Animal Behaviour最新文献_第5页

Male great bowerbirds upregulate multiple sexual signals following bower wall removal 雄性大园丁鸟在移除凉亭壁后上调多种性信号

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123480

Caitlin F. Evans, Laura A. Kelley

Males manage and maintain multiple signals across a range of sensory modalities when producing complex sexual signals. Some males construct extended phenotype displays for mate assessment, which can be physically disrupted following environmental disturbance. After disruption, a male must decide how to allocate resources to optimize signal output to maximize mating opportunities, which can reveal the mechanism by which males prioritize signal components. Bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchidae) build, decorate and maintain bowers to attract mates, and female choice can be targeted towards various aspects of the bower structure itself, the decorations and the male’s behavioural courtship. Male great bowerbirds, Chlamydera nuchalis, build avenue bowers, where two parallel stick walls create a central corridor where the female views the male’s courtship display at either end of the bower. In this study, a section of the bower wall was removed, and male behavioural responses were measured after wall removal. Despite being a central element of the display, males did not solely prioritize rebuilding the removed section of the wall, instead augmenting all areas of the bower structure. Males also increased the amount of time they spent on other sexual signals (decoration and court object arrangement). Males attended to these signals simultaneously, showing a high degree of switching between behaviours. Males did not reduce the time spent on other signals or bower maintenance behaviours to account for this increased activity. Finally, males may account for the quality of existing bower traits when responding to signal disruption: Males with thinner bower walls, less symmetrical bowers, more decorations and lower call rates showed the biggest increase in bower wall manipulation behaviour following wall removal. Our research shows that individuals with multiple sexual signals do not necessarily prioritize signal restoration following signal disruption but instead augment signals most likely to signal their quality accurately and efficiently.

雄性在产生复杂的性信号时，通过一系列感官模式管理和维持多种信号。一些雄性构建扩展表现型来评估配偶，这可能在环境干扰后被物理破坏。在干扰后，雄性必须决定如何分配资源以优化信号输出以获得最大的交配机会，这可以揭示雄性优先考虑信号成分的机制。园丁鸟（Ptilonorhynchidae）建造、装饰和维护凉亭以吸引配偶，雌性的选择可以针对凉亭结构本身的各个方面，装饰和雄性的求爱行为。雄性大园丁鸟，Chlamydera nuchalis，建造了一个林荫道的凉亭，两个平行的树枝墙形成了一个中央走廊，雌性可以在凉亭的两端看到雄性的求爱表演。在这项研究中，切除了一段肠壁，并测量了去除肠壁后雄性的行为反应。尽管这是展示的中心元素，但雄性并没有只优先重建被拆除的部分墙，而是扩大了凉亭结构的所有区域。男性也增加了花在其他性信号上的时间（装饰和摆放物品）。雄性同时注意到这些信号，表现出高度的行为转换。雄性并没有减少花在其他信号上的时间，也没有减少维持行为来解释这种增加的活动。最后，雄性在对信号干扰做出反应时，可能会解释现有凉亭特征的质量：凉亭壁较薄、凉亭不对称、装饰较多、呼叫率较低的雄性在拆除凉亭壁后，对凉亭壁的操纵行为增加最多。我们的研究表明，具有多种性信号的个体不一定会在信号中断后优先恢复信号，而是会增加最可能准确有效地表明其质量的信号。

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引用次数: 0

Background colour and surface topography elicit different responses to moving and immobile prey from a salticid predator 背景颜色和表面地形引起不同的反应移动和不移动的猎物从盐渍捕食者

