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The effects of food affordability on life expectancy in emerging countries 新兴国家食品负担能力对预期寿命的影响
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12850
Karim Barkat, Mouyad Alsamara, Karim Mimouni, Shaif Jarallah

The relationship between food prices and life expectancy in emerging countries has significant implications for public health and socioeconomic development in these regions. This study examines this relationship using a dataset of 120 emerging economies over the period 2000–2021, employing the dynamic panel threshold and system generalized method of moments (GMM) models. Our findings reveal a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship where beyond a specific threshold, higher food prices tend to shorten life expectancy. We also reveal the disproportionate burden placed on low-income countries when food prices rise, in comparison to middle-income countries and highlight the profound impact of economic disparities on public health. Moreover, we identify several channels through which food prices affect life expectancy. Specifically, we reveal that income, undernutrition, and mental health disorders represent potential mediating factors affecting food prices–life expectancy nexus. We also shed light on the severe implications of economic crises on public health, emphasizing the close connection between economic events and indicators of human health. These insights have direct implications for policymakers, offering valuable guidance in the context of fluctuating food prices.

新兴国家食品价格与预期寿命之间的关系对这些地区的公共卫生和社会经济发展具有重要影响。本研究利用 2000-2021 年间 120 个新兴经济体的数据集,采用动态面板阈值和系统广义矩法(GMM)模型,对这一关系进行了研究。我们的研究结果揭示了一种非线性倒 U 型关系,即超过特定阈值后,食品价格上涨往往会缩短预期寿命。我们还揭示了与中等收入国家相比,当食品价格上涨时,低收入国家承受的负担过重,并强调了经济差距对公共卫生的深远影响。此外,我们还发现了食品价格影响预期寿命的几种渠道。具体而言,我们发现收入、营养不良和精神疾病是影响食品价格-预期寿命关系的潜在中介因素。我们还揭示了经济危机对公共健康的严重影响,强调了经济事件与人类健康指标之间的密切联系。这些见解对政策制定者有直接影响,为食品价格波动提供了有价值的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Changing attitudes through information exposure: Experimental evidence on reducing agricultural burning in rural Nigeria 通过接触信息改变态度:减少尼日利亚农村地区农业焚烧的实验证据
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12846
Efobi Uchenna

This study investigates the effectiveness of an education intervention that targets low-income farmers regarding the consequences of agricultural burning. Agricultural burning is a major contributor to carbon emissions, second only to those from the energy sector. Using three treatment arms and a control group, I provided rural farmers in Nigeria with information on the social (health impacts, wildfire spread, biodiversity loss) and economic (income implications) consequences of agricultural burning. The third group received information that combined aspects from the first and second treatments, offering a comprehensive view of the effects of agricultural burning. The analysis suggests that exposure to this information prompts farmers to view agricultural burning as unacceptable, reducing their likelihood of engaging in this practice during the upcoming planting season. In addition, exposed farmers demonstrate a higher willingness to pay nominal fees for government services, such as weed disposal. This outcome demonstrates their support for sustainable farming practices, rather than resorting to burning. The influence of economic information is particularly noteworthy; farmers exposed to it demonstrate a higher willingness to pay such fees. Furthermore, the interventions led to a shift in farmers’ perceptions regarding the primary drivers of climate change, with increased recognition of human activity as the dominant factor. The study highlights how the gender of the farmer and their religious beliefs influence attitudes towards environmental protection. Specifically, male and less religious farmers tend to be more responsive to the interventions. These findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of “low-cost” educational interventions in promoting sustainable agricultural practices among low-income communities.

本研究调查了针对低收入农民的有关农业焚烧后果的教育干预措施的有效性。农业焚烧是碳排放的主要来源,仅次于能源行业。通过三个治疗组和一个对照组,我向尼日利亚的农村农民提供了有关农业焚烧的社会后果(健康影响、野火蔓延、生物多样性丧失)和经济后果(收入影响)的信息。第三组接受的信息综合了第一和第二组的内容,提供了关于农业焚烧影响的全面观点。分析表明,接触这些信息会促使农民认为农业焚烧是不可接受的,从而降低他们在即将到来的播种季节从事这种做法的可能性。此外,接触过这些信息的农民表现出更高的意愿,愿意为杂草处理等政府服务支付象征性的费用。这一结果表明他们支持可持续的耕作方式,而不是采用焚烧的方式。经济信息的影响尤其值得注意;受到经济信息影响的农民表现出更高的支付此类费用的意愿。此外,干预措施还促使农民转变了对气候变化主要驱动因素的看法,进一步认识到人类活动是主要因素。研究强调了农民的性别及其宗教信仰如何影响对环境保护的态度。具体而言,男性和宗教信仰较少的农民往往对干预措施反应更积极。这些发现为 "低成本 "教育干预措施在低收入社区推广可持续农业实践的有效性提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Field observation and verbal exchange as different peer effects in farmers’ technology adoption decisions 实地观察和口头交流作为农民采用技术决策中不同的同伴效应
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12847
Anna Massfeller, Hugo Storm

