个性

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123405

Anna N. Osiecka , Romain Lefèvre , Elodie F. Briefer

For group-living animals, such as most ungulates, the ability to recognize members of one's social group is crucial. While vocalizations often carry cues to identity, they are also affected by the affective state of the caller, and signals often become more chaotic in contexts of negative valence or high arousal. How does this influence vocal individuality, and is there a pattern across taxa? In order to understand how the individual information content is maintained in emotionally charged contexts, we studied contact calls that were positive or negative in valence in seven ungulate species (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, wild boars, horses and Przewalski's horses). The information content of these calls was assessed using (1) Beecher's information statistic and (2) the potential of individuality coding (PIC). Across species, calls produced in negative-valence contexts contained less individual information than those in positive-valence contexts. Nevertheless, each species exhibited at least one acoustic parameter that reliably signalled individuality across emotional states. Our findings indicate that negative valence overrides individual information in ungulate vocalizations at least to some extent, and imply that individual vocal recognition may require acoustic stability in certain important parameters, which vary depending on the species. These findings reveal a nuanced role of affective communication and show how emotional expression interacts with the informational content of vocal signals used to maintain social bonds among socially complex animals.

对于群居动物来说，比如大多数有蹄类动物，识别社会群体成员的能力至关重要。虽然声音通常带有身份线索，但它们也受到呼叫者情感状态的影响，并且在负价或高唤醒的情况下，信号往往变得更加混乱。这是如何影响声音的个性的，在不同的分类群中是否存在一种模式？为了理解个体信息内容是如何在充满情感的环境中保持的，我们研究了七种有蹄类动物（牛、山羊、绵羊、猪、野猪、马和普氏野马）的正价或负价接触呼叫。利用比彻信息统计和个性编码潜能（PIC）对这些呼叫的信息含量进行评估。跨物种，在负价环境下产生的呼叫比在正价环境下产生的呼叫包含更少的个体信息。然而，每个物种都表现出至少一个声学参数，可以可靠地表明情绪状态下的个性。我们的研究结果表明，在有蹄类动物的发声中，负效价至少在一定程度上覆盖了个体信息，这意味着个体的声音识别可能需要某些重要参数的声学稳定性，这些参数因物种而异。这些发现揭示了情感交流的微妙作用，并展示了情感表达如何与声音信号的信息内容相互作用，这些声音信号用于维持社交复杂动物之间的社会联系。

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引用次数: 0

Silk of females performing maternal care elicits reduced courtship responses in male spiders 雌性蜘蛛的蛛丝对雄性蜘蛛的求爱反应降低

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123379

Michelle Beyer , Cristina Tuni

Chemical communication plays an important role during many mating interactions. Female chemical signalling for mate attraction is expected to vary based on the females’ state in order to maximize fitness, to attract males when females are fertile adults and to avoid superfluous matings; for example, during maternal care. We tested if females of the spider Pisaura mirabilis vary in their silk-bound signalling during developmental, reproductive and maternal care states by observing male courtship responses upon contact with their silk lines. We expected females to signal, and males to increase their courtship efforts, when adults (as opposed to juveniles or subadults) and when free from tending their eggs. Males were indeed more likely to court silk of sexually receptive adult females and less likely to court silk of egg-carrying females. This may suggest variation in female signalling, pointing to costs of continued mate attraction during maternal care. Egg fertilization appears to be an important factor linking maternal care to signalling, as males courted silk of egg-caring mated females less than that from unmated females with unfertilized eggsacs. Insemination alone, on the other hand, is not relevant, as we found no differences between courtship of silk of unmated and mated females, probably due to the nutritional benefits of male nuptial gifts and the indirect benefits of polyandry to females. In such a system, selection is likely to favour male discriminatory abilities to reduce reproductive costs associated with nuptial gifts.

