Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-70-80
Sergey V. Tretyakov, S. Koptev, Alexey A. Karaban, A. Paramonov, Alexander V. Davydov
In order to organize, plan and conduct forest management on a scientific basis in stands with predominance and participation of gray alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), formed in the conditions of the taiga zone, reliable data on the structure, growth and productivity of stands are needed. At present, there is an urgent need to develop growth progress tables for gray alder stands, as the areas occupied by this species have significantly increased as a result of abandoned agricultural lands overgrowth. The development of a unified system of regulatory and reference materials for accounting the number, assessment of the condition and volume of use of stands of gray alder in the European North of Russia is an important and urgent task. Growth progress tables for normal gray alder stands located in the taiga zone of the north-east of the European part of Russia have not been developed by anyone before. The purpose of this research is to study the age dynamics of normal gray alder stands to compile growth progress tables. We used 193 model trees of gray alder, as well as data from 175 sample plots. As a research result for the growth progress tables with relative stands density of 1.0 we obtained the equations for determining the average height, diameter, and stands stock by bonity classes. On the basis of the obtained equations, the tables of growth progress of normal stands by bonity classes were developed. The proposed tables will contribute to improving the accuracy of forest inventory, will give the opportunity to objectively assess the forest resources of the most represented stands, to forecast their growth when performing a set of works on the protection, conservation, and reproduction of forest resources, improving the ecological functions of the forest, as well as to control management in stands. For citation: Tretyakov S.V., Koptev S.V., Karaban A.A., Paramonov A.A., Davydov A.V. Age Dynamics of Normal Gray Alder Stands in the Taiga Zone of the North-East of the European Part of Russia. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 70–80. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-70-80
{"title":"Age Dynamics of Normal Gray Alder Stands in the Taiga Zone of the North-East of the European Part of Russia","authors":"Sergey V. Tretyakov, S. Koptev, Alexey A. Karaban, A. Paramonov, Alexander V. Davydov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-70-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-70-80","url":null,"abstract":"In order to organize, plan and conduct forest management on a scientific basis in stands with predominance and participation of gray alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), formed in the conditions of the taiga zone, reliable data on the structure, growth and productivity of stands are needed. At present, there is an urgent need to develop growth progress tables for gray alder stands, as the areas occupied by this species have significantly increased as a result of abandoned agricultural lands overgrowth. The development of a unified system of regulatory and reference materials for accounting the number, assessment of the condition and volume of use of stands of gray alder in the European North of Russia is an important and urgent task. Growth progress tables for normal gray alder stands located in the taiga zone of the north-east of the European part of Russia have not been developed by anyone before. The purpose of this research is to study the age dynamics of normal gray alder stands to compile growth progress tables. We used 193 model trees of gray alder, as well as data from 175 sample plots. As a research result for the growth progress tables with relative stands density of 1.0 we obtained the equations for determining the average height, diameter, and stands stock by bonity classes. On the basis of the obtained equations, the tables of growth progress of normal stands by bonity classes were developed. The proposed tables will contribute to improving the accuracy of forest inventory, will give the opportunity to objectively assess the forest resources of the most represented stands, to forecast their growth when performing a set of works on the protection, conservation, and reproduction of forest resources, improving the ecological functions of the forest, as well as to control management in stands. For citation: Tretyakov S.V., Koptev S.V., Karaban A.A., Paramonov A.A., Davydov A.V. Age Dynamics of Normal Gray Alder Stands in the Taiga Zone of the North-East of the European Part of Russia. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 70–80. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-70-80","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-176-189