Farmers’ adoption of novel technologies is influenced by other farmers’ behavior, a phenomenon known as peer effects. Although such effects have been studied intensively, the literature does not clearly distinguish between those that result (1) from verbal exchanges with other farmers and (2) from field observations, including the application of technology, its outcomes, and field conditions. We extend existing theoretical concepts and hypothesize that verbal information exchanges and field observations are two types of peer effects. Using data from an online survey of German sugar beet farmers’ application of mechanical weeding from early 2022, we find that the likelihood of adopting mechanical weeding increases across all model specifications by around 26%–28% if at least one adopter is known and by approximately 30%–32% if at least one field is observed. The two types of peer effects complement and reinforce each other in explaining adoption decisions. The effects increase with the number of adopters known and fields observed but decrease with larger distances to the observed fields. The findings can support designing extension services and future peer effects research that should consider the distinction between peer effects arising from verbal exchanges and field observations.

农民采用新技术会受到其他农民行为的影响,这种现象被称为同伴效应。尽管对这种效应进行了深入研究,但文献并未明确区分以下两种效应:(1) 来自与其他农民的口头交流;(2) 来自实地观察,包括技术应用、技术成果和实地条件。我们扩展了现有的理论概念,并假设口头信息交流和实地观察是同伴效应的两种类型。利用 2022 年初对德国甜菜种植农应用机械除草情况的在线调查数据,我们发现,在所有模型规范中,如果至少有一个采用者为人所知,则采用机械除草的可能性会增加约 26%-28%;如果至少观察到一块田地,则采用机械除草的可能性会增加约 30%-32%。这两种同行效应在解释采用决策时相互补充、相互加强。随着认识的采用者和观察到的田块数量的增加,效应也随之增加,但随着与观察到的田块距离越远,效应就越小。研究结果可为设计推广服务和未来的同伴效应研究提供支持,这些研究应考虑区分口头交流和实地观察所产生的同伴效应。
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引用次数: 0
Ripe for contracts? Estimating the impact of an avocado producer organization contract farming intervention 合同时机成熟?估算牛油果生产者组织合同种植干预措施的影响
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12848
Philipp Kollenda, Daniella Brals, Jane Kabubo-Mariara, Remco Oostendorp, Menno Pradhan, Fedes van Rijn

We evaluate the impact of a producer organization avocado contract farming intervention in Kenya that included (1) an agreement to sell to an avocado exporting company, (2) access to training, and (3) support to gain group-level Global Good Agricultural Practices (GLOBALG.A.P.) certification as main activities. Using a (nonexperimental) doubly robust difference-in-differences design with farm-level panel data from 2015 and 2017, we show that farmers began selling to the contracted company, were recently trained and received the GLOBALG.A.P. certification. However, the intervention's uptake was less than perfect, especially concerning the procurement aspect of the contract, suggesting widespread side selling. In terms of outcomes, contract farming nevertheless significantly improved sales prices and reported quality, increased direct sales to companies, and led to more planted trees, but also increased total production costs. The effects are driven by the Hass avocado variety, which is in higher demand in export markets and the contracted avocado variety. No significant income and other welfare effects were found.

我们评估了肯尼亚生产者组织牛油果合同种植干预措施的影响,其中包括:(1)向牛油果出口公司销售的协议;(2)获得培训的机会;以及(3)作为主要活动的获得团体级全球良好农业规范(GLOBALG.A.P.)认证的支持。我们利用 2015 年和 2017 年的农场面板数据,采用(非实验性)双重稳健差分设计,表明农民开始向签约公司销售,最近接受了培训,并获得了 GLOBALG.A.P. 认证。然而,干预措施的吸收并不完美,尤其是在合同的采购方面,这表明副业销售普遍存在。从结果来看,合同种植还是显著提高了销售价格和报告质量,增加了对公司的直接销售,种植了更多的树木,但也增加了总生产成本。影响主要来自出口市场需求量较大的哈斯鳄梨品种和合同种植的鳄梨品种。没有发现明显的收入和其他福利效应。
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引用次数: 0
Social norms, nutrition messaging, and demand for biofortified staple crops: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment in Ethiopia 社会规范、营养信息和对生物强化主食作物的需求:来自埃塞俄比亚离散选择实验的证据
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12845
Kaleb Shiferaw Jada, Marrit van den Berg

