The Common Gull is a rare and endangered breeding species at inland habitats in Poland as well as in some other countries in Europe. Breeding biology, habitat and nest site selection were studied in this species in southern Poland. Almost all birds nested on industrial water bodies (gravel pits, sedimentation basins), although fishponds and reservoirs were the most abundant habitat in the study area. Birds built their nests mainly on islets, man-made constructions and dry land on the shores of water bodies. The islets occupied by birds were smaller and were covered by lower vegetation than the unoccupied ones. When occupied islets on industrial water bodies were compared with a random sample of islets on fishponds, the latter were found to be larger, with taller and denser vegetation. This may explain why Common Gulls did not breed on fishponds in southern Poland. Shore-breeding birds nested in open areas with sparse vegetation, occupying sites with less vegetation cover and closer to shrubs or trees than randomly selected points. Breeding performance (mean date of clutch initiation, clutch size, clutch volume, hatching success and breeding success) did not differ among nests built on islets, man-made constructions or on the shores of the water bodies. Breeding success was more than twice as high as in large riverine colonies. Industrial water bodies may become important alternative breeding habitats for this species in Poland.
{"title":"Habitat and Nest Site Selection in the Common Gull Larus canus in Southern Poland: Significance of Man-Made Habitats for Conservation of an Endangered Species","authors":"P. Skórka, Joanna D. Wójcik, Tomasz Babiarz","doi":"10.3161/068.041.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/068.041.0210","url":null,"abstract":"The Common Gull is a rare and endangered breeding species at inland habitats in Poland as well as in some other countries in Europe. Breeding biology, habitat and nest site selection were studied in this species in southern Poland. Almost all birds nested on industrial water bodies (gravel pits, sedimentation basins), although fishponds and reservoirs were the most abundant habitat in the study area. Birds built their nests mainly on islets, man-made constructions and dry land on the shores of water bodies. The islets occupied by birds were smaller and were covered by lower vegetation than the unoccupied ones. When occupied islets on industrial water bodies were compared with a random sample of islets on fishponds, the latter were found to be larger, with taller and denser vegetation. This may explain why Common Gulls did not breed on fishponds in southern Poland. Shore-breeding birds nested in open areas with sparse vegetation, occupying sites with less vegetation cover and closer to shrubs or trees than randomly selected points. Breeding performance (mean date of clutch initiation, clutch size, clutch volume, hatching success and breeding success) did not differ among nests built on islets, man-made constructions or on the shores of the water bodies. Breeding success was more than twice as high as in large riverine colonies. Industrial water bodies may become important alternative breeding habitats for this species in Poland.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43441351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.006
B. Manikowska-Ślepowrońska, Tomasz Mokwa, D. Jakubas
Abstract. Natal dispersal is the movement from the natal site to the colony of the first reproduction, while breeding dispersal is the movement from one breeding colony to another within or between breeding seasons. These processes are major determinants of genetic structure and a key component of population dynamics. In this study we investigated whether age of recovered bird (immatures, adults) and/or period (three multi-year periods characterized by various climate change dynamics) of recovery from the breeding season affect distance and direction of dispersal from the natal colony in Grey Herons Ardea cinerea nesting in Central Europe, in Poland. We found that the distance of dispersal from the natal area for Grey Herons ranged from 0 to 392 km with mean ± SD 84.1 ± 99.1 km (N = 72). Independently of periods, individuals recovered as immatures had longer dispersal distance than those recovered as adults. Our study revealed that proportion of recoveries representing strong natal fidelity (within the distance of ≤ 38 km around the natal colony, N = 37, 51.4%) differed significantly between the studied periods with the highest proportion (71%) in 1981–2014 and lower proportions in periods 1932–1939 (35%) and 1940–1980 (27%). We also found that the distance of dispersal from the natal colony was affected significantly by the period, with the distance in 1980–2014 being significantly shorter compared to 1940–1980 and with a tendency to be shorter than in 1932–1939. Direction of dispersal from the natal colony was affected significantly neither by period nor age of recovered birds. On average Grey Herons dispersed with a marked SW directional component. Our results indicate that Central European population of Grey Herons have shortened average distance of dispersal from the natal colony since the 1930s. This observation is concordant with changes reported for other European waterbirds.
