Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-02-24-0006-a
S. Dobhal, Shu-Cheng Chuang, Dario Arizala, Lisa M. Keith, Anne M. Alvarez, Mohammad Arif
Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. dieffenbachiae (Xpd), the causal agent of anthurium blight, is classified as an A2 quarantine organism on the EPPO list due to its devastating impact on the anthurium industry. In this study, we sequenced strain D182, representative of the Hawaiian anthurium blight outbreak (1981-1986), using PacBio RS II SMRT technology. High-quality de novo assembly of 5,217,888 bp (65% GC) was generated with a mean coverage of 351x using HGAP v4. Strain D182 harbors one plasmid (73.5 kb, GC – 60.8%). ANI and dDDH values of 99.86% and 98.9% respectively, showed close phylogenetic relationships with Xpd strain LMG 695PT. The genome information will be useful in providing insights into the genomic biology, virulence mechanisms, and evolutionary relationships of Xpd and other strains associated with anthurium blight outbreaks worldwide.
{"title":"High-Quality Complete Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. dieffenbachiae Outbreak Strain D182: The Causative Agent of Anthurium Bacterial Blight in Hawai’i","authors":"S. Dobhal, Shu-Cheng Chuang, Dario Arizala, Lisa M. Keith, Anne M. Alvarez, Mohammad Arif","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-02-24-0006-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-02-24-0006-a","url":null,"abstract":"Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. dieffenbachiae (Xpd), the causal agent of anthurium blight, is classified as an A2 quarantine organism on the EPPO list due to its devastating impact on the anthurium industry. In this study, we sequenced strain D182, representative of the Hawaiian anthurium blight outbreak (1981-1986), using PacBio RS II SMRT technology. High-quality de novo assembly of 5,217,888 bp (65% GC) was generated with a mean coverage of 351x using HGAP v4. Strain D182 harbors one plasmid (73.5 kb, GC – 60.8%). ANI and dDDH values of 99.86% and 98.9% respectively, showed close phylogenetic relationships with Xpd strain LMG 695PT. The genome information will be useful in providing insights into the genomic biology, virulence mechanisms, and evolutionary relationships of Xpd and other strains associated with anthurium blight outbreaks worldwide.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141116177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0151-r
Maria Camila Buitrago Acosta, Nicole T. Lukasko, Mary K. Hausbeck, Timothy D. Miles, Rachel P. Naegele
Botrytis cinerea is a destructive plant pathogen that infects a wide range of economically important crops. Limiting pathogen infection during production and post-harvest is largely dependent on fungicide applications; fungicide resistant isolates of B. cinerea have been recovered from various hosts. Resistance of B. cinerea to fludioxonil has been associated with overexpression of transporter genes (BcatrB and mfsM2) and mutations on histidine kinase proteins (Bos1, Bchhk2, Bchhk17). To identify possible mechanisms associated with fludioxonil resistance, genomic expression of three sensitive and three low-resistant isolates were studied. Overexpression of BcatrB was observed when comparing low-resistant and sensitive isolates, but was not specific to the fludioxonil treatment. Seven amino acid substitutions and one deletion were identified in the transcription factor Bcmrr1 in low-resistant isolates, associated with overexpression of BcatrB. The L497 deletion, previously associated with highly resistance isolates (MDR1h), was observed in two low-resistant isolates. Other differentially expressed genes associated with transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity and lipid metabolic processes could be key in understanding the fungicidal mechanism(s) of fludioxonil. Expression profiles were isolate-specific. Following fludioxonil exposure, two sensitive isolates of B. cinerea sensu stricto showed a change in gene expression levels associated with cell membrane and peroxidase activity. In one low-resistant isolate of B. cinerea group S, fludioxonil exposure resulted in the overexpression of stress response genes and MFS transporter Bcstl1; one sensitive and two low-resistant isolates showed no significant changes in gene expression profiles. This work provides insight into the effect of fludioxonil on B. cinerea and potential fungicide resistance mechanisms.
灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）是一种破坏性植物病原体，可感染多种具有重要经济价值的作物。在生产过程中和收获后限制病原体感染主要依赖于杀真菌剂的应用；已从各种寄主中发现了对杀真菌剂有抗性的 B. cinerea 分离物。B. cinerea 对氟啶虫酰胺的抗性与转运基因（BcatrB 和 mfsM2）的过度表达和组氨酸激酶蛋白（Bos1、Bchhk2 和 Bchhk17）的突变有关。为了确定与氟虫腈抗性相关的可能机制，研究了三个敏感分离株和三个低抗性分离株的基因组表达。在比较低抗性分离物和敏感分离物时，观察到 BcatrB 过表达，但对氟虫腈处理没有特异性。在低抗性分离物的转录因子 Bcmrr1 中发现了与 BcatrB 过表达相关的七个氨基酸替换和一个缺失。在两个低抗性分离株中发现了 L497 缺失，这种缺失以前与高抗性分离株（MDR1h）有关。与跨膜转运、氧化还原酶活性和脂质代谢过程有关的其他差异表达基因可能是了解氟啶虫酰胺杀菌机制的关键。表达谱具有分离特异性。在接触氟啶虫酰胺后，严格意义上的两种棉铃虫敏感分离物显示出与细胞膜和过氧化物酶活性相关的基因表达水平发生了变化。在 S 组的一个低抗性 B. cinerea 分离物中，接触氟啶虫酰胺会导致应激反应基因和 MFS 转运体 Bcstl1 的过表达；一个敏感分离物和两个低抗性分离物的基因表达谱没有发生显著变化。这项研究深入探讨了氟虫腈对 B. cinerea 的影响以及潜在的杀菌剂抗性机制。
{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis of fludioxonil resistance mechanisms in Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Maria Camila Buitrago Acosta, Nicole T. Lukasko, Mary K. Hausbeck, Timothy D. Miles, Rachel P. Naegele","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0151-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0151-r","url":null,"abstract":"Botrytis cinerea is a destructive plant pathogen that infects a wide range of economically important crops. Limiting pathogen infection during production and post-harvest is largely dependent on fungicide applications; fungicide resistant isolates of B. cinerea have been recovered from various hosts. Resistance of B. cinerea to fludioxonil has been associated with overexpression of transporter genes (BcatrB and mfsM2) and mutations on histidine kinase proteins (Bos1, Bchhk2, Bchhk17). To identify possible mechanisms associated with fludioxonil resistance, genomic expression of three sensitive and three low-resistant isolates were studied. Overexpression of BcatrB was observed when comparing low-resistant and sensitive isolates, but was not specific to the fludioxonil treatment. Seven amino acid substitutions and one deletion were identified in the transcription factor Bcmrr1 in low-resistant isolates, associated with overexpression of BcatrB. The L497 deletion, previously associated with highly resistance isolates (MDR1h), was observed in two low-resistant isolates. Other differentially expressed genes associated with transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity and lipid metabolic processes could be key in understanding the fungicidal mechanism(s) of fludioxonil. Expression profiles were isolate-specific. Following fludioxonil exposure, two sensitive isolates of B. cinerea sensu stricto showed a change in gene expression levels associated with cell membrane and peroxidase activity. In one low-resistant isolate of B. cinerea group S, fludioxonil exposure resulted in the overexpression of stress response genes and MFS transporter Bcstl1; one sensitive and two low-resistant isolates showed no significant changes in gene expression profiles. This work provides insight into the effect of fludioxonil on B. cinerea and potential fungicide resistance mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0152-a
Simin Sabaghian, Zachary Gorman, Sean M. Prager, Jianchi Chen, Christopher M. Wallis
Cottony ash psyllid (CAP, Phyllopsis discrepans) is an important, invasive insect pest of ash trees in North America where it has established populations and is the host of a newly identified strain of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. However, not much is known about the diversity of its introduced population. In this study, a CAP mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence was obtained from a collection in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The CAP mitogenome is a circular DNA of 18,824 bp, encoding 13 protein-coding genes, 21 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. BLAST search using the CAP mitogenome as query against GenBank sequence database showed the mitogenome of Euphyllura phillyreae (15,202 bp) was the most similar (Query Coverage = 77%; Percentage Identity = 78.90%). The CAP mitogenome is significantly different from other known psyllid mitogenomes with the presence of a 4,357 bp control region (CR). The mitogenome sequence will further genomic understand of CAP.