化学通讯在许多交配互动中起着重要作用。雌性吸引配偶的化学信号预计会根据雌性的状态而变化，以最大限度地提高适应性，在雌性成年时吸引雄性，并避免不必要的交配；例如，在产妇护理期间。我们通过观察雄性蜘蛛与丝线接触后的求偶反应，测试了雌性蜘蛛在发育、繁殖和母性护理状态下的丝线信号是否会发生变化。我们预计雌性会发出信号，雄性会增加求爱的努力，当成年时（与幼年或亚成年相反），当不用照顾它们的蛋时。雄性确实更倾向于追求有性接受能力的成年雌性的蛛丝，而不太可能追求携带卵子的雌性的蛛丝。这可能暗示了雌性信号的变化，指出了在母性照顾期间持续吸引配偶的成本。卵子受精似乎是将母性照顾与信号联系起来的一个重要因素，因为雄性向照顾卵子的雌性求偶的蛛丝比向未受精的雌性求偶的蛛丝要少。另一方面，单独的人工授精并不相关，因为我们发现未交配的雌性和交配的雌性对丝的求偶没有差异，这可能是由于雄性结婚礼物的营养价值和一妻多夫制对雌性的间接好处。在这种制度下，选择很可能倾向于男性的歧视性能力，以减少与结婚礼物有关的生殖成本。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental evidence of anthropogenic noise-induced perceived risks for a free-living mammal 人为噪声对自由生活的哺乳动物的感知风险的实验证据

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123408

Xiaotong Mai , Zichen Li , Yixiao Zhu , Tianming Wang

Anthropogenic noise, which is a novel and pervasive pollutant, can interfere with animal's perception and processing of environmental information, resulting in detrimental physiological and behavioural impacts on various taxa. Although natural ecosystems are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic noise, few studies have addressed the effects of different types of noise on mammalian behaviours, particularly age/sex-dependent variations in behavioural responses. Here, a field-based playback experiment was conducted in Northeast China to investigate the behavioural responses of sika deer, Cervus nippon, to traffic noise, grazing noise (cowbell) and the human voice. Results show that when sika deer were exposed to human or traffic treatments, they presented a significantly greater probability of fleeing compared with cowbell and bird (control) playback. Even when deer did not leave the experimental site, noise increased vigilance, which supports the risk–disturbance hypothesis. Grazing noise remarkably increased vigilance and reduced foraging rather than induced fleeing, thereby supporting the masking hypothesis. Deer had marked differences in foraging behaviours among sex, age and reproductive groups. Moreover, vigilance and foraging increased with the group size of sika deer. This study highlights that the antipredator behaviour responses of wild ungulates to noise-induced risk depend on the disturbance type and intraspecific traits. Thus, quantifying the behavioural and fitness costs associated with diverse sources of noise is crucial for better understanding the ecological consequences of human disturbances and developing targeted mitigation measures for species and communities.

人为噪声是一种新型的、普遍存在的污染物，它能干扰动物对环境信息的感知和处理，对动物的生理和行为产生不利影响。尽管自然生态系统暴露于各种人为噪声中，但很少有研究涉及不同类型的噪声对哺乳动物行为的影响，特别是行为反应的年龄/性别依赖性变化。本研究以东北地区梅花鹿为研究对象，研究了梅花鹿对交通噪声、放牧噪声（牛铃）和人声的行为反应。结果表明，当梅花鹿暴露于人类或交通处理时，它们的逃跑概率显著高于牛铃和鸟（对照）回放。即使鹿没有离开实验地点，噪音也会提高警惕性，这支持了风险干扰假说。放牧噪音显著提高了警惕性，减少了觅食，而不是导致逃跑，从而支持了掩蔽假说。鹿的觅食行为在性别、年龄和繁殖群体之间存在显著差异。梅花鹿的警戒性和觅食性随群体规模的增加而增加。本研究强调了野生有蹄类动物对噪声诱导风险的反捕食行为反应取决于干扰类型和种内特征。因此，量化与各种噪声源有关的行为和适应成本对于更好地了解人类干扰的生态后果和为物种和群落制定有针对性的缓解措施至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Shelter preferences of juvenile European lobster: mussel shell aggregations as settlement habitat 幼年欧洲龙虾的庇护偏好：贻贝聚集作为定居栖息地