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123476

Kelly J. Greig , Thomas R. Buckley , Richard A.B. Leschen , Gregory I. Holwell

When assessing camouflage of prey on complex backgrounds, colour, luminance and pattern are known to affect prey detection, but the effect of surface topography has received less attention. Furthermore, recent evidence challenges previous research showing that movement breaks camouflage, but empirical evidence from natural predator–prey interactions remains scarce. This leaves a critical gap in our understanding of how prey movement and surface topography affect prey camouflage in a natural setting. Using staged experimental encounters, we assessed the effects of prey movement, and of background colour and surface topography, on the responses of a jumping spider predator. We used the jumping spider Helpis minitabunda as a model predator against four species of zopherid beetles. By placing zopherid prey against backgrounds varying in colour and surface topography, we determined that background matching functions differently between moving and stationary targets. When prey are in motion, natural background colours extend detection time and reduce the likelihood of attack, confirming that camouflage can still be beneficial during movement in natural predator–prey interactions. Conversely, when prey remain stationary, backgrounds exhibiting more complex surface topography significantly reduce detection by jumping spiders, independent of background colour matching. This suggests background matching may be less important for stationary prey that are found in habitats with significant fine-scale surface topography, such as bark. Overall, this study provides evidence that camouflage can be beneficial to prey during movement, and surface topography is an important factor in reducing detection of small-bodied stationary prey.

在评估复杂背景下猎物的伪装时，已知颜色、亮度和图案会影响猎物的检测，但表面地形的影响很少受到关注。此外，最近的证据挑战了先前的研究，表明运动打破了伪装，但来自自然捕食者-猎物相互作用的经验证据仍然很少。这在我们理解猎物的运动和表面地形如何影响猎物在自然环境中的伪装方面留下了一个关键的空白。通过阶段性实验，我们评估了猎物运动、背景颜色和表面地形对跳跃蜘蛛捕食者反应的影响。我们以跳蛛Helpis minit丰为模型捕食者，对四种食虫甲虫进行捕食。通过将食虫放置在不同颜色和表面地形的背景下，我们确定了运动目标和静止目标的背景匹配功能不同。当猎物在运动时，自然的背景颜色延长了探测时间，减少了攻击的可能性，证实了伪装在自然的捕食者-猎物互动过程中仍然是有益的。相反，当猎物保持静止时，具有更复杂表面地形的背景显著降低了跳蜘蛛的检测，与背景颜色匹配无关。这表明背景匹配对于在具有明显精细表面地形的栖息地（如树皮）中发现的静止猎物可能不太重要。总的来说，本研究提供了证据，表明伪装可以在运动过程中对猎物有利，表面地形是减少小体静止猎物被发现的重要因素。

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引用次数: 0

Parent–offspring competition for food constrains parental care in communal carrion beetles 在群居腐尸甲虫中，对食物的亲代竞争限制了亲代关爱

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123471

Anna Mądra-Bielewicz , Szymon Matuszewski

Parents and offspring of many animals regularly share food resources, which may promote competition among kin for food and ultimately constrain the development of family life. We hypothesized that parent–juvenile competition for shared food is especially intense in communal systems, particularly those that exploit ephemeral resources (e.g. carrion), promoting early dispersal of adults from a shared resource and in this way constraining parental care. We tested this hypothesis in communal carrion beetles, Necrodes littoralis (Staphylinidae), a species colonizing cadavers of large vertebrates that shows no posthatching forms of parental care. By manipulating the number of adult beetles, the time they stay on food resources and the quality of the resources, we provide evidence that parent–juvenile competition for food on carrion has a constraining effect on parental care in communal carrion beetles. When we doubled the time spent by adult beetles on shared food, there was a clear negative effect on juvenile fitness, but doubling the number of the beetles had no significant effect. Therefore, parent–juvenile competition for shared food resources limits primarily the time adult communal beetles stay on carrion. By promoting earlier dispersal of adult beetles from a nesting site, this form of competition reduces the time window for potential adult–juvenile interactions, which makes posthatching care virtually impossible to develop in these beetles. These findings highlight the importance of competitive adult–juvenile interactions in the large communal groups that use high-quality ephemeral resources.