{"title":"Dispersal from the Natal Colony of the Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Nesting in Poland","authors":"B. Manikowska-Ślepowrońska, Tomasz Mokwa, D. Jakubas","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Natal dispersal is the movement from the natal site to the colony of the first reproduction, while breeding dispersal is the movement from one breeding colony to another within or between breeding seasons. These processes are major determinants of genetic structure and a key component of population dynamics. In this study we investigated whether age of recovered bird (immatures, adults) and/or period (three multi-year periods characterized by various climate change dynamics) of recovery from the breeding season affect distance and direction of dispersal from the natal colony in Grey Herons Ardea cinerea nesting in Central Europe, in Poland. We found that the distance of dispersal from the natal area for Grey Herons ranged from 0 to 392 km with mean ± SD 84.1 ± 99.1 km (N = 72). Independently of periods, individuals recovered as immatures had longer dispersal distance than those recovered as adults. Our study revealed that proportion of recoveries representing strong natal fidelity (within the distance of ≤ 38 km around the natal colony, N = 37, 51.4%) differed significantly between the studied periods with the highest proportion (71%) in 1981–2014 and lower proportions in periods 1932–1939 (35%) and 1940–1980 (27%). We also found that the distance of dispersal from the natal colony was affected significantly by the period, with the distance in 1980–2014 being significantly shorter compared to 1940–1980 and with a tendency to be shorter than in 1932–1939. Direction of dispersal from the natal colony was affected significantly neither by period nor age of recovered birds. On average Grey Herons dispersed with a marked SW directional component. Our results indicate that Central European population of Grey Herons have shortened average distance of dispersal from the natal colony since the 1930s. This observation is concordant with changes reported for other European waterbirds.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"59 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42767879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.009
D. Guimarães, Esdon Guilherme
Abstract. Mixed-species flocks of birds are cohesive groups of two or more different species that are kept in formation by systematic behavioral interactions among the members of the flocks. Typically, mixed-species flocks form themselves around a nuclear species, which presents a specific pattern of movement during foraging, and a song that is recognized by the other species. In the understory of Neotropical forests, representatives of the family Thamnophilidae, in particular species of the genus Thamnomanes, have become adapted for the role of nuclear species in mixed-species flocks. In the present study, we describe the mixed-species flocks led by individuals of Bluish-slate Antshrike Thamnomanes schistogynus in a forest dominated by bamboo Guadua sp. in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. We collected data within a 600 × 600 m grid subdivided into 36 1-ha plots, with a total area of 36 ha. Within this grid, we delimited the home ranges and core areas of the resident mixed-species flocks. We also identified the composition of each flocks, frequency, fidelity of its members and determined the relationship between mixed-species flocks and vegetation structure within the grid. We delimited the home ranges of eight mixed-species flocks. The mean home range, estimated using the Minimum Convex Polygon method, was 3.45 ± 0.17 ha, and estimated using the autocorrelated kernel density estimation method was 3.65 ± 0.15 ha, and the mean core area, 1.14 ± 0.03 ha. The home ranges of the mixed-species flocks led by T. schistogynus in southwestern Amazonia are among the smallest recorded in species of the genus Thamnomanes. We identified 71 different bird species in the mixed-species flocks with a mean of 41.1 ± 2.1. While the geographic distribution of the lead species T. schistogynus coincides almost exactly with that of the bamboo forests of southwestern Amazonia, our results did not indicate any systematic relationship or fidelity between the mixed-species flocks led by this species and the bamboo forest.
