Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-33-51
Denis A. Semenyakin, Irina V. Tikhonova
A research of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of regeneration after the first selective felling with an intensity of 20 to 50 % in pine forests of the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe has been carried out. Some of the plantations were covered by a ground fire 5 to 10 years before the felling. The aim of this research is a generalized analysis of the regeneration state in view of the forest type, the density of forest stand and exposure to fire before felling, as well as the disturbance of soil cover, the state of forest live cover and the microclimatic conditions in the felling areas. The methods of principal component analysis as well as correlation analysis and variance analysis for individual characteristics have been used. The advantages of multivariate data analysis using the method of principal component analysis for obtaining more information on the contribution and combined effects of various environmental factors on pine regeneration in felling areas are shown. The share of explained variance of the considered factors has equaled 87 %. The most significant factors for pine regeneration have turned out to be the type of forest (felling area) and exposure to fire. The second place in terms of importance has been taken by the density of forest stand before felling and the intensity of felling. Of the factors mediated by them, illumination intensity and soil moisture have turned out to be important. Based on the characteristics of the 4 main components, 2 options for combining the main factors for better regeneration of plantations have been established: 1) the large initial density of mature forest stands, as well as the moderate development of mosses and grasses in forest live cover make it possible to choose any felling intensity (within the studied limits), preferably in combination with preliminary burning of a part of the litter (or partial soil mineralization) 5 years before moderately-high or high intensity felling, 2) in case of lower initial density of the forest stand in forest types with significant development of forest live cover, preliminary burning of part of the litter or mineralization of the soil and the choice of a lower intensity of the the first felling (up to 20 %) are required. Analysis of the variability of linear increases in height-and-age groups of undergrowth confirmed the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the quantity and quality of regeneration, showed differences in the response of different groups of undergrowth to changes in microclimatic conditions in felling areas. The similarity of the northern forest-steppe with the southern taiga in terms of pine regeneration conditions has been noted. The results of the study can be used to clarify the requirements for felling and achieve better regeneration of pine forests.
{"title":"The Use of Multivariate Data Analysis in Assessing the State of Advance and After-Regeneration of Pine Forests after Selective Felling","authors":"Denis A. Semenyakin, Irina V. Tikhonova","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-33-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-33-51","url":null,"abstract":"A research of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of regeneration after the first selective felling with an intensity of 20 to 50 % in pine forests of the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe has been carried out. Some of the plantations were covered by a ground fire 5 to 10 years before the felling. The aim of this research is a generalized analysis of the regeneration state in view of the forest type, the density of forest stand and exposure to fire before felling, as well as the disturbance of soil cover, the state of forest live cover and the microclimatic conditions in the felling areas. The methods of principal component analysis as well as correlation analysis and variance analysis for individual characteristics have been used. The advantages of multivariate data analysis using the method of principal component analysis for obtaining more information on the contribution and combined effects of various environmental factors on pine regeneration in felling areas are shown. The share of explained variance of the considered factors has equaled 87 %. The most significant factors for pine regeneration have turned out to be the type of forest (felling area) and exposure to fire. The second place in terms of importance has been taken by the density of forest stand before felling and the intensity of felling. Of the factors mediated by them, illumination intensity and soil moisture have turned out to be important. Based on the characteristics of the 4 main components, 2 options for combining the main factors for better regeneration of plantations have been established: 1) the large initial density of mature forest stands, as well as the moderate development of mosses and grasses in forest live cover make it possible to choose any felling intensity (within the studied limits), preferably in combination with preliminary burning of a part of the litter (or partial soil mineralization) 5 years before moderately-high or high intensity felling, 2) in case of lower initial density of the forest stand in forest types with significant development of forest live cover, preliminary burning of part of the litter or mineralization of the soil and the choice of a lower intensity of the the first felling (up to 20 %) are required. Analysis of the variability of linear increases in height-and-age groups of undergrowth confirmed the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the quantity and quality of regeneration, showed differences in the response of different groups of undergrowth to changes in microclimatic conditions in felling areas. The similarity of the northern forest-steppe with the southern taiga in terms of pine regeneration conditions has been noted. The results of the study can be used to clarify the requirements for felling and achieve better regeneration of pine forests.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"193 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-126-140
Igor V. Petukhov, Konstantin O. Ivanov, Dmitry M. Vorozhtsov, Alexey A. Rozhentsov, Nataliya I. Rozhentsova, Ludmila A. Steshina
The use of decision support systems based on computer vision and artificial intelligence significantly improves the working conditions for the operators of technological machines in the timber sector, whose work implies high intensity and psycho-emotional overload. By means of computer vision and artificial intelligence the operator can quickly and easily obtain the data on the state of the cutting area and adopt the optimal solution for holding the working operation. This facilitates his work and reduces the time spent searching and analyzing the data on the cutting area. Meanwhile, one of the key elements of such a system is a subsystem for automatic segmentation of objects in the photograph. We have explored the possibility of segmenting overlapping objects in the photographs of forest areas using a convolutional neural network based on the Mask R-CNN architecture. Unlike in most works on similar topics, the objects of this study are color photographs taken by an RGB camera rather than a lidar. This creates the prospect for reducing the cost of hardware and software systems used to support decision-making by the operators of logging machines. The images of the stems and crowns of coniferous and deciduous trees overlapping each other are the segmented objects under consideration. Using the GIMP graphic editor, we have manually marked the color photographs depicting a total of 134 trees of 4 different species: spruce, aspen, birch and pine. Utilizing the developed database, we have carried out an experiment to further train the Mask R-CNN convolutional neural network for segmentation of overlapping parts of the trees in the digital photographs of forest areas. The neural network has been pre-trained using the Microsoft COCO dataset containing more than 200,000 images of 80 different classes of objects such as people, cars, animals and various items. While training the neural network, the images supplied to its input were subjected to a series of various linear and nonlinear geometric transformations, which made it possible to increase the volume of training data by 11 times. As a result, the accuracy of segmentation of the images of the stems and crowns of coniferous and deciduous trees overlapping each other has reached 79 %, which allows the use of neural networks based on a similar architecture in decision support systems for logging machine operators.