许多动物的父母和后代经常共享食物资源，这可能会促进亲属之间对食物的竞争，最终限制家庭生活的发展。我们假设，在公共系统中，特别是那些利用短暂资源（如腐肉）的系统中，父母-幼崽对共享食物的竞争尤其激烈，这促使成年动物从共享资源中早期分散，从而限制了亲代的照顾。我们在公共腐尸甲虫中验证了这一假设，Necrodes littoralis (Staphylinidae)，一种寄生于大型脊椎动物尸体的物种，没有显示出母本照顾的形式。通过对成虫数量、停留时间和食物资源质量的控制，我们证明了腐肉上的亲子竞争对群居腐肉甲虫的亲代照顾有约束作用。当我们将成年甲虫分享食物的时间增加一倍时，对幼虫的适应性有明显的负面影响，但甲虫数量增加一倍没有显著影响。因此，父母和幼虫对共享食物资源的竞争主要限制了成虫在腐肉上停留的时间。通过促使成年甲虫更早地离开筑巢地，这种形式的竞争减少了潜在的成虫-幼虫互动的时间窗口，这使得这些甲虫几乎不可能发展出草后护理。这些发现强调了在使用高质量短暂资源的大型公共群体中，竞争性的成人-青少年互动的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Dear enemy phenomenon in fiddler crabs: escalation of fights with unfamiliar individuals rather than familiar neighbours 招潮蟹的亲敌现象：与不熟悉的个体而不是熟悉的邻居的战斗升级

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123470

Fumio Takeshita , Chiaki I. Yasuda

In territorial animals, fights against strangers are often more aggressive than those against neighbours. This is called the ‘dear enemy’ phenomenon and is generally explained using the ‘relative threat’ and ‘familiarity’ hypotheses. Although these two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, the relative threat hypothesis, rather than the familiarity hypothesis, supports this phenomenon in several territorial animals, including decapod crustaceans. In this study, we used the fiddler crab, Austruca perplexa, to investigate the familiarity hypothesis, which states that individuals who have previously fought an opponent can assess the opponent's fighting ability more accurately, making prolonged and escalated fighting unnecessary. We compared the fighting intensity between the control and replacement groups before and after manipulation. Replacement involved removing a familiar resident neighbour and introducing an unfamiliar individual into its burrow. This manipulation resulted in equivalent risks and gains for both focal contestants based on the same role during territorial fights. The proportion of cumulative fight duration and fighting levels increased in the replacement group after manipulation, despite the lack of significant differences before manipulation. The number of contests increased after the replacement treatment when the burrow distance was short. The distance between burrows consistently influenced fighting intensity; intensity increased when the distance was small. These results supported the familiarity hypothesis in A. perplexa. Thus, the dear enemy phenomenon can be explained not only by the relative threat hypothesis but also by the familiarity hypothesis in fiddler crabs.

在有领地意识的动物中，与陌生人的争斗往往比与邻居的争斗更具侵略性。这被称为“亲爱的敌人”现象，通常用“相对威胁”和“熟悉度”假设来解释。虽然这两种假设并不相互排斥，但相对威胁假设，而不是熟悉假设，在一些领土动物中支持这种现象，包括十足甲壳类动物。在这项研究中，我们使用招潮蟹（Austruca perplexa）来研究熟悉假设，该假设认为，以前与对手打过架的个体可以更准确地评估对手的战斗能力，从而使长时间和升级的战斗变得不必要。我们比较了控制组和替代组在操作前后的战斗强度。替换包括移除一个熟悉的邻居，并将一个不熟悉的个体引入它的洞穴。这种操纵导致了同等的风险和收益为两个焦点选手基于相同的角色在领土斗争。操作后替代组的累计战斗时间和战斗水平比例增加，而操作前无显著差异。当地穴距离较短时，替代处理后的竞争次数增加。洞穴之间的距离一直影响着战斗强度；距离越小，强度越大。这些结果支持了困惑草的熟悉性假说。因此，招潮蟹的亲敌现象不仅可以用相对威胁假说解释，也可以用熟悉假说解释。

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引用次数: 0

Creatures of habit: similar but more repeatable behaviours in insular compared with mainland lizards 习性生物：与大陆蜥蜴相比，岛屿蜥蜴的行为相似但可重复的更多