{"title":"Structure and Home Range Size of Mixed-Species Bird Flocks in a Bamboo Forest in Southwestern Amazonia","authors":"D. Guimarães, Esdon Guilherme","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Mixed-species flocks of birds are cohesive groups of two or more different species that are kept in formation by systematic behavioral interactions among the members of the flocks. Typically, mixed-species flocks form themselves around a nuclear species, which presents a specific pattern of movement during foraging, and a song that is recognized by the other species. In the understory of Neotropical forests, representatives of the family Thamnophilidae, in particular species of the genus Thamnomanes, have become adapted for the role of nuclear species in mixed-species flocks. In the present study, we describe the mixed-species flocks led by individuals of Bluish-slate Antshrike Thamnomanes schistogynus in a forest dominated by bamboo Guadua sp. in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. We collected data within a 600 × 600 m grid subdivided into 36 1-ha plots, with a total area of 36 ha. Within this grid, we delimited the home ranges and core areas of the resident mixed-species flocks. We also identified the composition of each flocks, frequency, fidelity of its members and determined the relationship between mixed-species flocks and vegetation structure within the grid. We delimited the home ranges of eight mixed-species flocks. The mean home range, estimated using the Minimum Convex Polygon method, was 3.45 ± 0.17 ha, and estimated using the autocorrelated kernel density estimation method was 3.65 ± 0.15 ha, and the mean core area, 1.14 ± 0.03 ha. The home ranges of the mixed-species flocks led by T. schistogynus in southwestern Amazonia are among the smallest recorded in species of the genus Thamnomanes. We identified 71 different bird species in the mixed-species flocks with a mean of 41.1 ± 2.1. While the geographic distribution of the lead species T. schistogynus coincides almost exactly with that of the bamboo forests of southwestern Amazonia, our results did not indicate any systematic relationship or fidelity between the mixed-species flocks led by this species and the bamboo forest.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"95 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45573439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.001
Lenka Harmáčková
Abstract. Interspecific feeding is an uncommon behaviour where an individual of one species feeds individuals (mostly offspring) of another species. Observations have been made in many avian species but causes of this behaviour remain unknown and no hypothesis was proposed to fully explain its occurrence. In this review, I collected observations of interspecific feeding in birds reported during the last 40 years and compiled a comprehensive dataset based on all published reports of interspecific feeding. It consists of 186 cases observed in 107 species worldwide and summarizes the information on involved species, their age, sex, and possible causes of this misdirected parental care. Additionally, I report a case of Great Spotted Woodpeckers' Dendrocopos major young fed by Eurasian Nuthatches Sitta europaea. Observations of interspecific feeding are highly skewed in favour of North American and European species, probably due to historical (long research and ornithology traditions) and language issues (publishing in English). Interspecific feeding does not seem to be related to nest type but is mostly associated with males allured by loud calls of nestlings from nearby allospecific nests. However, most of the observations remain only anecdotic and an empirical research that would try to find plausible explanations of the evolutionary advantages of this behaviour still remains to be carried out.
{"title":"Interspecific Feeding in Birds: A Short Overview","authors":"Lenka Harmáčková","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Interspecific feeding is an uncommon behaviour where an individual of one species feeds individuals (mostly offspring) of another species. Observations have been made in many avian species but causes of this behaviour remain unknown and no hypothesis was proposed to fully explain its occurrence. In this review, I collected observations of interspecific feeding in birds reported during the last 40 years and compiled a comprehensive dataset based on all published reports of interspecific feeding. It consists of 186 cases observed in 107 species worldwide and summarizes the information on involved species, their age, sex, and possible causes of this misdirected parental care. Additionally, I report a case of Great Spotted Woodpeckers' Dendrocopos major young fed by Eurasian Nuthatches Sitta europaea. Observations of interspecific feeding are highly skewed in favour of North American and European species, probably due to historical (long research and ornithology traditions) and language issues (publishing in English). Interspecific feeding does not seem to be related to nest type but is mostly associated with males allured by loud calls of nestlings from nearby allospecific nests. However, most of the observations remain only anecdotic and an empirical research that would try to find plausible explanations of the evolutionary advantages of this behaviour still remains to be carried out.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43109317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.005
J. Gyurácz, Péter Bánhidi, József Góczán, P. Illés, S. Kalmár, Z. Lukács, P. Molnar, Csaba Németh, L. Varga
Abstract. Changes in biometric characteristics of a migrating bird population at a given capture site could reflect that the migration strategies of the species may be changing. A robust data set (15,520 records) was used to analyse the changes in biometric characteristics of the Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla in western Hungary between August and October during the study period (2001–2019). All age and sex classes displayed similar phenology of monthly captures and biometric change: the average wing length, fat score and body mass increased in the migrating population from August to October. This could be explained by changes in the morphometric distribution of different migrating populations, in later months more birds might arrive from a larger distance, primarily from the Baltic regions and the Czech Republic. The biometrics of juvenile birds captured in August did not change significantly from 2001 to 2019, while the wing lengths decreased and fat scores increased significantly between 2001 and 2019 in September and October in both sex classes. This could be explained by a change in the migration distance or different morphology of individuals from the north which stopped over at the study area. Due to the global warming and habitat changes in the last decade, the shorter migration route and favourable conditions at overwintering areas north of the Sahara or around the Mediterranean could favour Blackcaps which migrate a shorter distance.