白蜡木虱（CAP，Phyllopsis discrepans）是入侵北美白蜡树的一种重要害虫，它在北美已建立了种群，并且是新发现的 "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum "菌株的宿主。然而，人们对其引入种群的多样性知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们从加拿大萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通的一个采集点获得了 CAP 线粒体基因组（有丝分裂基因组）序列。CAP 线粒体基因组是一个 18,824 bp 的环状 DNA，编码 13 个蛋白质编码基因、21 个转移 RNA 基因和 2 个核糖体 RNA 基因。以 CAP 有丝分裂基因组为查询对象，对 GenBank 序列数据库进行 BLAST 搜索，结果表明 Euphyllura phillyreae 的有丝分裂基因组（15,202 bp）最为相似（查询覆盖率 = 77%；同一性百分比 = 78.90%）。CAP 的有丝分裂基因组与其他已知的烟粉虱有丝分裂基因组有明显不同，因为它存在一个 4,357 bp 的控制区（CR）。有丝分裂基因组序列将进一步加深对 CAP 基因组的了解。
{"title":"Mitochondrial Genome Resource of the Cottony Ash Psyllid, a Host of a Newly Identified ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ bacterium","authors":"Simin Sabaghian, Zachary Gorman, Sean M. Prager, Jianchi Chen, Christopher M. Wallis","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0152-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0152-a","url":null,"abstract":"Cottony ash psyllid (CAP, Phyllopsis discrepans) is an important, invasive insect pest of ash trees in North America where it has established populations and is the host of a newly identified strain of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. However, not much is known about the diversity of its introduced population. In this study, a CAP mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence was obtained from a collection in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The CAP mitogenome is a circular DNA of 18,824 bp, encoding 13 protein-coding genes, 21 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. BLAST search using the CAP mitogenome as query against GenBank sequence database showed the mitogenome of Euphyllura phillyreae (15,202 bp) was the most similar (Query Coverage = 77%; Percentage Identity = 78.90%). The CAP mitogenome is significantly different from other known psyllid mitogenomes with the presence of a 4,357 bp control region (CR). The mitogenome sequence will further genomic understand of CAP.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140995758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0016-r
Barbara J. Smith, Blair J. Sampson, Warren E. Copes, Fumiomi Takeda, Wojciech J. Janisiewicz, Eric T. Stafne, H. Sakhanokho, Jennifer B. Carroll
Conventional UVC at 254 nm (UVC) and Far UVC at 222 nm (Far UVC) was evaluated as alternatives to fungicides for disease control. Conidia of 13 isolates of strawberry anthracnose pathogens (five Colletotrichum species in two complexes: C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) were uniformly dispersed onto agar and irradiated with UVC and Far UVC doses ranging from 52 to 1248 J·m-2. After 48 h incubation, a UVC dose of 1248 J·m-2 and Far UVC doses from 234 to 935 J·m-2 reduced Colletotrichum colony counts to <10 colonies/petri dish. Cultures exposed to UVC light followed by 4 h of darkness had lower colony counts than cultures incubated under continuous light. This dark incubation period was not required for Far UVC to obtain optimal lethality, indicating Far UVC irradiation can be applied during the day or night and achieve similar fungal kill. Inoculation of detached leaves of three anthracnose susceptible strawberry cultivars with conidial suspensions of Colletotrichum spp. revealed that UV irradiation can affect development of anthracnose symptoms. Leaves receiving UVC doses of 312 and 624 J·m-2 or a Far UVC dose of 467 J·m-2 reduced anthracnose infection with little or no plant injury. A UVC dose of 1248 J·m-2 and Far UVC doses ≥ 467 J·m-2 inflicted varying degrees of plant injury. Supplemental disease control intended to reduce the number of fungicidal applications could be developed with moderate doses of UVC and Far UVC irradiation, while slowing the evolution of pesticide-resistant strains.