{"title":"Segmentation of Overlapping Tree Images in the Digital Photographs of Forest Areas","authors":"Igor V. Petukhov, Konstantin O. Ivanov, Dmitry M. Vorozhtsov, Alexey A. Rozhentsov, Nataliya I. Rozhentsova, Ludmila A. Steshina","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-126-140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-126-140","url":null,"abstract":"The use of decision support systems based on computer vision and artificial intelligence significantly improves the working conditions for the operators of technological machines in the timber sector, whose work implies high intensity and psycho-emotional overload. By means of computer vision and artificial intelligence the operator can quickly and easily obtain the data on the state of the cutting area and adopt the optimal solution for holding the working operation. This facilitates his work and reduces the time spent searching and analyzing the data on the cutting area. Meanwhile, one of the key elements of such a system is a subsystem for automatic segmentation of objects in the photograph. We have explored the possibility of segmenting overlapping objects in the photographs of forest areas using a convolutional neural network based on the Mask R-CNN architecture. Unlike in most works on similar topics, the objects of this study are color photographs taken by an RGB camera rather than a lidar. This creates the prospect for reducing the cost of hardware and software systems used to support decision-making by the operators of logging machines. The images of the stems and crowns of coniferous and deciduous trees overlapping each other are the segmented objects under consideration. Using the GIMP graphic editor, we have manually marked the color photographs depicting a total of 134 trees of 4 different species: spruce, aspen, birch and pine. Utilizing the developed database, we have carried out an experiment to further train the Mask R-CNN convolutional neural network for segmentation of overlapping parts of the trees in the digital photographs of forest areas. The neural network has been pre-trained using the Microsoft COCO dataset containing more than 200,000 images of 80 different classes of objects such as people, cars, animals and various items. While training the neural network, the images supplied to its input were subjected to a series of various linear and nonlinear geometric transformations, which made it possible to increase the volume of training data by 11 times. As a result, the accuracy of segmentation of the images of the stems and crowns of coniferous and deciduous trees overlapping each other has reached 79 %, which allows the use of neural networks based on a similar architecture in decision support systems for logging machine operators.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"109 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-52-64
A. Ilintsev, Aleksandr P. Bogdanov, Evgeniy M. Romanov, Vasiliy V. Voronin
The article presents an analysis of technologies and techniques for creating forest plantations used in the Arkhangelsk and Kirov Regions, as well as the Komi Republic, based on the materials of reforestation projects for 2020. The territories under consideration belong to 6 forest areas: the Northern taiga, the Dvina-Vychegda taiga, the Southern taiga, the coniferous- broad-leafed (mixed) forests, the Western Ural taiga and the area of tundra forests and sparse taiga. The database created on the basis of the data from reforestation projects includes 13 indicators: categories of reforestation areas, forest vegetation conditions (terrain, soil type, soil moisture, group of forest types, degree of turfing), as well as tillage methods, mechanisms and aggregates used for tillage and planting seedlings and saplings and planting stock type. It has been established that in the studied regions, reforestation is more often carried out in fresh (1–2-year-old) felling areas in place of spruce plantations of blueberry forests, with podzolic drained and poorly drained soils. When cultivating soil for forest plantations, excavators are widely used (44 %), replacing traditional tractors with ploughs (usually PL-1). In most areas, furrow tillage is prevalent (52 %), but strips, mounds and patch scarification are also common (40 %). Containerized spruce and pine planting stocks have become more widely used (more than 50 % of the area), though seedlings are extremely rare (7 % in the Kirov Region). The data obtained allow us to asses the real picture of the use of reforestation technologies in the taiga zone on the example of three subjects of the Russian Federation, which will help the subjects of the Russian Federation in making management decisions for exercising their powers in the reforestation field.