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123392

Laura Leyva , Paula Daban , Javier Atalah , Gonzalo Perez-Benavente , Jesus S. Troncoso , Pablo Sanchez-Jerez

Habitat and shelter selection are critical behavioural processes influencing survival, growth and fitness across animal taxa. Understanding these processes provides key insights into how animals interact with their environment, respond to risks and maximize fitness. In benthic marine species, early life stages often face intense predation risk, making the choice of an appropriate refuge especially relevant. We investigated shelter-seeking behaviour in early benthic phase European lobster, Homarus gammarus, under controlled laboratory conditions, testing individuals in isolation to examine intrinsic shelter selection patterns without social interactions. Naïve stage VI juveniles were presented with mussel shell aggregations, stones representing natural cobble habitats and artificial polyvinyl chloride pipes as potential refuges. Initial shelter selection showed no significant deviation from random distribution, but extended observation periods revealed distinct temporal patterns in shelter use. Although juveniles readily occupied available shelters, monitoring after initial selection showed shelter-switching behaviour, particularly overnight, with transitions predominantly towards mussel shell aggregations. Across repeated trials, shelter-seeking efficiency improved, with decreased exploration times and reduced exploratory behaviours. Mussel shells emerged as the preferred shelter type, showing the highest retention rates and receiving the most transitions from other shelter types. This refinement in shelter selection suggests an innate preference for structurally complex refuges during the early benthic phase. These findings provide insights for optimizing restoration strategies, particularly in the context of restorative aquaculture where mussel farming areas could provide suitable release habitats. However, field validation remains essential for understanding how these behaviours translate to naturalconditions where predation pressure would influence shelter-seeking strategies.

栖息地和庇护所的选择是影响动物类群生存、生长和适应性的关键行为过程。了解这些过程可以帮助我们了解动物如何与环境相互作用，如何应对风险并最大限度地提高健康水平。在底栖海洋物种中，生命的早期阶段往往面临着强烈的捕食风险，因此选择合适的避难所尤为重要。我们在受控的实验室条件下，研究了欧洲龙虾Homarus gammarus的早期底栖期寻求避难所的行为，测试了个体在没有社会互动的情况下的内在避难所选择模式。Naïve六期幼鱼呈现贻贝聚集体，代表天然鹅卵石栖息地的石头和人工聚氯乙烯管作为潜在的避难所。最初的庇护所选择与随机分布没有明显的偏差，但延长的观察期揭示了庇护所使用的不同时间模式。虽然幼鱼很容易占据可用的庇护所，但在初步选择后的监测显示，它们有转换庇护所的行为，特别是在夜间，主要是向贻贝聚集的方向过渡。经过反复试验，寻找掩体的效率提高了，勘探时间减少了，勘探行为也减少了。贻贝壳成为首选的庇护所类型，显示出最高的保留率，并从其他庇护所类型接收最多的过渡。这种庇护所选择的改进表明，在底栖动物早期阶段，对结构复杂的避难所有先天的偏好。这些发现为优化恢复策略提供了见解，特别是在恢复性水产养殖的背景下，贻贝养殖区可以提供合适的放生栖息地。然而，实地验证对于理解这些行为如何转化为捕食压力会影响寻求庇护策略的自然条件仍然至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Subterranean mammalian societies: identity and social architecture in eusocial mole-rats 地下哺乳动物社会：社会性鼹鼠的身份和社会结构