{"title":"UVC (254 nm) and Far UVC (222 nm) Irradiation Affects In vitro Growth of Colletotrichum sp. Isolates and Their Infection of Detached Strawberry Leaves","authors":"Barbara J. Smith, Blair J. Sampson, Warren E. Copes, Fumiomi Takeda, Wojciech J. Janisiewicz, Eric T. Stafne, H. Sakhanokho, Jennifer B. Carroll","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0016-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0016-r","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional UVC at 254 nm (UVC) and Far UVC at 222 nm (Far UVC) was evaluated as alternatives to fungicides for disease control. Conidia of 13 isolates of strawberry anthracnose pathogens (five Colletotrichum species in two complexes: C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) were uniformly dispersed onto agar and irradiated with UVC and Far UVC doses ranging from 52 to 1248 J·m-2. After 48 h incubation, a UVC dose of 1248 J·m-2 and Far UVC doses from 234 to 935 J·m-2 reduced Colletotrichum colony counts to <10 colonies/petri dish. Cultures exposed to UVC light followed by 4 h of darkness had lower colony counts than cultures incubated under continuous light. This dark incubation period was not required for Far UVC to obtain optimal lethality, indicating Far UVC irradiation can be applied during the day or night and achieve similar fungal kill. Inoculation of detached leaves of three anthracnose susceptible strawberry cultivars with conidial suspensions of Colletotrichum spp. revealed that UV irradiation can affect development of anthracnose symptoms. Leaves receiving UVC doses of 312 and 624 J·m-2 or a Far UVC dose of 467 J·m-2 reduced anthracnose infection with little or no plant injury. A UVC dose of 1248 J·m-2 and Far UVC doses ≥ 467 J·m-2 inflicted varying degrees of plant injury. Supplemental disease control intended to reduce the number of fungicidal applications could be developed with moderate doses of UVC and Far UVC irradiation, while slowing the evolution of pesticide-resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140995102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0023-r
Xiaoping Li, Jerry E. Weiland, Mana Ohkura, D. Luster, M. Daughtrey, Fred E. Gouker, Gloria Chen, P. Kong, Chuanxue Hong
Phyllosphere colonizers, including bacteria and fungi, are critical for plant growth and health. Yet, how they are affected simultaneously by host plant cultivar, local environment and agricultural practices was not well understood. We used boxwood, an iconic landscape plant and a major evergreen shrub crop in the U.S. nursery industry, as a model plant, and sequenced 16S rRNA and ITS amplicons to examine the assemblages of endophytic bacteria and fungi in the shoots of four cultivars representing three levels of boxwood blight resistance under two distinct climates and production systems in Oregon and Virginia. Cultivar and local environment were the two main drivers shaping the composition and structure of the boxwood endophytic microbial community, particularly the fungal community. Three bacterial and seven fungal genera were consistently identified with high prevalence and abundance as the core taxa from four cultivars and two locations across three sampling times. The microbial composition varied among the levels of boxwood blight resistance and taxa specific to the tolerant cultivar were fewer compared to the susceptible one. Identification of these microbial indicators, along with the core taxa, is foundational for developing a microbiome-based plant breeding program and a systems approach to improve boxwood health and production under a changing climate.