{"title":"Modern Practice of Artificial Reforestation in the Taiga Zone of the European Part of Russia","authors":"A. Ilintsev, Aleksandr P. Bogdanov, Evgeniy M. Romanov, Vasiliy V. Voronin","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-52-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-52-64","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents an analysis of technologies and techniques for creating forest plantations used in the Arkhangelsk and Kirov Regions, as well as the Komi Republic, based on the materials of reforestation projects for 2020. The territories under consideration belong to 6 forest areas: the Northern taiga, the Dvina-Vychegda taiga, the Southern taiga, the coniferous- broad-leafed (mixed) forests, the Western Ural taiga and the area of tundra forests and sparse taiga. The database created on the basis of the data from reforestation projects includes 13 indicators: categories of reforestation areas, forest vegetation conditions (terrain, soil type, soil moisture, group of forest types, degree of turfing), as well as tillage methods, mechanisms and aggregates used for tillage and planting seedlings and saplings and planting stock type. It has been established that in the studied regions, reforestation is more often carried out in fresh (1–2-year-old) felling areas in place of spruce plantations of blueberry forests, with podzolic drained and poorly drained soils. When cultivating soil for forest plantations, excavators are widely used (44 %), replacing traditional tractors with ploughs (usually PL-1). In most areas, furrow tillage is prevalent (52 %), but strips, mounds and patch scarification are also common (40 %). Containerized spruce and pine planting stocks have become more widely used (more than 50 % of the area), though seedlings are extremely rare (7 % in the Kirov Region). The data obtained allow us to asses the real picture of the use of reforestation technologies in the taiga zone on the example of three subjects of the Russian Federation, which will help the subjects of the Russian Federation in making management decisions for exercising their powers in the reforestation field.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"118 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-65-76
Mariya I. Sedaeva, A. K. Ekart, Anna N. Kravchenko
Tilia nasczokinii Stepanov (Naszokin’s lime) is endemic to the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and is of relict origin. Two of its populations grow in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk on the left and right banks of the Yenisey River, being a part of pine forests and mixed pine-deciduous herb forests. The total number of the species is about 500 plant units, of which only 43 plants are currently bearing fruit. This research has determined the sizes and qualitative characteristics of T. nasczokinii fruits and seeds. The lime-capsules of T. nasczokinii, for 2 populations in general, have had the length of 5.7 ± 0.026 mm and the width of 5.0 ± ± 0.017 mm. The seeds have had the length of 3.6 ± 0.019 mm and the width of 2.9 ± 0.015 mm. It has been established that the lime-capsules in the left bank population are characterized by an elongated pear-shaped form, while in the right bank population the lime-capsules are spherical and slightly pointed at the top. In terms of the size of lime-capsules and seeds, T. nasczokinii did not differ statistically from the introduced T. cordata, which grows in the plantation under similar environmental conditions. In the left bank population, the masses of lime-capsules (18.3 g/1000 pcs.) and seeds (11.9–12.7 g/1000 pcs.) have turned out to be noticeably less than in the right bank population (lime-capsules – 24.8–29.9 g/1000 pcs., seeds – 16.1–18.0 g/1000 pcs.). In the left bank population, up to 60 % of the lime-capsules have been seedless and up to 43 % of the seeds have been empty. Seed viability has been equal to 17–32 %.In the right bank population, most of the lime-capsules have contained seeds (up to 91 %), and the proportion of empty lime-capsules has been small (up to 18 %). Seed viability has been equal to 66–83 %. Field germination of the seeds has been equal to 9.2 % (for some trees – up to 10.5 %) in the left bank population and 12.2 % (up to 21.1 %) in the right bank population. Despite the low field germination of the seeds in both populations, it is possible to obtain seed planting stock for creating artificial plantings of T. nasczokinii in order to preserve and restore the population of this rare relict species in the south of Central Siberia.
{"title":"Reproductive Indicators of Nasczokin’s Lime (Tilia nasczokinii Stepanov)","authors":"Mariya I. Sedaeva, A. K. Ekart, Anna N. Kravchenko","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-65-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-65-76","url":null,"abstract":"Tilia nasczokinii Stepanov (Naszokin’s lime) is endemic to the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and is of relict origin. Two of its populations grow in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk on the left and right banks of the Yenisey River, being a part of pine forests and mixed pine-deciduous herb forests. The total number of the species is about 500 plant units, of which only 43 plants are currently bearing fruit. This research has determined the sizes and qualitative characteristics of T. nasczokinii fruits and seeds. The lime-capsules of T. nasczokinii, for 2 populations in general, have had the length of 5.7 ± 0.026 mm and the width of 5.0 ± ± 0.017 mm. The seeds have had the length of 3.6 ± 0.019 mm and the width of 2.9 ± 0.015 mm. It has been established that the lime-capsules in the left bank population are characterized by an elongated pear-shaped form, while in the right bank population the lime-capsules are spherical and slightly pointed at the top. In terms of the size of lime-capsules and seeds, T. nasczokinii did not differ statistically from the introduced T. cordata, which grows in the plantation under similar environmental conditions. In the left bank population, the masses of lime-capsules (18.3 g/1000 pcs.) and seeds (11.9–12.7 g/1000 pcs.) have turned out to be noticeably less than in the right bank population (lime-capsules – 24.8–29.9 g/1000 pcs., seeds – 16.1–18.0 g/1000 pcs.). In the left bank population, up to 60 % of the lime-capsules have been seedless and up to 43 % of the seeds have been empty. Seed viability has been equal to 17–32 %.In the right bank population, most of the lime-capsules have contained seeds (up to 91 %), and the proportion of empty lime-capsules has been small (up to 18 %). Seed viability has been equal to 66–83 %. Field germination of the seeds has been equal to 9.2 % (for some trees – up to 10.5 %) in the left bank population and 12.2 % (up to 21.1 %) in the right bank population. Despite the low field germination of the seeds in both populations, it is possible to obtain seed planting stock for creating artificial plantings of T. nasczokinii in order to preserve and restore the population of this rare relict species in the south of Central Siberia.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"172 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-101-113