{"title":"Temporal Changes in Wing Length, Fat Reserves and Body Mass of Migrating Eurasian Blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla at a West Hungarian Stopover Site","authors":"J. Gyurácz, Péter Bánhidi, József Góczán, P. Illés, S. Kalmár, Z. Lukács, P. Molnar, Csaba Németh, L. Varga","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Changes in biometric characteristics of a migrating bird population at a given capture site could reflect that the migration strategies of the species may be changing. A robust data set (15,520 records) was used to analyse the changes in biometric characteristics of the Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla in western Hungary between August and October during the study period (2001–2019). All age and sex classes displayed similar phenology of monthly captures and biometric change: the average wing length, fat score and body mass increased in the migrating population from August to October. This could be explained by changes in the morphometric distribution of different migrating populations, in later months more birds might arrive from a larger distance, primarily from the Baltic regions and the Czech Republic. The biometrics of juvenile birds captured in August did not change significantly from 2001 to 2019, while the wing lengths decreased and fat scores increased significantly between 2001 and 2019 in September and October in both sex classes. This could be explained by a change in the migration distance or different morphology of individuals from the north which stopped over at the study area. Due to the global warming and habitat changes in the last decade, the shorter migration route and favourable conditions at overwintering areas north of the Sahara or around the Mediterranean could favour Blackcaps which migrate a shorter distance.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"51 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46133341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.012
E. Zyśk-Gorczyńska, K. Bojarska, M. Żmihorski
Abstract. Collisions with glass or glass-covered objects are an important source of bird mortality worldwide. In this study, we investigate bird-glass collision pattern with the help of novel method using marks left by birds on glass surfaces. We surveyed 85 glass bus shelters every 12 days over a year to evaluate which parts of glass surfaces have the highest risk of collision. Among 178 bird-glass collisions recorded only 3% took place within 10 cm from glass edge, although this glass band (i.e. 0–10 cm from edge) covers over 30% of the whole glass area, on average. More inner parts of glass (10–70 cm from glass edge) had collision frequency slightly higher than expected by their coverage or proportional to their coverage. Different collisions recorded at one glass seemed independent suggesting no spatial aggregations within single glass. This study is the first to demonstrate the non-random risk of bird collision in relation to position on the glass surface and may suggest that there is no need to implement mitigating measures, like visible markers placed on the glass, closer than 10 cm from the glass edge.