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123409

Daniel W. Hart , Paul J. Jacobs , Nigel C. Bennett

Societies are more than groups of animals coexisting; they are structured, enduring communities defined by stable membership, shared identity and relationships that persist across generations. Among mammals, such societies are uncommon but reach their most extreme form in the eusocial African mole-rats, namely the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber, and the Damaraland mole-rat, Fukomys damarensis. Eusociality, well known from ants, bees and termites, is a social system loosely comparable to a monarchy, in which a single breeding queen and one or a few males monopolize the colony's reproduction, while other group members suppress their own reproductive potential to serve the needs of the colony. These mole-rats are among the only mammals to fully embody this system, forming long-lived, cooperative colonies with strict boundaries between colony members and outsiders. Yet their strategies for social cohesion diverge. Fukomys damarensis depends primarily on individual familiarity to maintain group identity, thereby limiting colony size. In contrast, H. glaber uses a shared colony scent and distinct colony-specific vocal dialect to support larger, scalable societies. By comparing these societal extremes, this review explores what makes societies stable, exclusive and resilient, while highlighting the gaps in our current knowledge.

社会不仅仅是一群动物共存；他们是有组织的、持久的社区，由稳定的成员、共同的身份和代代相传的关系所定义。在哺乳动物中，这样的社会并不常见，但在真正群居的非洲鼹鼠，即裸鼹鼠（Heterocephalus glaber）和达马拉兰鼹鼠（Fukomys damarensis）中达到了最极端的形式。从蚂蚁、蜜蜂和白蚁身上我们都知道，群居性是一种与君主制大致相当的社会制度，在这种制度下，一个繁殖的女王和一个或几个雄性垄断了群体的繁殖，而其他群体成员则抑制自己的繁殖潜力，以满足群体的需求。这些鼹鼠是唯一完全体现这一体系的哺乳动物，它们形成了长寿、合作的群体，在群体成员和外部群体之间有严格的界限。然而，他们在社会凝聚力方面的策略存在分歧。damarensis主要依靠个体的熟悉度来维持群体身份，从而限制了群体的大小。相比之下，H. glaber使用共同的群体气味和独特的群体特有的声音方言来支持更大、可扩展的社会。通过比较这些社会极端，本综述探讨了是什么使社会稳定、排外和有弹性，同时强调了我们目前知识的差距。

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引用次数: 0

Association Page 协会页面

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(25)00379-3

引用次数: 0

A heads-up on danger: a novel avian vigilance call changes subsequent responses to alarm calls 对危险的警告：一种新的鸟类警觉性呼叫改变了对警报呼叫的后续反应

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123403

Natalie T. Tegtman , Andrew N. Radford , Robert D. Magrath

Gaining information about predators is critical when determining an appropriate antipredator response. Many species obtain social information from alarm calls, prompting fleeing or mobbing, but personal vigilance also provides detailed information about the current threat level. The two sources of information on danger may interact in complex ways, but this has rarely been examined. Using a series of field experiments, we first tested the function of an undescribed ‘seet’ vocalization given by superb fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, in response to predators and found that it prompted vigilance in conspecific receivers. We then examined whether hearing these calls changed the threshold for response to subsequent aerial alarm calls (warning of airborne predators), either by reducing responsiveness, because individuals had more personal information, or priming individuals to respond more strongly to alarm calls. Fairy-wrens reduced their response to more urgent aerial alarm calls that followed seet calls. There was no difference in immediate response to less urgent aerial alarm calls, but individuals who did not flee were more vigilant if the alarm call followed a seet call. Our work demonstrates contextual variation in response to alarm calls, providing rare evidence that responses to these warning signals can differ based on prior calls from conspecifics, which provides an example of birds integrating social and personal information in an antipredator context.

在决定适当的反捕食者反应时，获取有关捕食者的信息是至关重要的。许多物种从警报呼叫中获得社会信息，促使逃跑或聚集，但个人警惕也提供了当前威胁程度的详细信息。关于危险的两种信息来源可能以复杂的方式相互作用，但很少对此进行研究。通过一系列的野外实验，我们首先测试了一种未描述的“seet”发声的功能，这种发声是由超级细尾鹩莺（Malurus cyaneus）发出的，用来回应捕食者，发现它能提高同域接受者的警惕。然后，我们研究了听到这些叫声是否会改变对随后的空中警报（空中捕食者的警告）的反应阈值，要么是通过降低反应，因为个体有更多的个人信息，要么是启动个体对警报呼叫的反应更强烈。细尾鹩莺减少了对更紧急的空中警报呼叫的反应。对不太紧急的空中警报呼叫的即时反应没有区别，但如果警报呼叫紧随一种固定呼叫，没有逃跑的个体会更加警惕。我们的工作证明了对警报信号的反应存在环境差异，提供了罕见的证据，表明对这些警告信号的反应可能基于同种动物先前的呼叫而不同，这为鸟类在反捕食者环境中整合社会和个人信息提供了一个例子。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptive behavioural strategies to seasonal challenges by a semiurban feral ungulate 半城市野生有蹄类动物应对季节性挑战的适应性行为策略