G. Terekhov, Elena M. Andreeva, S. Stetsenko
The research of 26-year-old mixed plantations of Siberian spruce and Siberian stone pine cultivated by biogroups of about 300 pcs/ha (2–5 stone pine seedlings alternating 4–9 spruce seedlings in a row) has shown that the damage rate by moose to them is much lower than to pure stone pine plantations or the mixed ones of Siberian stone pines and Scots pines we have studied before. The share of biogroups containing damaged stone pine trees is 18 %. A third of this number is plantations with damage to all the trees. This is most pronounced in biogroups of 4 to 5 stone pines as well as in case of frequent alternation of biogroups in a row. 76 % living stone pines have been preserved (89.3 % of them without damage to the stem). About two thirds of them (about 500 pcs/ha) grow in the crown of spruce trees adjacent to stone pine biogroups. Prolonged exposure to growing in a spruce tree crown negatively affects the growth of a stone pine’s central shoot and crown. We are the first in the Middle Urals to propose a scheme for cultivating sustained productive mixed plantations of Siberian stone pines and Siberian spruce trees (or Norway spruce trees). Stone pines are planted in biogroups of 2–3 seedlings, beginning the planting strictly on one side of the site. The first biogroup in odd-numbered rows (1, 2, 3, 5, etc.) is planted after 3 spruce seedlings from the beginning of the row, the second and subsequent biogroups in these rows – after 9 spruce seedlings. The first biogroup in even-numbered rows (2, 4, 6, 8, etc.) is planted after 9 spruce seedlings from the beginning of the row, maintaining this sequence until the end of the row. Every row in mixed plantations is concluded with planting no less than 3 spruce seedlings. During silvicultural treatment procedures natural regeneration is completely removed: softwoods – by mechanical means, and hard woods – by ringing or injection of environmentally friendly water-based chemicals. These measures reduce or eliminate the appearance of coppice and, accordingly, food reserve for wild animals. Spruce trees adjacent to stone pine biogroups are cut down while lightening and thinning, which creates the possibility for the growth of stone pines. The proposed method for cultivating plantations of Siberian stone pines and Siberian spruce trees has been patented. It can be introduced into silvicultural practice in the taiga zone where stone pines are grown.
{"title":"Cultivating Siberian Stone Pine Plantations under Wild Animal Damage Conditions","authors":"G. Terekhov, Elena M. Andreeva, S. Stetsenko","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-101-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-101-113","url":null,"abstract":"The research of 26-year-old mixed plantations of Siberian spruce and Siberian stone pine cultivated by biogroups of about 300 pcs/ha (2–5 stone pine seedlings alternating 4–9 spruce seedlings in a row) has shown that the damage rate by moose to them is much lower than to pure stone pine plantations or the mixed ones of Siberian stone pines and Scots pines we have studied before. The share of biogroups containing damaged stone pine trees is 18 %. A third of this number is plantations with damage to all the trees. This is most pronounced in biogroups of 4 to 5 stone pines as well as in case of frequent alternation of biogroups in a row. 76 % living stone pines have been preserved (89.3 % of them without damage to the stem). About two thirds of them (about 500 pcs/ha) grow in the crown of spruce trees adjacent to stone pine biogroups. Prolonged exposure to growing in a spruce tree crown negatively affects the growth of a stone pine’s central shoot and crown. We are the first in the Middle Urals to propose a scheme for cultivating sustained productive mixed plantations of Siberian stone pines and Siberian spruce trees (or Norway spruce trees). Stone pines are planted in biogroups of 2–3 seedlings, beginning the planting strictly on one side of the site. The first biogroup in odd-numbered rows (1, 2, 3, 5, etc.) is planted after 3 spruce seedlings from the beginning of the row, the second and subsequent biogroups in these rows – after 9 spruce seedlings. The first biogroup in even-numbered rows (2, 4, 6, 8, etc.) is planted after 9 spruce seedlings from the beginning of the row, maintaining this sequence until the end of the row. Every row in mixed plantations is concluded with planting no less than 3 spruce seedlings. During silvicultural treatment procedures natural regeneration is completely removed: softwoods – by mechanical means, and hard woods – by ringing or injection of environmentally friendly water-based chemicals. These measures reduce or eliminate the appearance of coppice and, accordingly, food reserve for wild animals. Spruce trees adjacent to stone pine biogroups are cut down while lightening and thinning, which creates the possibility for the growth of stone pines. The proposed method for cultivating plantations of Siberian stone pines and Siberian spruce trees has been patented. It can be introduced into silvicultural practice in the taiga zone where stone pines are grown.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"185 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-182-194
Sergey V. Aniskin, Victor S. Kurov
For pulp production, large-scale enterprises have been built which, while in operation, are subject to new requirements, different from the design ones, for economic efficiency, labour safety, as well as impact on the local population and the environment. Significant success in this work has been achieved by changing the liquor recovery technology, switching to burning black liquor of increased concentration, which makes it possible to almost completely eliminate the largest source of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan emissions with flue gases, reduce sulfur losses and improve energy efficiency of soda recovery boilers. Another significant source of soda recovery boiler emissions is a smelt dissolving tank vent. An important technological operation of dissolving molten sodium salts with weak white liquor supplied from the causticization shop takes place in the tank. The modern development of smelt leaching technology is related to the improvement of equipment compatible with the technology of regeneration