Introduction: Used clear aligner trays are often indiscriminately disposed of with general plastic waste and incinerated. This study aimed to analyze the smoke composition from incinerating 2 common aligner materials: glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET-G) and polyurethane.
Methods: Each of the 2 materials in triplets was thermoformed. The thermoformed trays were shredded and subjected individually to open-fire combustion, ignited using a methane torch, in a specially designed combustion chamber. The resultant smoke was collected and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to study its in-depth composition.
Results: A total of 20 peaks, corresponding to 20 compounds, were identified from each of the 2 material samples. O-xylene (21.06%) showed the maximum concentration in the PET-G sample, whereas 1,4-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene in polyurethane (18.88%). The first peak in the PET-G sample corresponded to benzene with a relative concentration of 5.18%. Four compounds were common to both samples: 1,4-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene; 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-; 1-hydroxymethly-4-methylenecyclohexane; and cyclohexanemethanol, 4-methylene-.
Conclusions: Benzene, a group 1 carcinogen, was identified in the PET-G smoke sample, whereas tetrahydrofuran, a suspected carcinogen, was found in the polyurethane sample. Some compounds were hazardous, whereas most were skin, eye, and respiratory irritants. Possible mitigation strategies include proper case selection, efficient manufacturing, direct 3-dimensional printing, and developing biodegradable materials. Clinicians can set up 'used aligner collection points' to ensure responsible disposal. Proper disposal guidelines and stringent regulations are the need of the hour.
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the polymerization shrinkage of composite attachments and changes in attachment templates during bonding in clear aligner treatments.
Methods: A total of 24 extracted teeth were divided into 4 groups, and plaster models were digitized. Attachment templates were produced with beveled attachments on premolars and rectangular attachments on molars. Polymerizations used a halogen curing light (800 milliwatts per square centimeter [mW/cm2] for 20 seconds) and light-emitting diode (LED) curing light in 3 modes (1000 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds, 1000 mW/cm2 for 10 seconds, and 3200 mW/cm2 for 3 seconds). The curing distance was 5 mm, and temperature changes were recorded with a thermal camera. Microcomputed tomography scanning measured volumetric and linear attachments before and after polymerization. Statistical analyses employed a 1-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni corrected Tukey post-hoc for multiple comparisons and the Kruskal-Wallis test for temperature change.
Results: Significant differences (P <0.001) were found in temperature among curing lights. The highest temperature was in the LED unit-extra mode, and the lowest was in the halogen curing unit. The LED unit for 20 seconds caused the highest temperature change. A significant difference (P = 0.048) in occlusal attachment length was found between the LED unit for 20 seconds and the LED unit-extra mode. Polymerization resulted in increased attachment template thickness across all groups, with significant changes noted in the halogen unit, LED unit for 20 seconds, and LED unit-extra mode.
Conclusions: Temperature generated during polymerization varied between halogen and LED curing lights. Significant differences were found in attachment length at the occlusal level and template thickness postpolymerization. Preferences in attachment bonding protocols may affect the clinical precision of clear aligner treatments.