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123493

Ioanna Gavriilidi , Simon Baeckens , Panayiotis Pafilis , Raoul Van Damme

Island habitats often differ markedly from those on the mainland in many biotic and abiotic factors. Typically, they harbour fewer predator, competitor and prey species and resources tend to be scarcer or more variable. In response, many island dwelling species have evolved a series of morphological, physiological and life-history adaptations, collectively referred to as ‘island syndrome’. Although morphological and life-history island-induced trait shifts are particularly well documented, the effects of insularity on behaviour have attracted much less attention. In this study, we examined the effects of insularity on two putatively interrelated behavioural domains: cognition and personality. We compared cognitive and personality-related traits of Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii, from several mainland, island and small islet populations. We anticipated that the ecological peculiarities of insular environments would induce convergent changes in the behaviour of island lizards. However, we found few clear or consistent shifts in cognitive or personality trait means that were linked to insularity. One notable exception was the discernible decrease in the aggressiveness of insular lizards compared with their mainland counterparts, suggesting that high population densities on islands alter the economics of territorial defence. However, we observed recurrent differences in behavioural variation: insular lizards exhibited higher repeatability (higher among- and lower within-individual variation) in their behavioural traits (predominantly aggressiveness, risk-taking and sociability). This suggests increased behavioural specialization and reduced flexibility in insular populations compared with mainland populations. Our findings highlight the complexity of behavioural evolution in insular systems and suggest that, unlike morphological and life-history traits, behavioural responses to insularity may be more variable and nuanced than previously assumed.

在许多生物和非生物因素方面，岛屿生境往往与大陆生境明显不同。通常，它们拥有较少的捕食者、竞争对手和猎物物种，资源往往更稀缺或更多变。作为回应，许多岛屿物种进化出一系列形态、生理和生活史适应，统称为“岛屿综合征”。尽管形态和生活史上由岛屿引起的特征变化被详细记录，但岛屿对行为的影响却很少引起人们的注意。在这项研究中，我们研究了孤立性对两个相互关联的行为领域的影响：认知和人格。本研究比较了爱琴海壁虎（Podarcis erhardii）在大陆、岛屿和小岛上的认知和人格相关特征。我们预计岛屿环境的生态特性将导致岛屿蜥蜴行为的趋同变化。然而，我们发现很少有明显或一致的认知或人格特征的变化与偏狭有关。一个值得注意的例外是，与大陆蜥蜴相比，岛屿蜥蜴的攻击性明显下降，这表明岛屿上的高人口密度改变了领土防御的经济性。然而，我们观察到行为变异的周期性差异：岛屿蜥蜴在其行为特征（主要是攻击性、冒险性和社交性）上表现出更高的可重复性（个体间差异较高，个体内差异较低）。这表明，与大陆人口相比，岛屿人口的行为专业化程度更高，灵活性更低。我们的研究结果强调了岛屿系统行为进化的复杂性，并表明，与形态和生活史特征不同，对岛屿的行为反应可能比以前假设的更加可变和微妙。

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引用次数: 0

Stress is not one-size-fits-all: stressor-specific effects on learning and memory in a molluscan model 压力不是放之四海而皆准的：在软体动物模型中，压力源对学习和记忆的特定影响

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123481

Veronica Rivi , Anuradha Batabyal , Jasper Hollings , Jillian Kitt , Fabio Tascedda , Johanna Maria Catharina Blom , Cristina Benatti , Ken Lukowiak