of chemical reagents for pulp production. Heat exchangers and gas purifiers of “gas-liquid” systems, easier to adapt to technological requirements compared to other systems, are installed on the dissolving tank vent. The installation of such equipment provides the change in the smelt leaching technology, and affects the technology of causticization and lime recovery. This article covers the research of the relationship between the technical solutions ensuring the safety of personnel in the boiler shop, heat and chemicals recovery, as well as purification of gas emissions and the changes in the technology of smelt leaching in the soda recovery boiler of the pulp mill. On the basis of experimental data and a mathematical model of the movement of the vapour-gas mixture in the smelt dissolving tank vent, the technological feasibility of installing heat exchangers at different heights of the vent and the possibility of effective purification of gas emissions using a direct-flow sprayer have been considered. The applicability of the irrigation of the steam-gas flow with weak white liquor, which is formed during the cycle of chemical regeneration in pulp production, as well as the conditions for ensuring reliable operation of gas purification equipment, have been investigated. The quantitative characteristics of the necessary change in consumption and composition of weak white liquor and the methods of its supply to the dissolving tank have been obtained.
{"title":"Recovery and Purification of Gas Emissions from Pulp Production","authors":"Sergey V. Aniskin, Victor S. Kurov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-182-194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-182-194","url":null,"abstract":"For pulp production, large-scale enterprises have been built which, while in operation, are subject to new requirements, different from the design ones, for economic efficiency, labour safety, as well as impact on the local population and the environment. Significant success in this work has been achieved by changing the liquor recovery technology, switching to burning black liquor of increased concentration, which makes it possible to almost completely eliminate the largest source of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan emissions with flue gases, reduce sulfur losses and improve energy efficiency of soda recovery boilers. Another significant source of soda recovery boiler emissions is a smelt dissolving tank vent. An important technological operation of dissolving molten sodium salts with weak white liquor supplied from the causticization shop takes place in the tank. The modern development of smelt leaching technology is related to the improvement of equipment compatible with the technology of regeneration of chemical reagents for pulp production. Heat exchangers and gas purifiers of “gas-liquid” systems, easier to adapt to technological requirements compared to other systems, are installed on the dissolving tank vent. The installation of such equipment provides the change in the smelt leaching technology, and affects the technology of causticization and lime recovery. This article covers the research of the relationship between the technical solutions ensuring the safety of personnel in the boiler shop, heat and chemicals recovery, as well as purification of gas emissions and the changes in the technology of smelt leaching in the soda recovery boiler of the pulp mill. On the basis of experimental data and a mathematical model of the movement of the vapour-gas mixture in the smelt dissolving tank vent, the technological feasibility of installing heat exchangers at different heights of the vent and the possibility of effective purification of gas emissions using a direct-flow sprayer have been considered. The applicability of the irrigation of the steam-gas flow with weak white liquor, which is formed during the cycle of chemical regeneration in pulp production, as well as the conditions for ensuring reliable operation of gas purification equipment, have been investigated. The quantitative characteristics of the necessary change in consumption and composition of weak white liquor and the methods of its supply to the dissolving tank have been obtained.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"114 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-141-151
S. Posypanov, Konstantin V. Kozlov
Exploitation of small and medium-sized rivers for wood transportation ensures the economic availability of wood raw materials located at a great distance from consumers. Short-term operation of timber rafting facilities and their movement from one place to another is typical for these rivers. At such facilities, the use of mobile fillable anchors is considered to be the most appropriate. The article provides a brief description of their design, installation and dismantling. The fabrication and effective application of such anchors requires appropriate justification of their parameters (the holding power, in particular). The purpose of this study is to develop the scientific basis for determining the holding power and effective application of these anchors. A theoretical justification for the process of interaction of the proposed anchor with the soil mass has been carried out. On the basis of this justification, two alternative formulas were obtained to determine the holding power provided by one section of the grouser. Calculations using these formulas give similar results. The dependences of the holding power on the determinants, such as the vertical load on one section of the grouser transmitted from the containers being filled, the coefficient of friction of the anchor material on the soil, the density of the soil, the coefficient of its internal friction and the depth of penetration of the grousers into the soil are approximately the same. Similar properties of these formulas allow to consider them reliable. The total holding power of the anchor is calculated according to the weight of the filled containers, the holding power of one section of the grouser and their number. The degree and nature of the influence of the determinants on the holding power of a mobile fillable gravity anchor have been established. An increase in any of them leads to an increase in the holding power. The most significant determinant is the vertical load on one section of the grouser. The dependence of the holding power on it is linear. To a lesser extent, in descending order, the angle of the internal friction of the soil, the coefficient of friction of the anchor material on the soil, and the density of the soil influence the holding power. The dimensions of the grouser and their change have little effect, but the very fact of their presence provides a sizeable proportion of the holding power of the anchor.