Кsenia S. Vashukova, Konstantin Y. Terentyev, Dmitry G. Chukhchin, A. D. Ivakhnov, D. Poshina
Cellulose esters are actively used in the production of new by-products, drugs, and materials. Plant raw materials are the main source for the production of cellulose derivatives. The production of cellulose by microbial synthesis is also becoming promising. Despite similar pathways of microfibril biosynthesis, cellulose samples of plant and bacterial origin differ in a number of structural features. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the topological structure of cellulose of plant and bacterial origin on the acetylation and nitration processes. Cotton and kraft cellulose were used as samples of plant cellulose. Bacterial cellulose was obtained in the laboratory using a mixed community of microorganisms under static conditions on synthetic glucose media. Nitration of cellulose samples was carried out with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids; and the degree of substitution was calculated from the nitrogen content determined by the ferrosulfate method. The IR spectra of samples of the original cotton cellulose, as well as nitrates of bacterial and cotton cellulose, were recorded on a Vertex-70 infrared Fourier spectrometer in the range of wave numbers 4000…400 cm–1. Cellulose acetylation was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide by direct acetylation in an SFE-5000 supercritical fluid extraction system, Thar Process. The content of bound acetic acid in cellulose acetate was determined titrimetrically and then the degree of substitution was calculated. Fibers of plant cellulose and fibrils of bacterial cellulose were visualized by electron and atomic force microscopy. The yield of nitrate from pure cotton cellulose was 160 %, i.e., the degree of substitution was 2.20. Cellulose nitrate obtained from bacterial cellulose under similar conditions had a degree of substitution of 1.96. A new method of direct acetylation of lyophilically dried preparations of bacterial cellulose in supercritical carbon dioxide was proposed, which allows the process to be carried out without acid catalyst and at reduced consumption of acetylating agent. Acetylation of plant kraft cellulose showed a degree of substitution of 2.40, for bacterial cellulose – yield of diacetyl cellulose with the content of acetyl groups 50 %, this corresponds to the degree of substitution of 2.10. The obtaining of esters is due to both topochemical features of microfibrils and crystallinity of the material. For citation: Vashukova K.S., Terentyev K.Y., Chukhchin D.G., Ivakhnov A.D., Poshina D.N. Effect of Topological Structure of Cellulose on the Processes of Acetylation and Nitration. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 176–189. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-176-189
{"title":"Effect of Topological Structure of Cellulose on the Processes of Acetylation and Nitration","authors":"Кsenia S. Vashukova, Konstantin Y. Terentyev, Dmitry G. Chukhchin, A. D. Ivakhnov, D. Poshina","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-176-189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-176-189","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose esters are actively used in the production of new by-products, drugs, and materials. Plant raw materials are the main source for the production of cellulose derivatives. The production of cellulose by microbial synthesis is also becoming promising. Despite similar pathways of microfibril biosynthesis, cellulose samples of plant and bacterial origin differ in a number of structural features. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the topological structure of cellulose of plant and bacterial origin on the acetylation and nitration processes. Cotton and kraft cellulose were used as samples of plant cellulose. Bacterial cellulose was obtained in the laboratory using a mixed community of microorganisms under static conditions on synthetic glucose media. Nitration of cellulose samples was carried out with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids; and the degree of substitution was calculated from the nitrogen content determined by the ferrosulfate method. The IR spectra of samples of the original cotton cellulose, as well as nitrates of bacterial and cotton cellulose, were recorded on a Vertex-70 infrared Fourier spectrometer in the range of wave numbers 4000…400 cm–1. Cellulose acetylation was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide by direct acetylation in an SFE-5000 supercritical fluid extraction system, Thar Process. The content of bound acetic acid in cellulose acetate was determined titrimetrically and then the degree of substitution was calculated. Fibers of plant cellulose and fibrils of bacterial cellulose were visualized by electron and atomic force microscopy. The yield of nitrate from