Biofortified maize offers a potential solution to combat micronutrient deficiencies in households, yet its adoption remains low. Realizing biofortification's benefits necessitates a shift in smallholder farmers' production and consumption behavior. Social norms can significantly influence societal behaviors and have the potential to trigger substantial changes. However, their role in promoting biofortification adoption remains underexplored. This study investigates the influence of nutrition information and social norm messaging on smallholder farmers' adoption of biofortified maize seeds in Ethiopia's highlands. We conducted an experiment with 2022 randomly selected households to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition messages and social norm messaging on farmers' willingness to pay for biofortified maize seeds. Our results reveal that nutrition information alone significantly increases farmers' interest in purchasing biofortified maize seeds, highlighting the positive influence of information-based interventions on biofortified crop adoption. Conversely, social norm messaging on its own has a limited effect on demand. However, a combined approach demonstrates a stronger positive influence, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these interventions. These results underscore the critical role of disseminating clear information about the nutritional benefits of biofortified crops in fostering their adoption among smallholder farmers. Additionally, our study suggests that integrating social norm messaging with information-based interventions could be a highly effective strategy for promoting biofortified maize and similar nutrition-focused initiatives. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers and organizations aiming to improve nutritional outcomes through food-based approaches to agricultural development among smallholder farming communities.

生物强化玉米为解决家庭微量营养素缺乏问题提供了一个潜在的解决方案,但其采用率仍然很低。要实现生物强化的益处,就必须改变小农的生产和消费行为。社会规范可以极大地影响社会行为,并有可能引发实质性变化。然而,社会规范在促进生物强化应用方面的作用仍未得到充分探索。本研究调查了营养信息和社会规范信息对埃塞俄比亚高原地区小农采用生物强化玉米种子的影响。我们对随机抽取的 2022 个家庭进行了实验,以评估营养信息和社会规范信息对农民购买生物强化玉米种子的意愿的影响。我们的结果表明,仅营养信息就能显著提高农民购买生物强化玉米种子的兴趣,这凸显了基于信息的干预措施对采用生物强化作物的积极影响。相反,社会规范信息本身对需求的影响有限。然而,综合方法显示出更强的积极影响,表明这些干预措施之间存在协同关系。这些结果强调了传播有关生物强化作物营养益处的明确信息在促进小农采用生物强化作物方面的关键作用。此外,我们的研究还表明,将社会规范信息传播与基于信息的干预措施相结合,可能是推广生物强化玉米和类似营养措施的一种非常有效的策略。这项研究为决策者和组织提供了有价值的见解,这些决策者和组织旨在通过以粮食为基础的农业发展方法来改善小农社区的营养状况。
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引用次数: 0
Concentration, market imperfections, and interbranch organization in the Italian processed tomato supply chain 意大利加工番茄供应链中的集中、市场缺陷和分支机构间组织
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12835
Lukáš Čechura, Antonella Samoggia, Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani

The increase in market concentration and market power in the food supply chain is an issue of concern globally. This study focuses on an analysis of market imperfections in the Italian processed tomato food supply chain by considering changes in its supply chain governance from 2006–2018. The identification of the degree of non-competitive behavior is based on the derived mark-down and mark-up models using the latest developments in stochastic frontier methodology. The estimated models reveal some degree of non-competitive behavior in the input as well as in the output processing market. However, in consideration of the results on the supply chain governance during the study period, we argue that the establishment of an Interbranch Organization (IBO) could create fairly stable long-term food supply chain relationships benefitting all IBO members and in particular farmers despite the significant change in concentration levels in the Italian tomato processing sector after 2015.