{"title":"Theoretical Justification of the Holding Power of a Mobile Anchor for Holding Timber-Rafting Objects","authors":"S. Posypanov, Konstantin V. Kozlov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-141-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-141-151","url":null,"abstract":"Exploitation of small and medium-sized rivers for wood transportation ensures the economic availability of wood raw materials located at a great distance from consumers. Short-term operation of timber rafting facilities and their movement from one place to another is typical for these rivers. At such facilities, the use of mobile fillable anchors is considered to be the most appropriate. The article provides a brief description of their design, installation and dismantling. The fabrication and effective application of such anchors requires appropriate justification of their parameters (the holding power, in particular). The purpose of this study is to develop the scientific basis for determining the holding power and effective application of these anchors. A theoretical justification for the process of interaction of the proposed anchor with the soil mass has been carried out. On the basis of this justification, two alternative formulas were obtained to determine the holding power provided by one section of the grouser. Calculations using these formulas give similar results. The dependences of the holding power on the determinants, such as the vertical load on one section of the grouser transmitted from the containers being filled, the coefficient of friction of the anchor material on the soil, the density of the soil, the coefficient of its internal friction and the depth of penetration of the grousers into the soil are approximately the same. Similar properties of these formulas allow to consider them reliable. The total holding power of the anchor is calculated according to the weight of the filled containers, the holding power of one section of the grouser and their number. The degree and nature of the influence of the determinants on the holding power of a mobile fillable gravity anchor have been established. An increase in any of them leads to an increase in the holding power. The most significant determinant is the vertical load on one section of the grouser. The dependence of the holding power on it is linear. To a lesser extent, in descending order, the angle of the internal friction of the soil, the coefficient of friction of the anchor material on the soil, and the density of the soil influence the holding power. The dimensions of the grouser and their change have little effect, but the very fact of their presence provides a sizeable proportion of the holding power of the anchor.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"138 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-168-181
Vladislav A. Martynov, M. Lisyatnikov, Anastasiya V. Lukina, S. Roshchina
This paper deals with the experimental research results of laminated wood beam structures made using lamellas produced from the pine trees, partially damaged in forest plantations. The purpose of the research has been to study the stress-strain state of laminated wood beam structures utilizing the wood damaged by the thermal exposure caused by a forest fire. Previously, the authors have carried out a significant amount of research into the physical, mechanical and strength properties of thermally damaged pine wood. They have established the dependence of the strength properties of the wood on the degree of fire damage and the wood sampling points according to the height of the stem. Prior to the experiment on the large-scale models in the “Lira 10.12” software complex, numerical studies of four series of single beams with a span of 6.0 m and a section of 140×500 mm produced from the 1st grade pine wood in the upper and lower parts of the section and from thermally damaged pine wood in the middle part of the section. A comparative analysis of the beams has been performed with varying percentages of replacement of the healthy pine wood with the one weakened by the fire along the height of the section: 76, 62, 51 and 36 %. As a result of the numerical calculation of the beams under study using the derived safety factor equaling 1.136, their actual load-bearing capacity has been determined. It has been established that a decrease in the load-bearing capacity of the СB-2 beams equals 12.2 kN, which is 16.05 % relative to the reference beam CB-5, made entirely of the 1st grade pine wood. For the CB-4 beams a decrease in the load-bearing capacity equals 7.4 kN, which is 9.74 % relative to the reference beam CB-5. The difference between the calculated and experimental breaking loads is 9.5 to 14.3 %. The introduction of the safety factor equaling 1.136 in the numerical calculation ensures sufficient convergence of the calculated and experimental data (the measurement error is 3 %). The load-bearing capacity of the reference beam СB-5, made entirely of the 1st grade pine wood, is 12.38 kN/m. For beams CB-1 to CB-4 it equals from 8.53 to 12.06 kN/m. The relative decrease in the load-bearing capacity did not exceed 31.1 to 32.5 %. It has been established that the CB-4 beam, made using 34 % of lamellas produced from thermally damaged pine wood, allows for the load-bearing capacity of 97.5 % relative to the beams made entirely of the 1st grade pine wood.
