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When Toxicity is Not Enough: Review and New Data on Blister Beetle (Coleoptera, Meloidae) Predation by Shrikes 当毒性不够时:伯劳捕食水泡甲虫(鞘翅目,花蛾科)的回顾和新资料
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.007
Fernando Cortés-Fossati, M. Rojo
Abstract. Shrikes from the genus Lanius are generalists in terms of diet, even consuming highly toxic species, as blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Despite the fact that regular predation on these coleopterans have never been described both in recent and historical literature, birds stand out as one of the groups to most often prey upon these insects. In the Old World, records of shrikes preying on oil-beetles — most of them treated as anecdotal — have been published since the 19th century. However, despite being repetitive, no review or in-depth study of this behavior has been conducted. After a literature study and new data collected in the Iberian Peninsula, it seems an extended behaviour within the clade. As could be observed in a high number of cases, birds even apply a specific technique, selecting specific body parts to kill the beetle, more sclerotic and presumably less toxic. In some cases, strict predation has been demonstrated. To date, at least six different shrike species — Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, Great Grey Shrike L. excubitor, Iberian Grey Shrike L. meridionalis, Loggerhead Shrike L. ludovicianus, Lesser Grey Shrike L. minor, and Woodchat Shrike L. senator — have been found to show signs of preying on at least nine Meloidae species throughout Europe, North Africa and North America, constituting a line of research that should be studied in greater detail.
摘要Lanius属的Shrikes在饮食方面是多面手,甚至食用剧毒物种,如水泡甲虫(鞘翅目,蜜瓜科)。尽管在最近和历史文献中从未描述过对这些鞘翅目昆虫的定期捕食,但鸟类是最常捕食这些昆虫的群体之一。在旧世界,自19世纪以来,就有关于伯劳捕食油甲虫的记录——其中大多数被视为轶事。然而,尽管是重复的,但尚未对这种行为进行审查或深入研究。经过文献研究和在伊比利亚半岛收集的新数据,这似乎是该分支内的一种扩展行为。正如在大量情况下可以观察到的那样,鸟类甚至应用了一种特定的技术,选择特定的身体部位来杀死甲虫,这种甲虫更具硬化性,可能毒性更小。在某些情况下,已经证明存在严格的捕食行为。到目前为止,至少有六种不同的伯劳——红背伯劳、大灰伯劳、伊比利亚灰伯劳(Iberian Grey shrike L.meridionalis)、Loggerhead shrike L.ludovicianus、小灰伯劳和Woodchat shrike L senator——在整个欧洲、北非和北美都显示出捕食至少九种蜜瓜科物种的迹象,构成了一条应该更详细研究的研究路线。
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引用次数: 0
Intraguild Predation by Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo on Booted Eagle Aquila pennata and Long-Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus 欧亚鹰鸮Bubo Bubo捕食靴鹰Aquila pennata和长腿秃鹰Buteo rufinus
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.010
A. Sándor
Abstract. In August 2018 remains of several birds of prey were recorded at one Eagle Owl Bubo bubo eyrie in southeast Romania. Among these, still articulated wings and leg bones of an adult female Booted Eagle Aquila pennata, feathers and several bone fragments of one adult Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus and several individuals of Common Buzzards Buteo buteo were identified. While predation of Eagle Owls on different raptor species is well known, booted Eagles and Long-legged Buzzards are rarely preyed upon. Based on changes that occurred in the overall diet of owls at this particular eyrie, it is hypothesized that a shortage in the main prey species (induced by land use changes in the region) may be the cause of these extraordinary predation events. While predation of Eagle Owls on large diurnal raptors is more an exception than a norm, in areas where threatened diurnal raptors breed, the presence of Eagle Owls may cause conservation concerns/prove to be problematic.