{"title":"Nonrandom Bird-Glass Collision Pattern: Fewer Strikes Near Glass Edge","authors":"E. Zyśk-Gorczyńska, K. Bojarska, M. Żmihorski","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Collisions with glass or glass-covered objects are an important source of bird mortality worldwide. In this study, we investigate bird-glass collision pattern with the help of novel method using marks left by birds on glass surfaces. We surveyed 85 glass bus shelters every 12 days over a year to evaluate which parts of glass surfaces have the highest risk of collision. Among 178 bird-glass collisions recorded only 3% took place within 10 cm from glass edge, although this glass band (i.e. 0–10 cm from edge) covers over 30% of the whole glass area, on average. More inner parts of glass (10–70 cm from glass edge) had collision frequency slightly higher than expected by their coverage or proportional to their coverage. Different collisions recorded at one glass seemed independent suggesting no spatial aggregations within single glass. This study is the first to demonstrate the non-random risk of bird collision in relation to position on the glass surface and may suggest that there is no need to implement mitigating measures, like visible markers placed on the glass, closer than 10 cm from the glass edge.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"133 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44457715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.011
Leomyr S. A. Da Silva, R. Rafael, G. Rodrigues, H. F. D. De Araujo
Abstract. Leukocyte profiles, such as the heterophile/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, are influenced by several ecological and ecophysiological factors and are generally considered to be independent and robust indicators of stress levels in birds. We tested the hypotheses that Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla presents a positive association between physiological stress (H/L ratio) and molt, and that there should be a negative association between physiological stress (H/L ratio) and body condition (mass). During its annual cycle, Semipalmated Sandpiper performs long-distance migrations and often arrives in South America in September/October when it can undergo molting before its migration to the north. In May, while preparing to return to its reproductive sites, Semipalmated Sandpiper increases its body mass. The research was carried out on Restinga Island of the Rio Paraíba estuary in northeast Brazil. Data collection took place during the wintering of Semipalmated Sandpiper in October 2017 and February and May 2018. We found a positive association between the H/L ratio and the presence of molt in October and February, but a negative association between the H/L ratio and body mass in May. Our results support the hypotheses that the presence of molt should be positively associated with the H/L ratio due to the high energy and nutritional costs that molting requires and that the H/L ratio and body mass should be negatively associated due to the favorable nutritional status of Semipalmated Sandpiper during its preparation to migrate to its reproductive areas.
{"title":"Heterophile/Lymphocyte Profiles are Associated with Mass Increase and Moulting in the Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla at Wintering Sites in NE South America","authors":"Leomyr S. A. Da Silva, R. Rafael, G. Rodrigues, H. F. D. De Araujo","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Leukocyte profiles, such as the heterophile/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, are influenced by several ecological and ecophysiological factors and are generally considered to be independent and robust indicators of stress levels in birds. We tested the hypotheses that Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla presents a positive association between physiological stress (H/L ratio) and molt, and that there should be a negative association between physiological stress (H/L ratio) and body condition (mass). During its annual cycle, Semipalmated Sandpiper performs long-distance migrations and often arrives in South America in September/October when it can undergo molting before its migration to the north. In May, while preparing to return to its reproductive sites, Semipalmated Sandpiper increases its body mass. The research was carried out on Restinga Island of the Rio Paraíba estuary in northeast Brazil. Data collection took place during the wintering of Semipalmated Sandpiper in October 2017 and February and May 2018. We found a positive association between the H/L ratio and the presence of molt in October and February, but a negative association between the H/L ratio and body mass in May. Our results support the hypotheses that the presence of molt should be positively associated with the H/L ratio due to the high energy and nutritional costs that molting requires and that the H/L ratio and body mass should be negatively associated due to the favorable nutritional status of Semipalmated Sandpiper during its preparation to migrate to its reproductive areas.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"127 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45224423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.004
M. Giammarino, P. Quatto, M. Renna
Abstract. Some waterbird species are believed to have an impact on other waterbird species as they are able to usurp a limited habitat and destroy vegetation. In this study, we have analysed the nesting dynamics of five waterbird species: Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, that had settled in a colony in the Royal Castle Park of Racconigi (Cuneo, NW Italy) over a 17-year period (2000 to 2017). The Great Cormorant and the Cattle Egret settled in the colony in 2008 and 2012, respectively. We analysed the relationships between the number of breeding pairs of the five species. In addition, we used the time series forecasting method to study the nesting dynamics and the impact of the new settlements on the pre-existing colony. The number of nests of the Great Cormorant and the Cattle Egret increased annually, and these species significantly affected the nesting trends of the other pre-existing species: Grey Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron and Little Egret. The Grey Heron mainly suffered from the occupation of its old nests by the Great Cormorant from 2008 to 2013. However, since 2014, the Grey Heron has been able to react, by displacing its breeding site to the tops of trees adjacent to the old heronry, and this has resulted in an even greater number of nests than before 2008. The Black-crowned Night Heron and the Little Egret suffered more from the settlement of the new species than the Grey Heron did, and started to suddenly or gradually abandon the breeding site. The colony has been modified profoundly by the settlement of the Great Cormorant and the Cattle Egret, and it is still subject to dynamics that could transform it in the coming years.