食品供应链中市场集中度和市场力量的增加是全球关注的问题。本研究通过考虑意大利加工番茄食品供应链在 2006-2018 年间的管理变化,重点分析了该供应链中的市场缺陷。非竞争行为程度的识别是基于利用随机前沿方法的最新发展推导出的降价和加价模型。估计模型揭示了投入和产出加工市场中一定程度的非竞争行为。然而,考虑到研究期间供应链治理的结果,我们认为,尽管 2015 年后意大利番茄加工行业的集中程度发生了显著变化,但分支机构间组织(IBO)的建立可以建立相当稳定的长期食品供应链关系,使所有 IBO 成员,特别是农民受益。
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引用次数: 0
Spraying for the beauty: Pesticide use for visual appearance in apple production 为美丽而喷洒苹果生产中为了视觉美观而使用农药
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12836
Lucca Zachmann, Chloe McCallum, Robert Finger

Pesticides are used to reduce yield losses and to enhance the visual quality of products. However, pesticide use raises concerns due to negative health and environmental effects, hence ambitious policy goals for their reduction have been established. Reducing pesticides which mainly focus on visual quality of products could be an efficient strategy to contribute to these goals, without reducing food production. However, the role of “cosmetic” pesticide use is so far not well documented and understood. Here, we quantify cosmetic pesticide use and the influence of supply chain characteristics on their use. We focus on table apple production, where the visual quality of products is a key aspect. Using a sample of 196 apple growers in Switzerland, we find that 23.5%–59.2% of growers use cosmetic pesticides for the apples’ visual appearance. Farms mainly marketing via intermediaries are 23.9-29.6% more likely to spray cosmetic pesticides for visual purposes compared to farms mainly direct marketing. Our findings highlight the role of supply chains in farmer decision-making, recommending a decrease in the focus on visual product quality, especially in retail environments, thus minimizing unnecessary and irreversible risks of pesticide exposure by farmers without compromising food security.

使用杀虫剂是为了减少产量损失和提高产品的视觉质量。然而,杀虫剂的使用会对健康和环境造成负面影响,引起人们的关注,因此已制定了雄心勃勃的减少杀虫剂使用的政策目标。在不减少粮食生产的情况下,减少主要针对产品视觉质量的杀虫剂可能是实现这些目标的有效策略。然而,迄今为止,"化妆品 "农药使用的作用还没有得到很好的记录和理解。在此,我们量化了化妆品农药的使用以及供应链特征对其使用的影响。我们将重点放在餐桌苹果生产上,因为产品的视觉质量是一个关键方面。通过对瑞士 196 个苹果种植者的抽样调查,我们发现 23.5%-59.2%的种植者为了苹果的视觉外观而使用化妆品农药。与以直销为主的农场相比,主要通过中间商销售的农场为视觉目的喷洒化妆品农药的可能性要高出 23.9-29.6%。我们的研究结果强调了供应链在果农决策中的作用,建议减少对视觉产品质量的关注,尤其是在零售环境中,从而在不影响食品安全的前提下,最大限度地减少果农不必要的、不可逆转的农药接触风险。
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引用次数: 0
Second stage land certification and land rental market in northern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚北部第二阶段土地认证和土地租赁市场
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12834
Menasbo Gebru Tesfay, Girmay Berhe Araya

The establishment of secured and easily transferable land use rights is a key component of rural development and poverty reduction pathways in many underdeveloped countries. In this study, we use balanced panel data collected from 407 farm households between 2009/10 and 2014/15 production seasons and apply difference-in-difference approach to examine impact of second-stage land certification on tenure security, participation and extent of participation in the land rental market. Our finding shows that second-stage land certification has helped to boost tenure security of smallholder farmers. However, the differences in difference results show that the second stage land certification has not yet started to influence farm households’ participation in the land rental market. This could probably be due to the fact that the program is at its early stage of implementation and may warrant further scrutiny with additional time.

在许多欠发达国家,建立有保障且易于转让的土地使用权是农村发展和减贫途径的关键组成部分。在本研究中,我们使用 2009/10 年至 2014/15 年生产季节期间从 407 个农户收集的平衡面板数据,并采用差分法考察了第二阶段土地认证对土地使用权保障、土地租赁市场参与度和参与程度的影响。研究结果表明,第二阶段土地认证有助于提高小农的土地权保障。然而,差异结果表明,第二阶段土地认证尚未开始影响农户对土地租赁市场的参与。这可能是由于该计划还处于早期实施阶段,因此需要更多时间来进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Rainfall variability and welfare of agricultural households: Evidence from rural Niger 降雨变异性与农业家庭的福利:尼日尔农村的证据
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12833
Soumaïla Gansonré