摘要2018年8月,在罗马尼亚东南部的一只鹰鸮Bubo Bubo eyrie发现了几只猛禽的遗骸。其中,发现了一只成年雌性靴鹰Aquila pennata的仍有关节的翅膀和腿骨,一只成年长腿蟾蜍和几只普通蟾蜍的羽毛和几块骨头碎片。虽然鹰鸮对不同猛禽物种的捕食是众所周知的,但有蹄鹰和长腿蟾蜍很少被捕食。根据这一特定巢穴猫头鹰整体饮食的变化,假设主要猎物物种的短缺(由该地区土地利用的变化引起)可能是这些异常捕食事件的原因。虽然鹰鸮对大型日间猛禽的捕食与其说是一种常态,不如说是一个例外,但在受威胁的日间猛禽繁殖的地区,鹰鸮的存在可能会引起保护问题/被证明是有问题的。
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引用次数: 0
Long-Term Changes in a Pygmy Cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus Wintering Population in Southern Bulgaria 保加利亚南部俾格米Cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus越冬种群的长期变化
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.003
D. Dobrev, Vladimir Dobrev, P. Hristova, G. Popgeorgiev, D. Demerdzhiev, Dimitar G. Plachyiski
Abstract. Waterbirds are declining globally due to different threats that affect their abundance and shift both their breeding and wintering ranges. Cormorants disperse over vast distances during winter and are suitable indicators of the impacts of human-wildlife interactions and abiotic factors. During wintering periods, Pygmy Cormorants Microcarbo pygmaeus use regular roosts where they overnight on suitable perches, a refuge from adverse weather conditions and disturbances. Our study aimed to determine the wintering population size of the Pygmy Cormorant and its dynamics across 23-years (1996–2019) at seven roosting sites in the Maritsa River valley, Southern Bulgaria. This is a critical site for the species conservation where 3065–8180 birds are wintering annually. The wintering Pygmy Cormorant population showed a tendency to increase between 1996 and 2019 (λ = 1.03 ± 0.001). Each year Pygmy Cormorants were most abundant in December (mean ± SE, 2609 ± 185 individuals), while the lowest numbers were recorded in March (1207 ± 106). Pygmy Cormorants aggregated to roost between 4:00 PM and 5:30 PM throughout the study. The area of wintering foraging habitat of the Pygmy Cormorant increased significantly across all roosting sites in the study period from 2675.97 ha to 22564.35 ha. The number of Pygmy Cormorants at the roost was positively affected by the drop in the daily air mean temperatures and the decrease of the day length. Despite the global population increase, the Pygmy Cormorant faces a high risk of human-induced mortality during wintering and is thus regionally classified as endangered.
摘要由于不同的威胁影响了水鸟的数量,并改变了它们的繁殖和越冬范围,水鸟在全球范围内正在减少。冬季,珊瑚虫分散在很远的地方,是人类与野生动物相互作用和非生物因素影响的合适指标。在越冬期间,侏儒Cormorants Microcarbo pygmaeus使用常规栖息地,在合适的栖息处过夜,这是一个躲避恶劣天气条件和干扰的避难所。我们的研究旨在确定保加利亚南部Maritsa河谷七个栖息地的俾格米Cormorant越冬种群规模及其23年(1996-2019)的动态。这是物种保护的关键地点,每年有3065–8180只鸟类在这里过冬。1996年至2019年间,越冬的俾格米Cormorant种群呈增加趋势(λ=1.03±0.001)。每年12月,俾格米Cormorant数量最多(平均值±SE,2609±185只),而3月的数量最低(1207±106只)。在整个研究过程中,侏儒Cormorants在下午4:00至5:30之间聚集栖息。在研究期间,所有栖息地的俾格米Cormorant越冬觅食栖息地面积从2675.97公顷显著增加到22564.35公顷。每天平均气温的下降和白天长度的减少对栖息的俾格米Cormorant的数量产生了积极影响。尽管全球种群数量在增加,但俾格米Cormorant在越冬期间面临着人类死亡的高风险,因此被区域归类为濒危物种。
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引用次数: 0
Low Rate of Pre-Dispersal Acorn Predation by Eurasian Jays Garrulus glandarius during Non-Mast Years 欧亚Jays Garulus glandarius在非桅杆年份对橡子的低捕食率
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.009
P. Kurek, D. Dobrowolska, B. Wiatrowska, Barbara Seget, Łukasz Piechnik
Abstract. Mast-seeding is widely considered to be an adaptation that minimizes seed predation. The superabundance of seeds during mast years greatly exceeds the capacity of seed predators to consume them. These notions were based on research on food specialists such as insects and rodents. However, mast-seeding may have different impact on the behavior of corvids that are food generalists. The Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius is a widespread scatter-hoarding corvid that uses acorns as a food reserve for winter. In mast-years, the birds are supposed to be satiated by the greater seed supply and are able to store their surplus, acting as dispersal agents, whereas in poor crop seasons they use most of the crop for current consumption and thus become seed predators. In such a situation, a dispersal agent may become a seed predator, and vice versa. The main task of this study was to determine the levels of pre-dispersal acorn predation by Jays during non-mast years to verify the notion that under such conditions Jays act mostly as seed consumers. During two consecutive non-mast years, tagged acorns were radio-tracked and the acorns' fate (cached or eaten) was assessed. We found extremely low pre-dispersal acorn predation by Jays (0.9%). The possible reason is that temperatures in period of acorns collecting (September–October) are high enough to allow invertebrates to remain active, so the Jays may supplement their diet with insects and also fleshy fruits. Therefore, almost all acorns were cached and scatter-hoarding Jays provided effective seed dispersal, with extremely low consumption of acorns.