{"title":"The Use of Thermally Damaged Wood in Laminated Wood Beam Structures","authors":"Vladislav A. Martynov, M. Lisyatnikov, Anastasiya V. Lukina, S. Roshchina","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-168-181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-1-168-181","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the experimental research results of laminated wood beam structures made using lamellas produced from the pine trees, partially damaged in forest plantations. The purpose of the research has been to study the stress-strain state of laminated wood beam structures utilizing the wood damaged by the thermal exposure caused by a forest fire. Previously, the authors have carried out a significant amount of research into the physical, mechanical and strength properties of thermally damaged pine wood. They have established the dependence of the strength properties of the wood on the degree of fire damage and the wood sampling points according to the height of the stem. Prior to the experiment on the large-scale models in the “Lira 10.12” software complex, numerical studies of four series of single beams with a span of 6.0 m and a section of 140×500 mm produced from the 1st grade pine wood in the upper and lower parts of the section and from thermally damaged pine wood in the middle part of the section. A comparative analysis of the beams has been performed with varying percentages of replacement of the healthy pine wood with the one weakened by the fire along the height of the section: 76, 62, 51 and 36 %. As a result of the numerical calculation of the beams under study using the derived safety factor equaling 1.136, their actual load-bearing capacity has been determined. It has been established that a decrease in the load-bearing capacity of the СB-2 beams equals 12.2 kN, which is 16.05 % relative to the reference beam CB-5, made entirely of the 1st grade pine wood. For the CB-4 beams a decrease in the load-bearing capacity equals 7.4 kN, which is 9.74 % relative to the reference beam CB-5. The difference between the calculated and experimental breaking loads is 9.5 to 14.3 %. The introduction of the safety factor equaling 1.136 in the numerical calculation ensures sufficient convergence of the calculated and experimental data (the measurement error is 3 %). The load-bearing capacity of the reference beam СB-5, made entirely of the 1st grade pine wood, is 12.38 kN/m. For beams CB-1 to CB-4 it equals from 8.53 to 12.06 kN/m. The relative decrease in the load-bearing capacity did not exceed 31.1 to 32.5 %. It has been established that the CB-4 beam, made using 34 % of lamellas produced from thermally damaged pine wood, allows for the load-bearing capacity of 97.5 % relative to the beams made entirely of the 1st grade pine wood.","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"215 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-81-101
B. Raevsky, A. A. Ilinov, Maria V. Medvedeva, Oksana V. Rudkovskaya
The concept and current results of setting up the forest monitoring network at the Kostomukshska Strict Nature Reserve (Zapovednik) are presented. It has been demonstrated that pine forests predominate in the reserve’s forest cover (80.4 % of the forested area), followed by spruce (19.1 %) and birch (0.5 %). The ecological spectrum of the reserve’s forests comprises 7 groups of forest types, with the bilberry group prevailing (67 %) both among pine and among spruce stands. In terms of age structure, coniferous stands in the reserve are even-aged, multi-aged and all-aged, representing stages of the post-catastrophic regeneration succession and phases of subclimax and climax community cycles. Analysis of spatial patterns in the distribution of pristine and secondary forests has shown that anthropogenically altered forests are mainly situated in the western part of the reserve, at the border with Finland. The eastern part is a concentration of pristine north-taiga forests with a distinct mosaic of natural age dynamics phases. It was suggested that the forest monitoring network should be based on the landscape typological and spatial-temporal approaches taking into account the sublandscape-level structure of the reserve’s natural territorial complex and the distribution of forests in the study area by the rate of anthropogenic influence, prevalent species, forest types, and age structure types. Permanent sample plots will be established within 3 model areas (sites). For each of the 5 forest types of pine and 2 types of spruce stands, such plots should represent all age groups of even-aged stands (4 sample plots at maximum), and at least one sample plot should be allocated for each type (subtype) of the uneven-aged structure. The preliminary estimate is that, in total, there should be at least 98 permanent sample plots in the forest monitoring network of the Kostomukshskiy Zapovednik. So many units are needed to work out the algorithm for correcting the existing forest compartment characteristics given by the forest inventory in what concerns the age structure and the succession phase of stands. It is foreseen that all the factual material thus amassed will serve as the basis for modeling the scenarios of the natural dynamics of this forest massif and, perhaps, of other objects with similar structure. For citation: Raevsky B.V., Ilinov A.A., Medvedeva M.V., Rudkovskaya O.V. The Natural Dynamics Monitoring System of the Forests in the Kostomukshsky Reserve. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 81–101. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-81-101
{"title":"The Natural Dynamics Monitoring System of the Forests in the Kostomukshsky Reserve","authors":"B. Raevsky, A. A. Ilinov, Maria V. Medvedeva, Oksana V. Rudkovskaya","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-81-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-81-101","url":null,"abstract":"The concept and current results of setting up the forest monitoring network at the Kostomukshska Strict Nature Reserve (Zapovednik) are presented. It has been demonstrated that pine forests predominate in the reserve’s forest cover (80.4 % of the forested area), followed by spruce (19.1 %) and birch (0.5 %). The ecological spectrum of the reserve’s forests comprises 7 groups of forest types, with the bilberry group prevailing (67 %) both among pine and among spruce stands. In terms of age structure, coniferous stands in the reserve are even-aged, multi-aged and all-aged, representing stages of the post-catastrophic regeneration succession and phases of subclimax and climax community cycles. Analysis of spatial patterns in the distribution of pristine and secondary forests has shown that anthropogenically altered forests are mainly situated in the western part of the reserve, at the border with Finland. The eastern part is a concentration of pristine north-taiga forests with a distinct mosaic of natural age dynamics phases. It was suggested that the forest monitoring network should be based on the landscape typological and spatial-temporal approaches taking into account the sublandscape-level structure of the reserve’s natural territorial