包括细菌和真菌在内的植被层定植者对植物的生长和健康至关重要。然而，人们对它们如何同时受到寄主植物栽培品种、当地环境和农业实践的影响还不甚了解。我们以黄杨（一种标志性景观植物，也是美国苗圃业的主要常绿灌木作物）为模式植物，对 16S rRNA 和 ITS 扩增子进行了测序，研究了在俄勒冈州和弗吉尼亚州两种不同气候和生产系统下，代表三种黄杨枯萎病抗性水平的四个栽培品种的嫩枝中的内生细菌和真菌群。栽培品种和当地环境是影响黄杨内生微生物群落（尤其是真菌群落）组成和结构的两个主要因素。在四个栽培品种和两个地点的三个取样时间段内，三个细菌属和七个真菌属作为核心类群始终保持着较高的流行率和丰度。黄杨枯萎病抗性不同，微生物组成也不同，抗性栽培品种的特有类群比易感栽培品种少。确定这些微生物指标以及核心类群，对于制定基于微生物的植物育种计划和系统方法，以改善黄杨木在气候变化下的健康和生产状况具有重要意义。
{"title":"Cultivars and Production Environments Shape Shoot Endophyte Profiles of Boxwood with Different Blight Resistance","authors":"Xiaoping Li, Jerry E. Weiland, Mana Ohkura, D. Luster, M. Daughtrey, Fred E. Gouker, Gloria Chen, P. Kong, Chuanxue Hong","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0023-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0023-r","url":null,"abstract":"Phyllosphere colonizers, including bacteria and fungi, are critical for plant growth and health. Yet, how they are affected simultaneously by host plant cultivar, local environment and agricultural practices was not well understood. We used boxwood, an iconic landscape plant and a major evergreen shrub crop in the U.S. nursery industry, as a model plant, and sequenced 16S rRNA and ITS amplicons to examine the assemblages of endophytic bacteria and fungi in the shoots of four cultivars representing three levels of boxwood blight resistance under two distinct climates and production systems in Oregon and Virginia. Cultivar and local environment were the two main drivers shaping the composition and structure of the boxwood endophytic microbial community, particularly the fungal community. Three bacterial and seven fungal genera were consistently identified with high prevalence and abundance as the core taxa from four cultivars and two locations across three sampling times. The microbial composition varied among the levels of boxwood blight resistance and taxa specific to the tolerant cultivar were fewer compared to the susceptible one. Identification of these microbial indicators, along with the core taxa, is foundational for developing a microbiome-based plant breeding program and a systems approach to improve boxwood health and production under a changing climate.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0148-a
Katherine M. D'Amico-Willman, Kimberly M Montalban, Prasanna Joglekar, Izabela Moura Duin, David F. Ritchie, J. Fagen, Alejandra I Huerta
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a specialty with increasing interest as an alternative, rotational crop for US agricultural systems. This crop is susceptible to several pathogens, including Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas species. Two bacterial isolates were recently cultured from sesame in North Carolina symptomatic of bacterial spot and identified as Pseudomonas amygdali pv. sesami (Pas) and Xanthomonas sp. These isolates were used for hybrid whole genome sequencing and assembly using Illumina and PacBio to develop robust genomic resources for these disease-causing strains. The results provide the most complete Pas genome available and placed the Xanthomoas sp. isolate into the X. arboricola species designation. Improved genomic resources for pathogens of sesame are needed to accurately detect, characterize, and employ timely management of the disease.
{"title":"Whole genome sequence resources for Pseudomonas amygdali pv. sesami and Xanthomonas arboricola isolated from sesame (Sesamum indicum) in North Carolina in 2022","authors":"Katherine M. D'Amico-Willman, Kimberly M Montalban, Prasanna Joglekar, Izabela Moura Duin, David F. Ritchie, J. Fagen, Alejandra I Huerta","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0148-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-11-23-0148-a","url":null,"abstract":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a specialty with increasing interest as an alternative, rotational crop for US agricultural systems. This crop is susceptible to several pathogens, including Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas species. Two bacterial isolates were recently cultured from sesame in North Carolina symptomatic of bacterial spot and identified as Pseudomonas amygdali pv. sesami (Pas) and Xanthomonas sp. These isolates were used for hybrid whole genome sequencing and assembly using Illumina and PacBio to develop robust genomic resources for these disease-causing strains. The results provide the most complete Pas genome available and placed the Xanthomoas sp. isolate into the X. arboricola species designation. Improved genomic resources for pathogens of sesame are needed to accurately detect, characterize, and employ timely management of the disease.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":" 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0019-r
Warren E. Copes, Quentin Read, Barbara J. Smith
Drying rates of disinfestants commonly applied to horticultural plant production surfaces were evaluated under cool to hot weather and under laboratory conditions to characterize the range of drying times and how this relates to contact times specified on product labels. Drying rates of six disinfestants [isopropyl alcohol (IPA), two quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), two peroxygen compounds (PXs), sodium hypochlorite (bleach)] and water were evaluated when applied to six substrate materials (concrete, galvanized metal, polypropylene ground fabric, polyethylene plastic sheet, pressure-treated pine, and twin-wall clear polycarbonate) based on the weather variables of solar radiation, temperature, and relative humidity. Differences were evident at the point of application. Disinfestants with low (IPA, both QACs and one PX) and high (bleach, one PX and water) surface tension provided approximately 100% and 60% coverage, respectively, when applied to horizontal, non-porous solid materials. Disinfestants applied to horizontal porous materials (concrete, fabric and wood) persisted on the surface for a mean of only 9 to 113 sec because solutions were actively drawn into the substrates internal structure. Disinfestants applied to vertical twin-wall greenhouse material flowed off, while retaining only a maximum beaded wetness coverage of 14%. A Bayesian analysis procedure was used to model drying effects of disinfestants correlated with substrate and weather variables based on posterior marginal and prediction trends. Generally, the fastest drying rate occurred in the first 2.5 min, and approximately 50% of coverage was retained by 5 min. The evaporative process was variable with distinct interactions occurring among the experimental variables.