摘要桅杆播种被广泛认为是一种能最大限度地减少种子捕食的适应方式。肥大年份种子的过剩大大超过了种子捕食者吃掉它们的能力。这些概念是基于对昆虫和啮齿动物等食物专家的研究。然而,桅杆播种可能会对作为食物多面手的corvid的行为产生不同的影响。欧亚Jay Garulus glandarius是一种广泛分布的分散囤积的corvid,它将橡子作为冬季的食物储备。在丰年,鸟类应该对更多的种子供应感到饱腹,并能够储存多余的种子,充当传播媒介,而在作物歉收的季节,它们将大部分作物用于当前消费,从而成为种子捕食者。在这种情况下,扩散剂可能会成为种子捕食者,反之亦然。这项研究的主要任务是确定Jays在非桅杆年份传播前对橡子的捕食水平,以验证在这种情况下Jays主要充当种子消费者的观点。在连续两年的无桅杆期间,对带标签的橡子进行无线电跟踪,并评估橡子的命运(缓存或食用)。我们发现Jays在传播前对橡子的捕食率极低(0.9%)。可能的原因是橡子采集期(9月至10月)的温度足够高,可以让无脊椎动物保持活跃,因此Jays可以用昆虫和肉质水果来补充饮食。因此,几乎所有的橡子都被缓存起来,而囤积橡子的Jays提供了有效的种子传播,橡子的消耗量极低。
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引用次数: 0
Breeding Success of Primary and Secondary Burrow-Nesting Birds on Stream Banks in Central Brazil 巴西中部河岸上初级和次级洞巢鸟的繁殖成功
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.011
Sandro B. Silva, M. Pesquero, Sinara L. Veloso, Letícia M. Faria, F. V. de Arruda
Abstract. Underground burrow nests of three bird species: Amazonian Motmot Momotus momota, Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda and Swallow Tanager Tersina viridis were monitored for eight years on stream banks, in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, to enable determining whether, or not, being a burrow excavator bird is associated with nest predation, and how important the role played by nest dimensions in this nesting system is. Predation was the main cause of nest failures, although there was no significant difference in nest predation between secondary (SCN) and primary (PCN) cavity (burrow)-nesting species. Offspring predation rate was the only one recording significant result; the lowest offspring predation rate was associated with PCN species — Amazonian Motmot but, again, there was no significant difference between PCN and SCN species. On the other hand, SCN species — Swallow Tanager has compensated offspring losses due to its increased fecundity, which enabled two broods per breeding season. No nest parameter has influenced predation rates, although our data suggested the need of further investigating the length of the nest access tunnel.