pure cotton cellulose was 160 %, i.e., the degree of substitution was 2.20. Cellulose nitrate obtained from bacterial cellulose under similar conditions had a degree of substitution of 1.96. A new method of direct acetylation of lyophilically dried preparations of bacterial cellulose in supercritical carbon dioxide was proposed, which allows the process to be carried out without acid catalyst and at reduced consumption of acetylating agent. Acetylation of plant kraft cellulose showed a degree of substitution of 2.40, for bacterial cellulose – yield of diacetyl cellulose with the content of acetyl groups 50 %, this corresponds to the degree of substitution of 2.10. The obtaining of esters is due to both topochemical features of microfibrils and crystallinity of the material. For citation: Vashukova K.S., Terentyev K.Y., Chukhchin D.G., Ivakhnov A.D., Poshina D.N. Effect of Topological Structure of Cellulose on the Processes of Acetylation and Nitration. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 176–189. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-176-189","PeriodicalId":508281,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal)","volume":"52 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-44-56
N. Tantsyrev, Stanislav N. Sannikov, V. Usoltsev
One of the main problems of forest ecology is to identify the patterns of the dynamics of natural populations of woody plants at the stage of their renewal, which programs the entire subsequent structure and development of plant ecosystems. The process of reforestation is determined by both the dynamics of seed production and the peculiarities of the seed distribution of forest-forming tree species. The renewal of five-needled pines of the Cembrae subsection with wingless seeds is due to their close trophic relationships with birds of the genus Nucifraga sp., which spread seeds, creating soil forage stocks. The purpose of this study is to reveal geographical features of the relationship between seed production and renewal of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) with the intermediary participation of the thin-billed nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchos Brehm C.L.). The research was carried out in 3 geographical regions of Pinus sibirica forests: in the forests of the Aldan Highlands in Southern Yakutia (59º40´ N., 125º24´ E.), the Northern Urals in the area of the Denezhkin Kamen mountain (60º25´ N., 59º32´ E.), and the Khamar-Daban Mountain range in the South-Eastern Baikal region (51º32´ N., 103º32´ E.). It is shown that each region of the Pinus sibirica growth differs in the dynamics of both seed production and renewal. It was found that the abundance of Pinus sibirica seedlings in the forests of the Aldan Highlands is positively associated (R2 = 0.46) with the yield of cones the previous year. The number of seedlings in the Northern Urals and Khamar-Daban is negatively related to the yield of cones of last year but is positively (R2 = 0.48–0.49) associated with the yield of cones of the year before last. We believe that seedlings in any case appear from the seeds of last year's yield. But the visible connection is due to the activity of the nutcracker. As a result of the stationary studies conducted in the Northern Urals, we identified a constant close (R2 = 0.81) positive relationship between the number of Pinus sibirica seedlings and the number of nutcrackers during the period of seed storage and dispersal in August-September of the previous year. It is assumed that the nature of the dynamics of seed production in the region affects the change in the number of nutcrackers during the seed harvesting period, which in turn determines the abundance of Pinus sibirica seedlings next year. This determines the revealed differences in the dynamics of Pinus sibirica renewal and its dependence on the yields of tree cones in the regions under consideration. For citation: Tantsyrev N.V., Sannikov S.N., Usoltsev V.А. Geographical Features of Pinus sibirica Du Tour Renewal. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 44–56. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-44-56
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-162-175
Rishat A. Iksanov, A. Kanarsky, Z. Kanarskaya, Venera M. Gеmatdinova, Ekaterina V. Belkina
