Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154437
Christine Fojtik
{"title":"Local Lives, Parallel Histories: Villagers and Everyday Life in Divided Germany","authors":"Christine Fojtik","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10154437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10154437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47295959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154327
P. Kopp
This essay documents the century-long efforts of Peter Darby, Ernest S. Salmon, and Ray Neve, all of whom were directors of England's Hop Research Program. While these scientists engaged in myriad projects, the central story surrounds the development and release of hybrid hop varieties for use in beer. In contrast with the brewing industry that turned toward mechanization and industrial advancements in the twentieth century, the English hop breeding program steadily relied on hand-pollinating characteristic of Mendelian genetics. Crossbreeding, or hybridization, of hops (and scores of other dioicous plants—that is, those with two distinct sexes) traditionally occurred with scientists selecting specimens that exhibited desirable traits that could be traced to their hereditary makeup. The process was painstakingly slow, requiring countless dustings of pollen from male plants onto female flowers. Darby, Salmon, and Neve engaged in this process thousands of times before deciding on which offspring to select from the greenhouses to transplant into fields. Their promising and successful specimens today populate England's experimental hop garden for their potential in brewing or breeding future crosses; the most outstanding progeny can be found in beers near and far.
这篇文章记录了Peter Darby, Ernest S. Salmon和Ray Neve长达一个世纪的努力，他们都是英国啤酒花研究项目的负责人。虽然这些科学家从事了无数的项目，但中心故事围绕着用于啤酒的混合啤酒花品种的开发和发布。与20世纪转向机械化和工业进步的酿造业相比，英国啤酒花育种计划稳定地依赖于孟德尔遗传的手工授粉特征。传统上，啤酒花(以及许多其他雌雄异株植物——即具有两种不同性别的植物)的杂交或杂交是由科学家选择具有可追溯到其遗传组成的理想特征的标本进行的。这个过程极其缓慢，需要无数次将花粉从雄性植物撒到雌性花上。达比、萨尔蒙和内夫在决定从温室中选择哪些后代移植到田地之前，经历了数千次这个过程。如今，它们的成功品种充满了英国实验性的啤酒花花园，因为它们具有酿造或培育未来杂交品种的潜力;最杰出的后代可以在远近的啤酒中找到。
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154297
Robin Suits
This article explores the role of early migrant workers (“harvest hands” or “hoboes”) in the American wheat industry. It argues that the constant threat of drought and other climatic disasters created a state of climate precarity for workers. In the variable climate of the Great Plains, these disasters could not be forecast, and employers instead shunted climatic risk onto impoverished migrants, whose contracts were ad hoc, informal, and could be made, completed, or broken in a matter of hours. It compiles data from over ten thousand newspapers in the Great Plains to show not only how harvest hand employment varied with the climate but also how climatic instability often only became apparent as harvest hands arrived in the state. This made it virtually impossible for employers to plan ahead for labor, as the demand for harvest hands could vary dramatically even from year to year. Though government and union action pointed the way to possible alternative systems, they never emerged. Ultimately, the hobo-wheat complex was an emergent property of climate and industrial capitalism, unplanned by any group or authority, made by the choices of each.
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154347
T. Hart
{"title":"Carolina's Golden Fields: Inland Rice Cultivation in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1670–1860","authors":"T. Hart","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10154347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10154347","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41367182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154397
Matt K. Matsuda
{"title":"Coconut Colonialism: Workers and the Globalization of Samoa","authors":"Matt K. Matsuda","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10154397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10154397","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46844972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154407
Annika A. Culver
{"title":"Green with Milk and Sugar: When Japan Filled America's Tea Cups","authors":"Annika A. Culver","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10154407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10154407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45673751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10154307
Joshua Frens-String
Abstract This article examines how Chilean nitrate fertilizer producers and their international marketing agents persuaded farmers in the US South to use nitrogen-rich mineral fertilizers mined from the Atacama Desert, even as cheaper synthetic fertilizers flooded agricultural markets in the early decades of the twentieth century. At the same time, it explores how agricultural experts working in the United States on behalf of Chile's nitrate industry (and increasingly the Chilean government itself) articulated not just connections between nitrogen and soil vitality but also underscored the importance of other mineral “impurities” to healthy plant development. Working in the US Cotton Belt in particular, many of these agents promoted a vision of pan-American ecological and economic interdependence, and through their racialized depictions of agricultural knowledge, they sought to convince US farmers of the unique “all-natural” attributes of Chilean nitrates. In reconstructing this history, the article reveals the far-reaching impact that Chilean fertilizers had on the modernization of US agriculture and advocates for a transnational approach to understanding that process in the early twentieth century. It also traces how the exchange of agricultural commodities and knowledge between Chile and the United States contributed to the emergence of intensive agriculture and what observers would later call the “green revolution.”
{"title":"Natural Partners","authors":"Joshua Frens-String","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10154307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10154307","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines how Chilean nitrate fertilizer producers and their international marketing agents persuaded farmers in the US South to use nitrogen-rich mineral fertilizers mined from the Atacama Desert, even as cheaper synthetic fertilizers flooded agricultural markets in the early decades of the twentieth century. At the same time, it explores how agricultural experts working in the United States on behalf of Chile's nitrate industry (and increasingly the Chilean government itself) articulated not just connections between nitrogen and soil vitality but also underscored the importance of other mineral “impurities” to healthy plant development. Working in the US Cotton Belt in particular, many of these agents promoted a vision of pan-American ecological and economic interdependence, and through their racialized depictions of agricultural knowledge, they sought to convince US farmers of the unique “all-natural” attributes of Chilean nitrates. In reconstructing this history, the article reveals the far-reaching impact that Chilean fertilizers had on the modernization of US agriculture and advocates for a transnational approach to understanding that process in the early twentieth century. It also traces how the exchange of agricultural commodities and knowledge between Chile and the United States contributed to the emergence of intensive agriculture and what observers would later call the “green revolution.”","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135096503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10009861
M. Kenny
{"title":"For Land and Liberty: Black Struggles in Rural Brazil","authors":"M. Kenny","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10009861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10009861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44598111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1215/00021482-10009841
Mary S. Draper
{"title":"An Empire Transformed: Remolding Bodies and Landscapes in the Restoration Atlantic","authors":"Mary S. Draper","doi":"10.1215/00021482-10009841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10009841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50838,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48707787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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