{"title":"Impacts of Great Cormorant and Cattle Egret Nesting on Other Waterbirds in a Shared Breeding Site in Piedmont (NW Italy)","authors":"M. Giammarino, P. Quatto, M. Renna","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Some waterbird species are believed to have an impact on other waterbird species as they are able to usurp a limited habitat and destroy vegetation. In this study, we have analysed the nesting dynamics of five waterbird species: Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, that had settled in a colony in the Royal Castle Park of Racconigi (Cuneo, NW Italy) over a 17-year period (2000 to 2017). The Great Cormorant and the Cattle Egret settled in the colony in 2008 and 2012, respectively. We analysed the relationships between the number of breeding pairs of the five species. In addition, we used the time series forecasting method to study the nesting dynamics and the impact of the new settlements on the pre-existing colony. The number of nests of the Great Cormorant and the Cattle Egret increased annually, and these species significantly affected the nesting trends of the other pre-existing species: Grey Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron and Little Egret. The Grey Heron mainly suffered from the occupation of its old nests by the Great Cormorant from 2008 to 2013. However, since 2014, the Grey Heron has been able to react, by displacing its breeding site to the tops of trees adjacent to the old heronry, and this has resulted in an even greater number of nests than before 2008. The Black-crowned Night Heron and the Little Egret suffered more from the settlement of the new species than the Grey Heron did, and started to suddenly or gradually abandon the breeding site. The colony has been modified profoundly by the settlement of the Great Cormorant and the Cattle Egret, and it is still subject to dynamics that could transform it in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"39 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44665701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.002
D. Aoki, Y. Iwami, M. Takagi
Abstract. The Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius is a highly polytypic bird species composed of 34–36 subspecies. The contribution of formation of glacial refugia to the evolutionary process that generated its tremendous diversity has not been studied. We investigated the contribution of microrefugia to the subspeciation process of the Eurasian Jay in the Japanese archipelago. By assessing genetic diversity and reconstructing a mitochondrial phylogenetic tree, we asked whether divergence of a subspecies on a peripheral island (Sado Island) from the subspecies on the mainland of the Japanese archipelago (Honshu and Kyushu, hereafter mainland) occurred via formation of a microrefugium outside the mainland macrorefugia. We also assessed morphological differences between the Sado Island and mainland jay populations. We tested whether the observed morphological differences can be explained by adaptation of the Sado Island population to a species-poor microrefugium. Genetic analyses inferred that the Sado Island population survived in a refugium outside the mainland macrorefugia from around the late Middle to Late Pleistocene. The morphology of the Sado Island jay population was characterized by greater trait variance, larger body size, and a disproportionately large bill when compared with the mainland population. These results are consistent with the expected patterns of morphological evolution in microrefugia with reduced species diversity. We suggest the importance of ecological release in a microrefugium on Sado Island for the evolution of geographical variation of the Eurasian Jay in the Japanese archipelago. This is the first study to assess the significance of microrefugia for the diversification of the Eurasian Jay.