The effectiveness of cultivation of microalgae Dunaliella salina in the nutrient medium from neutral-sulfite alkalis obtained during the production of cellulose from birch wood, with additional sodium chloride addition was established. D. salina microalgae were isolated from the bottom sediment of the Koyash Lake of the Kerch Peninsula. It was shown that the physiological activity of microalgae was affected by the amount of sodium chloride introduced into the nutrient medium. When up to 5 % sodium chloride is added to the nutrient medium. D. salina microalgae exhibit halotolerant properties when up to 5 % of sodium chloride is added to the nutrient medium. With an increase in the amount of sodium chloride introduced up to 30 %, D. salina culture exhibits halophilic properties. The best kinetic characteristics of the growth of D. salina when cultivated in the nutrient medium from neutral sulfite alkalis were observed at halophilic physiological activity. The yield of biomass of D. salina microalgae when cultivated in the nutrient medium without and when 5 % sodium chloride was added to the nutrient medium from neutral-sulfite alkalis is higher compared to the addition of 15 and 30 % sodium chloride to the nutrient medium. However, the accumulation of protein has an opposite dependence, in particular, the protein content of the culture fluid, in which 15 and 30 % sodium chloride was applied is higher than that when 5 % sodium chloride was applied. With an increase in the duration of cultivation up to 240 hours, a decrease in the pH of the nutrient medium from 7.04 to 4.70 was observed, this was due to the assimilation by microalgae of mineral and organic-bound nitrogen present in the nutrient medium from neutral-sulfite alkalis. It was established that during cultivation microalgae assimilate both reducing substances and coloring substances present in the nutrient medium, which results in intensive cell growth. With an increase in the duration of cultivation of microalgae, an increase in the number of cells in the culture fluid to 4 ⋅ 106 cl/ml was observed, which at the same time synthesize the extracellular enzyme xylanase, which contributes to the additional formation of reducing substances in the nutrient medium due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan. The obtained research results show the prospects of using neutral-sulfite alkalis in biotechnology in the cultivation of D. salina microalgae for the production of biological products. For citation: Iksanov R.A., Kanarsky A.V., Kanarskaya Z.A., Gеmatdinova V.M. Cultivation of Dunaliella salina Microalgae in the Nutrient Medium from Neutral-Sulfite Alkalis. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 162–175. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-162-175
利用从桦木纤维素生产过程中获得的中性亚硫酸氢盐作为营养介质，并添加氯化钠，确定了在这种介质中培养微藻类杜纳利藻的有效性。从刻赤半岛科亚什湖底沉积物中分离出了盐生杜父鱼微藻。研究表明，微藻的生理活性受营养培养基中氯化钠含量的影响。当营养介质中氯化钠的添加量达到 5%时。当营养培养基中氯化钠的含量达到 5%时，D. salina 微藻类表现出耐卤特性。随着氯化钠添加量增加到 30%，D. salina 微藻培养物表现出亲卤特性。在嗜卤生理活性下，在中性亚硫酸碱营养培养基中培养出的丹顶鹤具有最佳的生长动力学特征。与在营养培养基中添加 15%和 30%的氯化钠相比，在不添加和添加 5%氯化钠的中性亚硫酸碱营养培养基中培养盐渍微藻的生物量产量更高。然而，蛋白质的积累却有相反的依赖性，特别是，添加 15% 和 30% 氯化钠的培养液中蛋白质含量高于添加 5% 氯化钠的培养液中蛋白质含量。随着培养时间延长至 240 小时，观察到营养介质的 pH 值从 7.04 降至 4.70，这是由于微藻从中性亚硫酸盐碱中同化了营养介质中的矿物氮和有机结合氮。实验证明，在培养过程中，微藻会吸收营养介质中的还原物质和着色物质，从而导致细胞大量生长。随着微藻培养时间的延长，培养液中的细胞数量增加到 4 ⋅ 106 cl/ml，同时合成胞外酶木聚糖酶，由于木聚糖酶解作用，营养介质中形成了额外的还原物质。研究结果表明，在生物技术中使用中性亚硫酸碱培养 D. salina 微藻以生产生物产品具有广阔的前景。供引用：Iksanov R.A., Kanarsky A.V., Kanarskaya Z.A., Gеmatdinova V.M. Cultivation of Dunaliella salina Microalgae in the Nutrient Medium from Neutral-Sulfite Alkalis.Lesnoy Zhurnal = 俄罗斯林业期刊》，2023 年第 6 期，第 162-175 页。(In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-162-175
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-57-69
Damdinjamts Jagdag, G. Batsaikhan, N. Baatarbileg, A. Lobanov, S. Gerelbaatar
The development of seedling production technology and methods of establishing highyielding plantations of Picea obovata Ledeb. on a scientific basis is one of the urgent problems of forestry in Mongolia. In this study, we aimed to solve the following problems: to conduct a comparative analysis of the seedling growth parameters and biomass accumulation grown on different nutrient substrates; to assess the relationship between seedling growth, biomass accumulation and soil properties; to determine the most optimal nutrient substrates for seedling production of Siberian spruce in greenhouse conditions in Northern Mongolia. Six formulations of nutrient substrates (T1, Т2, Т3, Т4, Т5, Т6) were used for the seedling production of Picea obovata Ledeb. in greenhouses equipped with a sprinkler system. Nutrient substrates were prepared using black soil, manure, compost, peat, sawdust, sand in different composition ratios. During the 4-year-observation period height, root collar diameter, root length and aboveground and belowground biomass of seedlings were measured at the end of each growing season. We divided the biomass of seedlings into several structural elements. We found that all tested nutrient substrates, except the control substrate, had a positive effect on seedling growth in height and diameter. Comparative analyses showed that different ratio and composition of black soil, compost, manure, sawdust, and sand in the nutrient substrate had different effects on seedling growth (p > 0.001) and biomass accumulation (p > 0.001). Among the proposed nutrient substrates, the treatments T2 (50 % black soil + 20 % sand + 