摘要在一个季节性半落叶森林的河岸上,对三种鸟类的地下洞巢进行了8年的监测:亚马逊Motmot Momotus momota,红尾Jacamar Galbula ruficauda和Swallow Tanager Tersina viridis,以确定洞穴挖掘鸟是否与巢穴捕食有关,以及巢穴尺寸在筑巢系统中所起的作用有多重要。尽管次级(SCN)和初级(PCN)穴(洞)巢的捕食行为没有显著差异,但捕食是巢失败的主要原因。只有子代捕食率记录了显著的结果;子代捕食率最低的是PCN物种——亚马逊河鼠,但PCN和SCN物种之间的差异也不显著。另一方面,SCN物种-燕子Tanager弥补了由于其繁殖力增加而造成的后代损失,这使得每个繁殖季节能够繁殖两窝。虽然我们的数据表明需要进一步研究巢通道的长度,但没有巢参数影响捕食率。
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引用次数: 0
Post-Fledging Survival and Dispersal of the White-Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus 白喉杓鹬羽化后的生存与扩散
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.001
S. Bureš, M. Baláž, Denisa Slavkovská, K. Weidinger
Abstract. The post-fledging period is still an understudied stage of avian life cycle, even in the case of otherwise frequently studied species. The general breeding biology of the White-throated Dipper is known well, but only a few studies have focused on survival and dispersal during the post-fledging period. In this study we report on results revealed by radio-telemetry, a method which has not been used in the species to date. Nestlings (37 individuals from 9 nests) in a mountain population of central Slovakia were radio-tagged on the mean expected fledging age (22 days post-hatch) and monitored daily until death, disappearance or reaching independence. Only 22–32% (depending on the handling of uncertain data) of fledglings survived the first 12 days post-fledging. Predation was the most frequently suspected cause of death. The daily survival rate was markedly lower during the first two days after fledging (0.717–0.758) than later (0.914–0.941). The daily movement distance remained stable during the first week post-fledging and increased around the age of reaching independence (c. 12 days post-fledging). On the other hand, the distance from the natal nest and the within-brood distance (length of river occupied by fledglings from the same nest) increased gradually since fledging. We propose that in our study population the low post-fledging survival could be potentially balanced by frequent renesting and/or double-brooding, timing of which corresponds well with the age of reaching independence when juvenile birds disperse outside the natal territory.
摘要即使在其他经常研究的物种中,羽化后时期仍然是鸟类生命周期中研究不足的阶段。白喉北斗七星的一般繁殖生物学是众所周知的,但只有少数研究集中在羽化后时期的生存和扩散。在这项研究中,我们报告了无线电遥测的结果,这种方法迄今为止还没有在该物种中使用过。斯洛伐克中部山区种群中的雏鸟(来自9个巢的37只)被无线电标记为平均预期幼鸟年龄(孵化后22天),并每天进行监测,直到死亡、失踪或独立。只有22-32%的幼鸟(取决于对不确定数据的处理)在幼鸟出生后的前12天存活下来。捕食是最常被怀疑的死亡原因。羽化后的前两天(0.717-0.758)的日存活率明显低于羽化后(0.914-0.941)。羽化后第一周的日移动距离保持稳定,并在达到独立年龄前后(约羽化后12天)增加。另一方面,离出生巢的距离和窝内距离(同一巢的幼鸟所占的河流长度)自幼鸟开始逐渐增加。我们提出,在我们的研究种群中,幼鸟出笼后的低存活率可能会通过频繁的更新和/或双重育婴来平衡,这一时间与幼鸟在出生地以外分散时达到独立的年龄非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Tawny Owl Strix aluco Distribution in the Urban Landscape: The Effect of Habitat, Noise and Light Pollution 城市景观中褐猫头鹰条纹的分布:栖息地、噪声和光污染的影响
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.005
Giuseppe Orlando, D. Chamberlain
Abstract. At present, the intensification of urban landcover is one of the most critical threats for biodiversity. Common side-effects of urban sprawl are anthropogenic noise and artificial light at night (ALAN). Although their negative effects have often been described, little research has concerned nocturnal wildlife, especially avian predators. Here, we investigated the effect of urban and tree cover, traffic noise and ALAN on the presence of the Tawny Owl Strix aluco, a common night-active predator in Europe. We conducted playback surveys along an urban gradient in Turin (Italy) to detect species presence. Traffic noise was measured in the field, the cover of built-up and (semi-)natural areas was estimated using GIS and multiple measures of ALAN were acquired from a light pollution map. We modelled species presence as a function of each environmental predictor and we found a significant negative relationship with light pollution, which was the foremost urban stressor affecting Tawny Owl occurrence. Our findings suggest that Tawny Owls are more likely to be found in less artificially illuminated areas and that their distribution in urban areas is not only influenced by noise pollution and the availability of suitable habitat, but also the intensity of ALAN. Therefore, light pollution could be a key driver of the spatial distribution of Tawny Owls and potentially other nocturnal species in urban ecosystems.