Environmental stressors profoundly influence how animals learn and remember, yet different types of stress can trigger distinct behavioural and molecular outcomes. Understanding this is essential for decoding adaptive responses in ecological settings and also for informing translational models of stress-related cognitive dysfunction. The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis offers a powerful platform for such investigations. Despite their simplicity compared to mammals, they exhibit higher-order associative learning, such as the Garcia effect, where a novel taste cue, when associated over a time gap (which can be hours) with sickness (induced by acute heat shock), causes the snails to avoid the novel food. The snails also show configural learning, which occurs when a positive (food cue) and negative stimulus (predator odour) are presented simultaneously, leading to the formation of a ‘fear landscape’, and the consequent avoidance of the positive food cue. In this study, we extend these existing paradigms by using biologically relevant stressors: a predator-attack-mimicking shell clip (ShC) and acute heat shock (HS). We found striking, stressor-specific differences in behavioural outcomes: ShC supported configural learning but not the Garcia effect, while HS induced the Garcia effect but failed to support configural learning. Along with behaviour, we show distinct transcriptional changes in the central ring ganglia, affecting expression levels of key targets including stress- and plasticity-related genes, serotonergic markers and enzymes of the endocannabinoid system. Together, these results suggest that different stressors establish unique internal stress states (‘fear’ versus ‘sickness’) that selectively shape learning pathways. This study highlights a critical principle in neuroscience: stress is not a monolith, and its impact on learning and memory depends on both its nature and the internal state it evokes. This finding holds direct relevance for understanding stress-related psychiatric disorders and maladaptive behaviours.

环境压力源深刻地影响着动物的学习和记忆方式，然而不同类型的压力会引发不同的行为和分子结果。理解这一点对于解码生态环境中的适应性反应以及为压力相关认知功能障碍的翻译模型提供信息至关重要。塘螺（lynaea stagnation）为这类调查提供了一个强有力的平台。尽管它们比哺乳动物简单，但它们表现出更高层次的联想学习，比如加西亚效应，当一段时间（可能是几个小时）与疾病（由急性热休克引起）联系在一起时，蜗牛会避开这种新食物。蜗牛也表现出构型学习，当正面（食物线索）和负面刺激（捕食者气味）同时出现时，蜗牛就会形成“恐惧景观”，从而回避正面的食物线索。在这项研究中，我们通过使用生物学相关的应激源来扩展这些现有的范例：模仿捕食者攻击的壳夹（ShC）和急性热休克（HS）。我们发现了显著的压力因素在行为结果上的差异：高强度训练支持构形学习，但不支持加西亚效应，而高强度训练诱导加西亚效应，但不支持构形学习。随着行为的变化，我们发现中枢环神经节中明显的转录变化，影响关键目标的表达水平，包括应激和可塑性相关基因、血清素能标记物和内源性大麻素系统的酶。总之，这些结果表明，不同的压力源建立了独特的内部压力状态（“恐惧”与“疾病”），有选择地塑造了学习途径。这项研究强调了神经科学中的一个关键原则：压力不是一个整体，它对学习和记忆的影响取决于它的性质和它所唤起的内部状态。这一发现对理解与压力相关的精神疾病和适应不良行为具有直接意义。

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引用次数: 0

Path minimization during solitary foraging in Aphaenogaster senilis ants 蚁群单独觅食过程中的路径最小化

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123461

Snigdha Mukhopadhyay, Patrizia d’Ettorre

Path minimization, the process of minimizing travel distance to enhance foraging efficiency, has been widely studied across diverse species, ranging from insects, such as honeybees and ants, to vertebrates, such as birds, bats and rodents. In ants, previous research has focused on trail-laying species, where path selection is driven by pheromone concentration gradients with minimal involvement of cognitive processes. In this study, path minimization and the role of individual cognitive abilities in the thermophilic ant Aphaenogaster senilis, which can forage solitarily without laying chemical trails, were investigated. An experimental set-up comprising a bridge between the nest and the foraging arena with four possible paths (one short, two intermediate and one long) was used, where the longest path was 1.5 times the shortest, to evaluate individual- and group-level foraging decisions over three consecutive trials. Results showed that A. senilis ants consistently avoided the longest path for the outbound and homebound journey and significantly preferred the shortest path when transporting food to the nest. In over half of the trips involving the shortest path, the ants chose this path directly. In about 40% of the cases, the ants deviated to the longer path but then turned back to the shorter one. Transitions from the shorter to the longer path were rare, occurring in less than 4% of the cases. These ants also exhibited enhanced foraging efficiency, which is characterized by faster food discovery and increased transport rate across trials. The findings of this study highlight the capacity of A. senilis to improve foraging efficiency through individual decision-making rather than collective pheromone-based processes. This study provides insights into the cognitive mechanism underlying foraging behaviour in nontrail-laying ant species and lays the groundwork for further research into the adaptive foraging strategies of ants.