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123414

Debottam Bhattacharjee , Kate J. Flay , Hannah S. Mumby , Alan G. McElligott

Seasonality, or temporal shifts between wet and dry seasons, profoundly affects the behavioural ecology of animals, particularly large herbivores, in (sub-)tropical climatic conditions. Behavioural strategies are crucial for overcoming challenges associated with seasonality. Group-level strategies to seasonality in the wild have received considerable attention; however, little is known about how large herbivores in human-dominated landscapes respond to seasonal challenges. Moreover, focusing solely on groups can obscure how individual animals of different sexes, ages and personalities respond. We investigated a semiurban feral population of a large ungulate, the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (N = 71), during a wet and a dry season. Individual body condition was noninvasively assessed to evaluate whether seasonality impacts physiology. To identify behavioural strategies, we collected data on feeding (grazing and browsing) and space use (core area and home range). Furthermore, using a subset (N = 30), we investigated the associations between personality and space use in the dry season. Body condition scores were highest during the wet season and then declined during the dry season, indicating an impact of seasonality on physiology. Older individuals were more affected than younger ones. Browsing increased during the dry season compared to the wet season. Although there was no change in core area use, home ranges expanded in the dry season compared with the wet season. Regardless of season, females used home ranges larger than males. Females showing higher ‘social tension’ personalities had smaller core areas and home ranges than those with lower social tension. We show that buffalo use behavioural strategies to overcome challenges associated with seasonality, and these strategies are contingent on the following intrinsic factors: sex, age and personality. Our findings offer insights into the ecological principles, habitat use, resource utilization and competition, that govern the behavioural ecology of herbivores and have implications for conservation and welfare in increasingly human-dominated and climate-sensitive landscapes.

季节性，或湿季和干季之间的时间变化，深刻地影响动物的行为生态学，特别是在（亚）热带气候条件下的大型食草动物。行为策略对于克服与季节性相关的挑战至关重要。种群层面的野生季节性策略受到了相当大的关注；然而，对于人类主导的景观中的大型食草动物如何应对季节性挑战，人们知之甚少。此外，只关注群体可能会模糊不同性别、年龄和性格的动物个体的反应。我们调查了大型有蹄类水牛Bubalus bubalis （N = 71）在旱季和雨季的半城市野生种群。对个体身体状况进行无创评估，以评估季节性是否影响生理。为了确定行为策略，我们收集了喂养（放牧和浏览）和空间使用（核心区域和家庭范围）的数据。此外，使用一个子集（N = 30），我们调查了个性与旱季空间使用之间的关系。身体状况得分在雨季最高，在旱季下降，表明季节性对生理的影响。老年人比年轻人受影响更大。与雨季相比，旱季的浏览量有所增加。虽然核心区的使用没有变化，但与雨季相比，旱季的家庭范围扩大了。无论季节如何，雌性的活动范围都比雄性大。与社会紧张程度较低的女性相比，表现出较高“社会紧张”性格的女性核心区域和家庭范围较小。我们发现水牛使用行为策略来克服与季节性相关的挑战，这些策略取决于以下内在因素：性别、年龄和个性。我们的研究结果为控制食草动物行为生态学的生态原则、栖息地利用、资源利用和竞争提供了见解，并对日益以人类为主导和气候敏感的景观的保护和福利具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0