{"title":"Environmental Influences on the Drying Rate of Spray Applied Disinfestants from Horticultural Production Surfaces","authors":"Warren E. Copes, Quentin Read, Barbara J. Smith","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0019-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0019-r","url":null,"abstract":"Drying rates of disinfestants commonly applied to horticultural plant production surfaces were evaluated under cool to hot weather and under laboratory conditions to characterize the range of drying times and how this relates to contact times specified on product labels. Drying rates of six disinfestants [isopropyl alcohol (IPA), two quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), two peroxygen compounds (PXs), sodium hypochlorite (bleach)] and water were evaluated when applied to six substrate materials (concrete, galvanized metal, polypropylene ground fabric, polyethylene plastic sheet, pressure-treated pine, and twin-wall clear polycarbonate) based on the weather variables of solar radiation, temperature, and relative humidity. Differences were evident at the point of application. Disinfestants with low (IPA, both QACs and one PX) and high (bleach, one PX and water) surface tension provided approximately 100% and 60% coverage, respectively, when applied to horizontal, non-porous solid materials. Disinfestants applied to horizontal porous materials (concrete, fabric and wood) persisted on the surface for a mean of only 9 to 113 sec because solutions were actively drawn into the substrates internal structure. Disinfestants applied to vertical twin-wall greenhouse material flowed off, while retaining only a maximum beaded wetness coverage of 14%. A Bayesian analysis procedure was used to model drying effects of disinfestants correlated with substrate and weather variables based on posterior marginal and prediction trends. Generally, the fastest drying rate occurred in the first 2.5 min, and approximately 50% of coverage was retained by 5 min. The evaporative process was variable with distinct interactions occurring among the experimental variables.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0022-r
C. A. Strausbaugh, E. Wenninger, Laurie K. Jackson, Eric Vincill
Weeds and crop plants not only serve as reproductive hosts and transitory or shelter plants for the beet leafhopper (BLH; Circulifer tenellus) but also as sources of plant pathogens that can then be vectored by the BLH. Thus, the plants that the BLH are feeding on and infecting is of interest and may be changing over time. Therefore, BLH samples from a recent survey were investigated through DNA barcoding via the rbcL and matK chloroplast gene regions to determine what the BLHs had been feeding on prior to capture on yellow sticky cards in southern Idaho during 2020 and 2021. In June both years, the first generation of BLHs predominately fed on Pinus spp. (59 to 76% of samples) which were likely in mountainous areas and dispersed approximately 48 to 80 km to crop and sagebrush steppe locations. During July to September, the BLH predominantly fed on Salsola spp. (Russian thistle; 61 to 66% of samples) and Bassia scoparia (Kochia; 15% of samples). Both years the BLHs that fed on pine had the highest percentage (55 and 75%, respectively) of samples with beet curly top virus based on primers that can detect both the Worland and Colorado strains. Both years, BLH that had fed on Russian thistle and alfalfa had the highest percentage of samples with Spinach curly top Arizona virus. These data will be utilized in the development of future curly top management plans.