complex and the distribution of forests in the study area by the rate of anthropogenic influence, prevalent species, forest types, and age structure types. Permanent sample plots will be established within 3 model areas (sites). For each of the 5 forest types of pine and 2 types of spruce stands, such plots should represent all age groups of even-aged stands (4 sample plots at maximum), and at least one sample plot should be allocated for each type (subtype) of the uneven-aged structure. The preliminary estimate is that, in total, there should be at least 98 permanent sample plots in the forest monitoring network of the Kostomukshskiy Zapovednik. So many units are needed to work out the algorithm for correcting the existing forest compartment characteristics given by the forest inventory in what concerns the age structure and the succession phase of stands. It is foreseen that all the factual material thus amassed will serve as the basis for modeling the scenarios of the natural dynamics of this forest massif and, perhaps, of other objects with similar structure. For citation: Raevsky B.V., Ilinov A.A., Medvedeva M.V., Rudkovskaya O.V. The Natural Dynamics Monitoring System of the Forests in the Kostomukshsky Reserve. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 81–101. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-81-101","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-9-30
V. Fomin, S. V. Zalesov, A. Popov, A. Mikhailovich, Natalya S. Ivanova
The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis of the main Russian forest type classifications: forest-ecological classification by E.V. Alekseev – P.S. Pogrebnyak, phytocoenotic classification by V.N. Sukachev, genetic classification by B.A. Ivashkevich – B.P. Kolesnikov and dynamic one by I.S. Melekhov. The comparison is made on the following positions: the content of the concept of classification unit (type of habitat conditions, forest type); peculiarities of the classification unit boundary; classification features for determining the type of habitat conditions; distinctive features of phytocenosis classification for establishing the forest type; the degree of consideration of successional dynamics of forest plantations and the influence of anthropogenic factors; the level of implementation in forestry practice and regions of implementation. It is established that during the development of forest typologies the idea of forest type changed from a forest area that is homogeneous in composition, structure and appearance (homogeneity in space) in natural classifications to the idea of forest type with the priority of homogeneity in origin (genesis), development processes and dynamics (homogeneity in time) in comparison with the homogeneity of composition and structure in genetic and dynamic typologies. The geographical distribution of forest-ecological, phytocenotic and genetic classifications of forest types in the Russian Federation at the present moment is given. Forest-ecological classifications are used mainly in the southern regions of the European Russia and in the North Caucasus. Forest typologies based on the genetic approach to forest type classification are used in Western Siberia, in the south of the Far East and Eastern Siberia, and in some regions of the Urals. In the rest of the Russian Federation, phytocenotic classifications of forest types are used. The unification of existing typologies into a single classification is possible on the basis of the genetic approach, as natural typologies within the framework of this approach can be a component of genetic classifications. The solution of the problem of combining the use of different typologies in one region will provide the level of forest inventory, allowing to optimize forest management and compare the obtained data both for the subjects of the Russian Federation and for the country as a whole. For citation: Fomin V.V., Ivanova N.S., Zalesov S.V., Popov A.S., Mikhailovich A.P. Forest Typologies in the Russian Federation. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 9–30. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-9-30
{"title":"Forest Typologies in the Russian Federation","authors":"V. Fomin, S. V. Zalesov, A. Popov, A. Mikhailovich, Natalya S. Ivanova","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-9-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-9-30","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis of the main Russian forest type classifications: forest-ecological classification by E.V. Alekseev – P.S. Pogrebnyak, phytocoenotic classification by V.N. Sukachev, genetic classification by B.A. Ivashkevich – B.P. Kolesnikov and dynamic one by I.S. Melekhov. The comparison is made on the following positions: the content of the concept of classification unit (type of habitat conditions, forest type); peculiarities of the classification unit boundary; classification features for determining the type of habitat conditions; distinctive features of phytocenosis classification for establishing the forest type; the degree of consideration of successional dynamics of forest plantations and the influence of anthropogenic factors; the level of implementation in forestry practice and regions of implementation. It is established that during the development of forest typologies the idea of forest type changed from a forest area that is homogeneous in composition, structure and appearance (homogeneity in space) in natural classifications to the idea of forest type with the priority of homogeneity in origin (genesis), development processes and dynamics (homogeneity in time) in comparison with the homogeneity of composition and structure in genetic and dynamic typologies. The geographical distribution of forest-ecological, phytocenotic and genetic classifications of forest types in the Russian Federation at the present moment is given. Forest-ecological classifications are used mainly in the southern regions of the European Russia and in the North Caucasus. Forest typologies based on the genetic approach to forest type classification are used in Western Siberia, in the south of the Far East and Eastern Siberia, and in some regions of the Urals. In the rest of the Russian Federation, phytocenotic classifications of forest types are used. The unification of existing typologies into a single classification is possible on the basis of the genetic approach, as natural typologies within the framework of this approach can be a component of genetic classifications. The solution of the problem of combining the use of different typologies in one region will provide the level of forest inventory, allowing to optimize forest management and compare the obtained data both for the subjects of the Russian Federation and for the country as a whole. For citation: Fomin V.V., Ivanova N.S., Zalesov S.V., Popov A.S., Mikhailovich A.P. Forest Typologies in the Russian Federation. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 9–30. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-9-30","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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