20 % peat + 10 % compost) and T6 (60 % black soil + 20 % sand + 10 % peat + 10 % compost) were selected as the most effective soil substrate that are suitable for further seedling production of Siberian spruce under greenhouse conditions in Mongolia. There fore, it was observed that good root system development was a determinant of seedling growth in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass accumulation especially from 3–4 years of age. Spruce seedling growth was positively correlated not only with humus content (r = 0.46), but also with soil acidity (r = 0.43) and available phosphorus (r = 0.48). The results of this investigation made an important contribution to the development of production technology for growing standard and large-sized seedlings of Picea obovata in greenhouse complexes in Northern Mongolia. For citation: Jagdag D., Batsaikhan G., Baatarbileg N., Lobanov A.I., Gerelbaatar S. Effect of Nutrient Substrate on Seedling Growth and Biomass Allocation of Picea obovata Ledeb. in Northern Mongolia. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 57–69. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-57-69
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-31-43
Tatiana A. Pristova, A.L. Fedorkov, A. B. Novakovsky
The purpose of this work is to evaluate and comparatively analyze the above ground phytomass of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in experimental cultures. The results of studies of experimental cultures of lodgepde pine in Syktyvkar forestry of the Komi Republic are presented. The cultures were established by planting 2-year-old seedlings in spring 2006 on a pine clear-cut in 2004 with the area of 1 ha. Pine seedlings of local origin were used for control. The aboveground phytomass of both species was assessed using the model tree method. Moisture content and absolute dry matter content of phytomass components were determined. For the majority of phytomass fractions of lodgepde pine the dry matter content is higher than that of common pine. The weight of model trees of Scots pine in absolutely dry state ranges from 3 to 17 kg, lodgepde pine – from 4 to 27 kg depending on the diameter. Regression analysis of data on model trees was carried out. It is shown that the allometric (steppe) equation can be used to calculate the total aboveground phytomass and the mass of most of its fractions. The exception is the mass of dry branches, for which allometric dependence on trunk diameter was not found. The weight of phytomass in freshly cut condition is 21 t/ha for Scots pine, 32 t/ha for lodgepde pine, and 8.1 and 12.5 t/ha in absolutely dry condition, respectively. The structure of aboveground phytomass of the studied species is quite similar, except for needles, the share of which is higher in lodgepde pine than in Scots pine. The weight of almost all components of lodgepde pine phytomass, except for dry twigs, is 20–50 % higher compared to Scots pine. The total aboveground phytomass of lodgepde pine in cultures at a planting density of 2.5 t/ha is 1.5 times higher than that of Scots pine. The obtained results are necessary for replenishment of the database on productivity and in the future for estimation of carbon deposition by artificial plantations. For citation: Pristova T.A., Fedorkov A.L., Novakovsky A.B. Aboveground Stand Phytomass in Experimental Cultures of Lodgepole Pine in Syktyvkar Forestry of the Komi Republic. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 31–43. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-31-43
这项工作的目的是评估和比较分析实验培养的落羽松（Pinus contorta Dougl.）和苏格兰松（Pinus sylvestris L.）的地上植物量。本文介绍了在科米共和国 Syktyvkar 林场对实验培养的落羽松进行研究的结果。栽培方法是于 2006 年春季在 2004 年砍伐的面积为 1 公顷的松树林上种植 2 年树龄的树苗。当地的松树树苗被用作对照。采用模型树法评估了两种树种的地上植物量。测定了植物体成分的水分含量和绝对干物质含量。在大部分植物体部分中，落羽松的干物质含量高于普通松树。苏格兰松树模型树在绝对干燥状态下的重量为 3 至 17 千克，而落羽松则为 4 至 27 千克（取决于直径）。对模型树的数据进行了回归分析。结果表明，异速（草原）方程可用于计算地上植物总重量及其大部分部分的质量。干树枝的质量是个例外，没有发现它与树干直径的异速关系。苏格兰松树在新伐状态下的植物体重量为 21 吨/公顷，罗汉松为 32 吨/公顷，绝对干燥状态下的植物体重量分别为 8.1 吨/公顷和 12.5 吨/公顷。研究物种的地上植物体结构非常相似，但针叶除外，落羽松的针叶比例高于苏格兰松。与苏格兰松树相比，除干树枝外，几乎所有落羽松植物体的重量都比苏格兰松树高 20-50%。在种植密度为 2.5 吨/公顷的栽培环境中，落羽松的地上植物总重量是苏格兰松的 1.5 倍。获得的结果对于补充生产力数据库以及将来估算人工植树造林的碳沉积是非常必要的。供引用：Pristova T.A., Fedorkov A.L., Novakovsky A.B. Aboveground Stand Phytomass in Experimental Cultures of Lodgepole Pine in Syktyvkar Forestry of the Komi Republic.Lesnoy Zhurnal = 俄罗斯林业期刊》，2023 年第 6 期，第 31-43 页。(俄文）。https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-31-43
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-114-135
Pavel V. Budnik, Vyacheslav N. Baklagin, Oleg N. Galaktionov