{"title":"Host and Shelter Plants for the Beet Leafhopper which Vectors Curly Top Viruses and Phytoplasmas in Southern Idaho","authors":"C. A. Strausbaugh, E. Wenninger, Laurie K. Jackson, Eric Vincill","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0022-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-03-24-0022-r","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds and crop plants not only serve as reproductive hosts and transitory or shelter plants for the beet leafhopper (BLH; Circulifer tenellus) but also as sources of plant pathogens that can then be vectored by the BLH. Thus, the plants that the BLH are feeding on and infecting is of interest and may be changing over time. Therefore, BLH samples from a recent survey were investigated through DNA barcoding via the rbcL and matK chloroplast gene regions to determine what the BLHs had been feeding on prior to capture on yellow sticky cards in southern Idaho during 2020 and 2021. In June both years, the first generation of BLHs predominately fed on Pinus spp. (59 to 76% of samples) which were likely in mountainous areas and dispersed approximately 48 to 80 km to crop and sagebrush steppe locations. During July to September, the BLH predominantly fed on Salsola spp. (Russian thistle; 61 to 66% of samples) and Bassia scoparia (Kochia; 15% of samples). Both years the BLHs that fed on pine had the highest percentage (55 and 75%, respectively) of samples with beet curly top virus based on primers that can detect both the Worland and Colorado strains. Both years, BLH that had fed on Russian thistle and alfalfa had the highest percentage of samples with Spinach curly top Arizona virus. These data will be utilized in the development of future curly top management plans.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140997284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0119-r
Isabella J. Maggard, Kayla B. Deel, Ying Gao, A. B. Cahoon
One of the greatest challenges faced by ginseng producers is control of fungal pathogens which adversely affects harvest yields and is a contributing factor to replant failure syndrome. The goal of this project was to survey the soil microbiome of healthy versus diseased American Ginseng grown in North America. Soil associated with healthy and diseased plants were collected from commercial farms in Garett County, Maryland and Marathon County, Wisconsin. Environmental DNA metabarcoding was used to compare the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of healthy versus diseased plants from both locations. The most common bacteria occurred within the phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota and the most common fungi occurred within Ascomycota, Basidiomytoca, Mortierellomycota and Glomeromycota. Overall Alpha- and Beta- diversities were statistically significant between the two locations. Community analyses (beta-diversity) of the Maryland site revealed a significant difference in the bacterial composition of soils associated with healthy versus diseased plants but not fungi. Conversely, there was a significantly different assemblage of fungi in healthy versus diseased associated soils from the Wisconsin site, but not for bacteria. Our results when compared to previous metabarcoding studies suggest there is little congruence between the soil microbiomes associated with cultivated ginseng and that we are still in the early stages of ginseng soil rhizosphere exploration.
人参生产者面临的最大挑战之一是控制真菌病原体，这对收获产量有不利影响，也是造成移栽失败综合症的一个因素。本项目的目标是调查在北美种植的健康和患病花旗参的土壤微生物组。从马里兰州加里特县和威斯康星州马拉松县的商业农场收集了与健康和患病植物相关的土壤。环境 DNA 代谢编码被用来比较两地健康和患病植物的细菌和真菌微生物组。最常见的细菌属于变形菌门、真菌门和类菌门，最常见的真菌属于子囊菌门、担子菌门、毛霉菌门和团扇菌门。两地的总体α-和β-多样性在统计学上有显著差异。马里兰研究地点的群落分析（β-多样性）显示，与健康植物和病害植物相关的土壤中的细菌组成有显著差异，但真菌没有差异。与此相反，威斯康星州的健康土壤与病害土壤中的真菌群落有明显差异，但细菌群落没有差异。与之前的代谢编码研究相比，我们的研究结果表明，与栽培人参相关的土壤微生物组之间几乎没有一致性，而且我们仍处于人参土壤根瘤菌层探索的早期阶段。
{"title":"The Soil Microbiomes of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Cultivated in North America Differ by Location But Not Always by Disease Status","authors":"Isabella J. Maggard, Kayla B. Deel, Ying Gao, A. B. Cahoon","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0119-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0119-r","url":null,"abstract":"One of the greatest challenges faced by ginseng producers is control of fungal pathogens which adversely affects harvest yields and is a contributing factor to replant failure syndrome. The goal of this project was to survey the soil microbiome of healthy versus diseased American Ginseng grown in North America. Soil associated with healthy and diseased plants were collected from commercial farms in Garett County, Maryland and Marathon County, Wisconsin. Environmental DNA metabarcoding was used to compare the bacterial and fungal microbiomes of healthy versus diseased plants from both locations. The most common bacteria occurred within the phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota and the most common fungi occurred