路径最小化，即最小化行走距离以提高觅食效率的过程，已经在不同物种中得到了广泛的研究，从昆虫，如蜜蜂和蚂蚁，到脊椎动物，如鸟类、蝙蝠和啮齿动物。在蚂蚁中，先前的研究主要集中在路径铺设物种上，其中路径选择是由信息素浓度梯度驱动的，而认知过程的参与最小。本研究研究了嗜热蚁Aphaenogaster senilis的路径最小化和个体认知能力在其独立觅食过程中的作用。实验设置了一个连接巢穴和觅食场所的桥梁，有四条可能的路径（一条短路径，两条中间路径和一条长路径），其中最长路径是最短路径的1.5倍，在连续的三个试验中评估个体和群体层面的觅食决策。结果表明，蚁群在出站和归程中始终避开最长路径，在将食物运送到巢穴时明显倾向于选择最短路径。在超过一半的涉及最短路径的行程中，蚂蚁直接选择了这条路径。在大约40%的情况下，蚂蚁会偏离较长的路径，然后又回到较短的路径。从较短路径过渡到较长的路径是罕见的，发生在不到4%的病例。这些蚂蚁也表现出更高的觅食效率，其特点是更快地发现食物和增加跨试验的运输率。本研究的结果强调了衰老a.s ililis通过个体决策而不是基于集体信息素的过程来提高觅食效率的能力。本研究揭示了非铺路蚂蚁觅食行为的认知机制，为进一步研究蚂蚁的适应性觅食策略奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Hushed disputes between noisy neighbours: ovenbirds vary song amplitude during conflicts with territorial rivals 吵闹的邻居之间的悄无声息的争吵：在与领土竞争对手的冲突中，烤鸟会改变歌声的振幅

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123494

Connor S. Acorn , Jennifer R. Foote , Daniel J. Mennill

Vocal amplitude represents an important source of variation in animal acoustic signals, yet amplitude is not well studied for most species, especially in field settings where amplitude is challenging to quantify. Previous studies have shown that vocal amplitude is a flexible trait that songbirds can control. In this study, we explored variation in the amplitude of the primary songs of male ovenbirds, Seiurus aurocapilla, to address the question: do ovenbirds modulate their song amplitude in different social contexts? We present the context-dependent amplitude hypothesis: that animals adjust their vocal amplitude across social contexts to maximize communication with intended receivers while minimizing detection by nonintended receivers. We used a high-precision, field-portable sound level meter to measure the amplitude of 213 songs sung by 30 male ovenbirds on their breeding territories. We categorized the contexts in which these songs were sung as either distant countersinging (i.e. directed back-and-forth interactions with a rival male >20 m away in a separate territory), close countersinging (i.e. directed back-and-forth interactions with a rival male <10 m away) and broadcast singing (i.e. singing without back-and-forth interactions with other males). Our recordings demonstrate that ovenbirds sing high-amplitude songs, with a median average amplitude of 76.0 dB(A) (interquartile range: 73.2–77.9, N = 213) across the entire song and a median maximum amplitude of 98.8 dB(A) (interquartile range: 96.0–101.0, N = 213). Our field data reveal that ovenbirds exhibit differences in the amplitude of their songs between the close countersinging context and the broadcast singing and distant countersinging contexts. Songs had higher amplitudes during the broadcast singing and distant countersinging contexts and the lowest amplitudes during the close countersinging context. We conclude that ovenbirds change their vocal amplitude between social contexts and that vocal amplitude is important to ovenbird communication.