The purpose of this study is to classify the territories of the forest fund of the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk region at the level of central forestries on the basis of multifactorial assessment of timber resources, natural and production conditions, and road infrastructure. Forest exploitation zoning was carried out taking into account 20 variables. For this purpose, factor and hierarchical cluster analysis, k-means method and discriminant analysis were successively applied. Based on statistical methods, all central forestries were distributed into 9 clusters: 4 large clusters (No. 2, 3, 8, 9), including several forestries, and 5 (No. 1, 4–7), each formed by one forestry. Forestries of cluster No. 2 had large annual allowable cut (AAC), significant average forest reserve per hectare and hardwood reserve. Forestries of cluster No. 3 were characterized by small AAC and forest reserves per hectare. Cluster No. 8 forestries were characterized by average AAC and forest stock per hectare, high proportion of forests in stagnant moisture conditions. Forestries of cluster No. 9 were intermediate in their characteristics between the forestries of clusters No. 2 and No. 8. The forestry of cluster No. 1 is close to the forestry of cluster No. 2 in its characteristics, but its forests are more productive. Forestries of small clusters No. 4, 6, 7 have the highest forest stock per hectare. Differences in some variables did not allow them to be combined into one cluster. The forestry of cluster No. 5 is similar in terms of natural and production conditions to the forestry of cluster No. 3 but had a small estimated harvesting area for the coniferous component. The results of the study can be considered when solving the issues of organization and development of forestry and forest industry complex in the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk region. For citation: Budnik P.V., Baklagin V.N., Galaktionov O.N. Forest Exploitation Zoning of Forest Subarctic Territories. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 114–135. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-023-6-114-135
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-204-214
I. A. Goncharova, Larisa N. Skripalschikova, A. Barchenkov
The dynamics of the understorey vegetation cover in anthropogenically transformed cenoses of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the period 2017–2020 was studied. The studies were conducted in a diverse herbaceous group of forest types of natural origin in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe zone. The forest stands are characterized by I–IV classes of bonitet, density 0.5–0.9 and IV–VII class of age. Vegetation cover was studied at each monitoring site on 30 (1 m2) survey plots: species composition, projective cover, species occurrence, horizontal and vertical structure of phytocenosis. The intensity of change in species composition over a 4-year period was identified using the Serensen-Chekanovsky coefficient. Species diversity was assessed using Shannon index, recreational transformation of living ground cover – synanthropization index. Based on the results of the study, the species composition of the undergrowth and living ground cover was determined, and the features of its change in the period 2017–2020 were described. Based on the analysis of changes in species diversity, composition and projective cover of dominants and co-dominants, quantitative ratio of ecological and cenotic groups, the stages of recreational transformation of the ground cover were determined. As a result of the increased recreational load, the stage of recreational transformation of the vegetation cover changed: in sample area 1 from undisturbed to the 1st (initial) phase I stage (weak transformation), in sample area 3 – from the 1st to the 2nd (final) phase I stage. Due to the absence of anthropogenic influence, the undisturbed vegetation cover was preserved in sample area 4, whereas in sample areas 2 and 5, due to the constant recreational load, the 2nd phase I stage of vegetation cover transformation observed in 2017 remained. To reduce the impact on the lower tiers of vegetation under the canopy of pine plantations (sample areas 1–3) and to preserve its species diversity, it is possible to recommend the arrangement of a specific road-trail network. For citation: Goncharova I.A., Skripalschikova L.N., Barchenkov A.P. Dynamics of Understory Vegetation Cover in Anthropogenically Disturbed Pine Cenoses of Krasnoyarsk Forest-Steppe. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 204–214. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-204-214
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-190-203
O. Brovko, I. Palamarchuk, N. Gorshkova, N. Bogdanovich, A. D. Ivakhnov