within Ascomycota, Basidiomytoca, Mortierellomycota and Glomeromycota. Overall Alpha- and Beta- diversities were statistically significant between the two locations. Community analyses (beta-diversity) of the Maryland site revealed a significant difference in the bacterial composition of soils associated with healthy versus diseased plants but not fungi. Conversely, there was a significantly different assemblage of fungi in healthy versus diseased associated soils from the Wisconsin site, but not for bacteria. Our results when compared to previous metabarcoding studies suggest there is little congruence between the soil microbiomes associated with cultivated ginseng and that we are still in the early stages of ginseng soil rhizosphere exploration.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-10-23-0132-r
Ana Romeo-Oliván, J. Chervin, Coralie Breton, Virginie Puech-Pagès, Sylvie Fournier, Guillaume Marti, Olivier Rodrigues, Jean Daydé, Bernard Dumas, Alban Jacques
Esca is one of the main grapevine trunk diseases affecting vineyards worldwide. Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are thought to be two of the main causal agents of this disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense responses in the grapevine trunk against esca-associated pathogens are poorly understood. To provide a first glimpse on the trunk responses to P. minimum and P. chlamydospora, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to compare and contrast host responses to these pathogens. Transcriptomic analysis revealed different gene expression reprogramming in the trunk in response to each fungus. Main significant differences were found among genes associated with Secondary Metabolism, Signaling and Hormone Signaling. An untargeted liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic approach performed 3 weeks after inoculation was used and dereplication mainly highlighted flavonoids and stilbenes as plant defense metabolites in the infected trunk. Some metabolites were overproduced with both fungi, but specific responses were also observed. Particularly, a lipophilic flavonoid cluster was emphasized after P. minimum inoculation. The assessment of fungal infection 6 wpi showed a higher number of copies of P. minimum than P. chlamydospora. This dissimilarity in the level of colonization could be linked somehow to the metabolomic responses observed. Our results reveal both different gene expression reprogramming and metabolomic specific signatures depending on the wood pathogen. Altogether, these observations suggest that grapevine trunk can differently perceive and respond to P. minimum and P. chlamydospora.
{"title":"Deciphering transcriptomic and metabolomic wood responses to grapevine trunk diseases-associated fungi","authors":"Ana Romeo-Oliván, J. Chervin, Coralie Breton, Virginie Puech-Pagès, Sylvie Fournier, Guillaume Marti, Olivier Rodrigues, Jean Daydé, Bernard Dumas, Alban Jacques","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-10-23-0132-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-10-23-0132-r","url":null,"abstract":"Esca is one of the main grapevine trunk diseases affecting vineyards worldwide. Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are thought to be two of the main causal agents of this disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense responses in the grapevine trunk against esca-associated pathogens are poorly understood. To provide a first glimpse on the trunk responses to P. minimum and P. chlamydospora, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to compare and contrast host responses to these pathogens. Transcriptomic analysis revealed different gene expression reprogramming in the trunk in response to each fungus. Main significant differences were found among genes associated with Secondary Metabolism, Signaling and Hormone Signaling. An untargeted liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic approach performed 3 weeks after inoculation was used and dereplication mainly highlighted flavonoids and stilbenes as plant defense metabolites in the infected trunk. Some metabolites were overproduced with both fungi, but specific responses were also observed. Particularly, a lipophilic flavonoid cluster was emphasized after P. minimum inoculation. The assessment of fungal infection 6 wpi showed a higher number of copies of P. minimum than P. chlamydospora. This dissimilarity in the level of colonization could be linked somehow to the metabolomic responses observed. Our results reveal both different gene expression reprogramming and metabolomic specific signatures depending on the wood pathogen. Altogether, these observations suggest that grapevine trunk can differently perceive and respond to P. minimum and P. chlamydospora.","PeriodicalId":508090,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers™","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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