声音振幅是动物声音信号变化的重要来源，但大多数物种的振幅还没有得到很好的研究，特别是在振幅难以量化的野外环境中。先前的研究表明，鸣禽可以控制声音的幅度，这是一种灵活的特征。在这项研究中，我们探索了雄性烤鸟（Seiurus aurocapilla）初级鸣声的振幅变化，以解决这个问题：烤鸟在不同的社会背景下会调节它们的鸣声振幅吗？我们提出了情境依赖的振幅假设：动物在社会情境中调整它们的声音振幅，以最大化与预期接受者的交流，同时最大限度地减少非预期接受者的检测。我们使用高精度的野外便携式声级计测量了30只雄性烤鸟在其繁殖地所唱的213首歌的振幅。我们将这些歌曲的演唱环境分为远距离对唱（即与20米外的雄性竞争对手来回交流），近距离对唱（即与10米外的雄性竞争对手来回交流）和广播歌唱（即在没有与其他雄性进行来回交流的情况下唱歌）。我们的记录表明，烤鸟唱的是高振幅的歌曲，整个歌曲的平均振幅中位数为76.0 dB(a)（四分位数范围：73.2-77.9,N = 213），最大振幅中位数为98.8 dB(a)（四分位数范围：96.0-101.0,N = 213）。我们的野外数据显示，在近距离的对唱环境中，在广播和远距离的对唱环境中，烤鸟的歌声幅度有所不同。在广播演唱和远距离反唱情境下，歌曲的振幅较高，而在近距离反唱情境下，歌曲的振幅最低。我们得出的结论是，在不同的社会环境中，烤鸟会改变它们的声音振幅，而声音振幅对烤鸟的交流很重要。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal consistency and behavioural variation: a long-term study of exploration and activity in Microcebus murinus 时间一致性和行为变异：小脑壳探索和活动的长期研究

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123443

Heike Lahusen, Jennifer Wittkowski, Daniel Schmidtke , Kayleigh-Joanne Weston, Ute Radespiel

Among-individual variation and intraindividual stability of behaviours over time are considered the first criteria for establishing personality in animals. We investigated behavioural stability and determinants of variation in locomotor activity and explorative behaviour in a small primate, the grey mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus, to contribute to a better understanding of the drivers of temporal behavioural dynamics. We observed behaviours shown in captivity in an unknown, that is, potentially risky situation, an open field. Experiments were conducted over a period of 5 years, and we tested the influence of sex, age, body mass, season and previous experimental experience on interindividual and intraindividual behavioural dynamics. Behavioural repeatability decreased over time and did not differ between the sexes. Age was a major driver of behavioural dynamics between individuals, as older animals marked more and explored earlier than younger animals, suggesting a possible life-history trade-off. Body mass had significant negative effects on exploration, and animals were less active outside the reproductive season. Increasing experience led to a decrease of activity and exploration, suggesting important long-term memory effects. Individual behavioural variability differed partly between the sexes and correlated positively with exploration and locomotor activity, suggesting that more explorative and active mouse lemurs are also more flexible, which may be advantageous under changing environments in the wild. An association between activity and exploration suggests a potential behavioural syndrome in mouse lemurs. Our findings highlight the importance of activity- and exploration-related behaviours as components of mouse lemur personality. Taken together, long-term behavioural dynamics of this ecological generalist can be best explained by age-, condition- and experience-dependent behavioural changes that individuals undergo over the course of their lifetime. In particular, they may be of evolutionary relevance for these small solitary foragers in adapting to an always-changing environment.