Variable weather continues to be the major source of vulnerability to chronic hunger and poverty in many developing countries due to the strong dependency of livelihood strategies on rainfed farming. Quantifying the effect of climatic parameters on agricultural households is, therefore, necessary to help policymakers understand the benefits of climate policies, improve the allocation of the scarce resources dedicated to adaptation and prioritize among adaptation strategies. This article investigates the empirical relationship between the welfare of rural households and rainfall variability in the semi-arid tropics, using household panel data and high-resolution remotely sensed rainfall data from Niger. We find that a standard deviation increase in rainfall variability is associated with a reduction of real food consumption by 11.13%. Results also indicate that a standard deviation increase in rainfall variability reduces expenditures for cereal-based products, animal-based products and processed foods by 11.96%, 21.31%, and 16.23%, respectively. Our results are consistent across a battery of robustness checks. Finally, we find geographical-based differences in terms of the effect and that access to cereal banks cushions the negative effect of rainfall variability. Policy interventions aiming at improving the well-being of rural households should therefore emphasize improving climate adaptation strategies.

在许多发展中国家,由于生计战略严重依赖雨水灌溉,多变的天气仍然是导致长期饥饿和贫困的主要原因。因此,有必要量化气候参数对农户的影响,以帮助决策者了解气候政策的益处,改善用于适应的稀缺资源的分配,并确定适应战略的优先次序。本文利用尼日尔的家庭面板数据和高分辨率遥感降雨数据,研究了半干旱热带地区农村家庭福利与降雨变异性之间的经验关系。我们发现,降雨变异性每增加一个标准差,实际粮食消费就会减少 11.13%。结果还表明,降雨量变化每增加一个标准差,谷物类产品、动物类产品和加工食品的支出就会分别减少 11.96%、21.31% 和 16.23%。在一系列稳健性检验中,我们的结果是一致的。最后,我们发现了基于地理位置的影响差异,并且谷物银行的使用可以缓冲降雨量变化的负面影响。因此,旨在改善农村家庭福祉的政策干预措施应强调改善气候适应战略。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic linkages in agricultural and energy markets: A quantile impulse response approach 农业和能源市场的动态联系:量子脉冲响应法
IF 4.5 3区 经济学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1111/agec.12837
Linjie Wang, Jean-Paul Chavas, Jian Li

This article investigates the dynamic linkages between agricultural and energy markets, with a focus on an econometric analysis of multivariate stochastic dynamics based on the joint distribution of state variables. The analysis relies on a quantile approach followed by the evaluation of a copula. Applied to nonlinear price dynamics, the approach is flexible and supports a general evaluation of impulse response functions representing how prices adjust over time and across markets in response to a given shock. The analysis allows for arbitrary distribution functions; it captures own-price and cross-price dynamics that can depend on the nature of shocks; and it also allows current changes to affect all moments of the future price distributions. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated in an econometric investigation of dynamic linkages in US corn, ethanol, and crude oil markets. We show how price adjustments can vary across quantiles, reflecting different speeds of adjustments depending on market conditions. We find evidence of nonlinear dynamics specific to the tails of the price distributions. We uncover evidence of positive contemporaneous codependence, especially tail dependence. We show how price shocks affect mean, variance, skewness as well as kurtosis of future price distributions. These results stress the importance of going beyond a standard mean-variance analysis. They also shed new light on the deep linkages existing in the food-fuel nexus.

本文研究了农产品市场与能源市场之间的动态联系,重点是基于状态变量联合分布的多变量随机动态计量经济学分析。分析依赖于一种量化方法,然后是对 copula 的评估。该方法适用于非线性价格动态,非常灵活,并支持对脉冲响应函数的一般评估,这些函数代表了价格如何随着时间的推移在不同市场上对给定冲击做出调整。该分析允许任意的分布函数;它捕捉了可能取决于冲击性质的自身价格和交叉价格动态;它还允许当前变化影响未来价格分布的所有时刻。通过对美国玉米、乙醇和原油市场动态联系的计量经济学调查,说明了该方法的实用性。我们展示了不同数量级的价格调整是如何变化的,反映了不同市场条件下的不同调整速度。我们发现了价格分布尾部特有的非线性动态证据。我们发现了正同期相互依赖的证据,尤其是尾部依赖。我们展示了价格冲击如何影响未来价格分布的均值、方差、偏斜度以及峰度。这些结果强调了超越标准均值-方差分析的重要性。它们还揭示了粮食-燃料关系中存在的深层联系。
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引用次数: 0
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Agricultural Economics
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