{"title":"Formation of Macro- and Microrefugia Explains Morphological Divergence of the Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius in the Japanese Archipelago","authors":"D. Aoki, Y. Iwami, M. Takagi","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius is a highly polytypic bird species composed of 34–36 subspecies. The contribution of formation of glacial refugia to the evolutionary process that generated its tremendous diversity has not been studied. We investigated the contribution of microrefugia to the subspeciation process of the Eurasian Jay in the Japanese archipelago. By assessing genetic diversity and reconstructing a mitochondrial phylogenetic tree, we asked whether divergence of a subspecies on a peripheral island (Sado Island) from the subspecies on the mainland of the Japanese archipelago (Honshu and Kyushu, hereafter mainland) occurred via formation of a microrefugium outside the mainland macrorefugia. We also assessed morphological differences between the Sado Island and mainland jay populations. We tested whether the observed morphological differences can be explained by adaptation of the Sado Island population to a species-poor microrefugium. Genetic analyses inferred that the Sado Island population survived in a refugium outside the mainland macrorefugia from around the late Middle to Late Pleistocene. The morphology of the Sado Island jay population was characterized by greater trait variance, larger body size, and a disproportionately large bill when compared with the mainland population. These results are consistent with the expected patterns of morphological evolution in microrefugia with reduced species diversity. We suggest the importance of ecological release in a microrefugium on Sado Island for the evolution of geographical variation of the Eurasian Jay in the Japanese archipelago. This is the first study to assess the significance of microrefugia for the diversification of the Eurasian Jay.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"15 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48637472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.010
O. Pshenichnikova, A. Klenova, N. Konyukhov, V. Zubakin, Y. Artukhin, Carley Schacter
Abstract. Study of population genetic structure is essential for insight in species biology, but mechanisms of its formation and factors influencing it remain insufficiently understood. Here we analyzed differentiation among populations in small colonial seabird of North Pacific, the Parakeet Auklet Aethia psittacula, which was previously considered as a monomorphic species. We compare our results with data on congeneric species to investigate the most important factors affecting the process of population differentiation in Aethini. We analyzed morphometric measurements, mitochondrial DNA control region fragment and microsatellite loci from six Parakeet Auklet colonies spanning the breeding range. Although results of microsatellite variability analysis did not reveal differences between birds from different colonies, results of control region variability and morphometric analyses testified for a slight but significant differentiation between birds from the Aleutian Islands and other parts of their range. They were significantly smaller in most linear parameters measured and had higher body condition (expressed as the scaled mass index). The results of mtDNA analysis and discrepancy between different types of genetic markers indicated that birds from Aleutian Islands and from the other parts of their breeding range probably originated from different refuges and the differentiation of mitochondrial lineages between them took place around 100 000 years ago. Our results and conclusions from the comparison with congeneric species indicated that foraging and migration patterns seem to determine population structure in small planktivorous alcids, with panmixia in highly mobile species, clear population differentiation in resident species and intermediate population differentiation in more dispersive species.
{"title":"Signs of Genetic and Morphometric Population Differentiation in Small Planctivorous Seabird, Parakeet Auklet Aethia psittacula, Reinforces Linkage between Population Structure and Migratory Strategy","authors":"O. Pshenichnikova, A. Klenova, N. Konyukhov, V. Zubakin, Y. Artukhin, Carley Schacter","doi":"10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/00016454AO2021.56.1.010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Study of population genetic structure is essential for insight in species biology, but mechanisms of its formation and factors influencing it remain insufficiently understood. Here we analyzed differentiation among populations in small colonial seabird of North Pacific, the Parakeet Auklet Aethia psittacula, which was previously considered as a monomorphic species. We compare our results with data on congeneric species to investigate the most important factors affecting the process of population differentiation in Aethini. We analyzed morphometric measurements, mitochondrial DNA control region fragment and microsatellite loci from six Parakeet Auklet colonies spanning the breeding range. Although results of microsatellite variability analysis did not reveal differences between birds from different colonies, results of control region variability and morphometric analyses testified for a slight but significant differentiation between birds from the Aleutian Islands and other parts of their range. They were significantly smaller in most linear parameters measured and had higher body condition (expressed as the scaled mass index). The results of mtDNA analysis and discrepancy between different types of genetic markers indicated that birds from Aleutian Islands and from the other parts of their breeding range probably originated from different refuges and the differentiation of mitochondrial lineages between them took place around 100 000 years ago. Our results and conclusions from the comparison with congeneric species indicated that foraging and migration patterns seem to determine population structure in small planktivorous alcids, with panmixia in highly mobile species, clear population differentiation in resident species and intermediate population differentiation in more dispersive species.","PeriodicalId":50888,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ornithologica","volume":"56 1","pages":"109 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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