个体之间的差异和个体内部行为随时间的稳定性被认为是建立动物个性的首要标准。我们研究了小型灵长类动物灰鼠狐猴（Microcebus murinus）的行为稳定性和运动活动和探索行为变化的决定因素，以有助于更好地理解时间行为动力学的驱动因素。我们观察了在一个未知的，也就是潜在危险的情况下，在一个开放的领域中被囚禁的行为。实验进行了5年，我们测试了性别、年龄、体重、季节和以前的实验经验对个体间和个体内行为动力学的影响。行为的可重复性随着时间的推移而下降，并且在性别之间没有差异。年龄是个体之间行为动态的主要驱动因素，因为年龄较大的动物比年轻的动物标记更多，探索更早，这表明可能存在生活史上的权衡。体重对探索有显著的负面影响，动物在繁殖季节之外的活动较少。经验的增加导致活动和探索的减少，这表明了重要的长期记忆效应。个体行为变异在两性之间存在部分差异，并与探索和运动活动呈正相关，这表明更具探索性和主动性的鼠狐猴也更灵活，这在不断变化的野外环境中可能是有利的。活动和探索之间的联系暗示了狐猴潜在的行为综合症。我们的研究结果强调了活动和探索相关行为作为鼠狐猴个性组成部分的重要性。总的来说，这种生态通才的长期行为动态可以用个体在其一生中经历的年龄、条件和经验依赖的行为变化来最好地解释。特别是，它们可能与这些小型独居觅食动物适应不断变化的环境的进化相关。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial endolithic symbionts shape the behaviour of intertidal mussels: a multispecies perspective 微生物内生共生体塑造潮间带贻贝的行为：多物种视角

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123496

Sarah Bollina , Gerardo I. Zardi , Virginie Cuvillier , Laurent Seuront , Katy R. Nicastro

Symbionts play a crucial role in shaping host biology across diverse ecosystems and taxa. In coastal marine environments, microbial endoliths are known to form symbiotic relationships with intertidal mussels. While the primary effects of this symbiosis involve shell corrosion affecting the species’ survival, these alterations may indirectly influence mussel behaviour and their capacity to form aggregations. Here, we examined the behavioural responses of intertidal mussels to microbial endolithic communities within their shells, using two mussel species dominant in their respective geographical ranges, the European blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, in France and the African brown mussel, Perna perna, in South Africa. We focused on three behavioural traits known to be relevant for the formation of mussel beds: attachment strength, movement and aggregation. Our results showed that the presence of endolithic symbionts influences mussel behaviour. In P. perna, mussels with endoliths showed reduced attachment strength and movement compared with those without endoliths. Conversely, in M. edulis, individuals with endoliths showed greater attachment strength than their counterparts lacking endoliths. Furthermore, behavioural traits varied when mussels with and without endoliths coexisted. Notably, the presence of conspecifics with symbionts adversely affected the attachment and movement of individuals without symbionts in mixed beds. Reduced attachment strength heightens the risk of dislodgement and mortality, compromising aggregate integrity and mussel bed stability. Since mussel beds serve as important habitats in coastal ecosystems, such destabilization may have cascading effects on mussel populations and thus the broader ecosystem that relies on these bioengineers.

共生体在塑造不同生态系统和分类群的宿主生物学方面起着至关重要的作用。在沿海海洋环境中，已知微生物内岩与潮间带贻贝形成共生关系。虽然这种共生关系的主要影响包括影响物种生存的外壳腐蚀，但这些变化可能间接影响贻贝的行为和它们形成聚集的能力。在这里，我们研究了潮间带贻贝对其贝壳内微生物群落的行为反应，使用了两种在各自地理范围内占主导地位的贻贝，法国的欧洲蓝贻贝，Mytilus edulis和南非的非洲棕色贻贝，Perna Perna。我们专注于已知与贻贝床形成相关的三种行为特征：附着强度、运动和聚集。我们的研究结果表明，内石器共生体的存在影响贻贝的行为。在perna贻贝中，与没有内壁的贻贝相比，有内壁的贻贝表现出较低的附着强度和运动。相反，在毛毛线虫中，有内壁的个体比没有内壁的个体表现出更大的依恋强度。此外，当有内石和没有内石共存时，贻贝的行为特征有所不同。值得注意的是，具有共生体的同种体的存在对混合床中没有共生体的个体的附着和运动产生不利影响。附着强度的降低增加了移位和死亡的风险，损害了骨料的完整性和贻贝床的稳定性。由于贻贝床是沿海生态系统的重要栖息地，这种不稳定可能会对贻贝种群产生连锁反应，从而对依赖这些生物工程师的更广泛的生态系统产生连锁反应。

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引用次数: 0