Nowadays aerogel materials (AM) are successfully used as entero- and applicative sorbents to eliminate excessive amounts of heavy metals and toxins from living organisms. Natural biopolymers alginate and chitosan, as well as various lignin derivatives are an inexhaustible raw material base for the creation of AM. A significant number of sorption materials and wound coatings of various types have been developed on their basis, which is associated not only with a wide range of physicochemical properties of these polymers and their already proven biomedical activity, but also with the prevalence and renewability of raw material sources for the production of these polymers, ease of extraction, the possibility of achieving a high degree of purification and relatively low price. The key stage in the AM synthesis is the formation of a strong hydrogel which is the AM framework. One of the technological methods is to obtain interpolyelectrolyte solid hydrogel. The paper proposes two different packaging models for the formation of the structure of interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) based on biopolymers pairs: sodium alginate (ALNa)–chitosan (CT) and sodium lignosulfonate (LSNa)–CT. The first model is a block model, in which the structure is formed due to ionic bonds between the carboxyl groups of ALNa and amino groups of CT, as well as a cooperative system of hydrogen bonds and dispersion interactions. The second model is an aggregation-tubular model, the structure of which is formed through ionic bonds between sulfogroups (within the rod-shaped supramolecular structures of LSNa) and amino groups of CT, as well as hydrogen bonds and dispersion interactions. Upon the process of IPEC drying under supercritical (SC-) conditions, strong phase contacts are formed, and the changes in the gel structure become irreversible. As a result, hydrophobic micro- and mesoporous two-component AMs differing in internal structure were obtained. AM ALNa–CT are characterized by fibrillar structure, and LSNa–CT – by structural elements of spherical shape. The obtained AM ALNa–CT and LSNa–CT have high sorption activity towards water and a wide range of heavy metals and low molecular weight toxins. The purpose of the work is to study the structural and sorption properties of AM based on biopolymers of various structural organization. A significant increase in the sorption activity of AM ALNa–CT in comparison with LSNa–CT is apparently due to their different supramolecular structure. There is a combination of several sorption mechanisms such as wetting, absorption, diffusion, osmotic phenomena and chemical interaction due to the highly porous structure of AM and the presence of sorption-active centers. For citation: Brovko O.S., Palamarchuk I.A., Gorshkova N.A., Bogdanovich N.I., Ivakhnov A.D. Sorption and Structural Properties of Aerogel Materials Based on Biopolymers. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 190–203. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/053
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-149-161
A. Titunin, Alexander A. Fedotov, T. N. Vakhnina, I. Susoeva, Meline S. Gevorgyan
One of the promising materials for construction are wooden glued structures. According to the current regulatory documents, for the production of such structures coniferous wood is usually used, the reserves of which in industrially developed areas have significantly decreased over the last decades. At the same time, in a number of regions of Russia there is a significant raw material reserve of aspen wood, which has been successfully used in the construction of buildings and structures for many centuries. Its physical and mechanical characteristics differ from pine wood from 3.2 to 18.6 %. Therefore, it can be considered as an alternative source of raw materials for wooden house construction enterprises. To assess the degree influence of the combination of coniferous and aspen wood on the strength of the glue joint, as one of the main indicators of the quality of wooden glued structures, a set of theoretical and experimental studies was carried out. Maximum tangential and normal stresses of glue joint in pine and aspen blanks, which are significantly higher than those of solid wood, were determined by calculation. The values of shear strength in glued pine and aspen lamellas (4.46–8.06 MPa), obtained during the experiments at the 1st stage of research, were close to the strength of solid wood. At the 2nd stage the method of dispersion analysis was used, the results confirmed the assumption that when gluing lamellas up to 20 mm thick, the difference in the strength of the glue joint of structures made of pine and structures made of pine and aspen is insignificant. The obtained data serve as a basis for further work on diversification of raw material resources in the production of wooden glued structures due to the involvement of low-demand aspen wood in processing. For citation: Titunin A.A., Gevorgyan M.S., Fedotov A.A., Vakhnina T.N., Susoeva I.V. Scientific Substantiation of Aspen Wood Use in Wooden Glued Structures. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 149–161. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-149-161
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