摘要目前,城市土地覆盖的加剧是对生物多样性最严重的威胁之一。城市蔓延的常见副作用是人为噪音和夜间人工照明(ALAN)。尽管人们经常描述它们的负面影响,但很少有研究涉及夜间野生动物,尤其是鸟类捕食者。在这里,我们调查了城市和树木覆盖、交通噪音和ALAN对欧洲常见的夜间活动捕食者Tawny Owl Strix aluco存在的影响。我们沿着都灵(意大利)的城市梯度进行了回放调查,以检测物种的存在。现场测量了交通噪声,使用GIS估计了建成区和(半)自然区的覆盖率,并从光污染地图中获得了ALAN的多种测量值。我们将物种的存在建模为每个环境预测因子的函数,我们发现光污染与光污染存在显著的负相关关系,而光污染是影响Tawny Owl发生的最主要的城市压力源。我们的研究结果表明,Tawny Owls更有可能在人工照明较少的地区发现,它们在城市地区的分布不仅受到噪音污染和合适栖息地的影响,还受到ALAN强度的影响。因此,光污染可能是城市生态系统中褐猫头鹰和其他潜在夜间物种空间分布的关键驱动因素。
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引用次数: 1
Diet of Montagu's Harriers Circus pygargus Wintering in India: Analysing Seasonal, Regional and Sex Differences Using Web-Sourced Photographs and Pellet Contents 蒙塔古鹞在印度越冬的饮食:利用网络图片和颗粒含量分析季节、地区和性别差异
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.004
A. Kannan, S. Thalavaipandi, Deven Mehta, A. Saravanan, M. Prashanth, T. Ganesh
Abstract. Studies on the diet composition of bird species provide valuable insights on their habitat use, trophic interactions and prey selection. Prey abundance can drive movements of raptors in their wintering grounds. But such links have been difficult to establish due to the lack of dietary information for most raptor species. Estimating the wintering diet of raptors is a challenge that requires extensive fieldwork across a large geographical area which is often not possible. The methods used in breeding sites such as nest observations are not available in the non-breeding regions. Recently, several studies have demonstrated the use of web-sourced photographs as a tool for understanding the diet of raptors and also the need for combining multiple approaches to get a comprehensive overview of diet. In this study, we use a novel approach by using web-sourced photographs and pellets to estimate the variations in the diet of Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus, a species in decline, across its wintering range in India. A total of 232 photographs and 391 pellets collected across western India, Deccan and south India during autumn, winter and early spring seasons were analysed. About 53% of photographs and 71% of pellets contained orthopterans, forming the major component of the harrier's diet. The proportion of reptiles, eggs and birds in the diet were similar across both methods. Presence of other insects in the diet was better estimated by photographs (23%) than pellets (8%) while rodent presence was higher in pellets (17%) than photographs (4%). Pellet analysis and photographs showed similar variation in diet across seasons while only pellets showed variation in diet across regions. Photographs also showed that there is significant variation in diet between the sexes of the species, with higher presence of insects and reptiles in the diet of males than females. Our results suggest that a combination of photographs and pellet analysis provide better estimates of wintering diet of Montagu's Harriers.
摘要对鸟类饮食组成的研究为它们的栖息地利用、营养相互作用和猎物选择提供了有价值的见解。猎物的丰富可以驱动猛禽在越冬地的活动。但由于缺乏大多数猛禽物种的饮食信息,这种联系一直很难建立。估计猛禽的越冬饮食是一项挑战,需要在大的地理区域进行广泛的实地调查,而这通常是不可能的。在繁殖地使用的方法,如巢穴观察,在非繁殖区是不可用的。最近,几项研究表明,使用网络来源的照片作为了解猛禽饮食的工具,还需要结合多种方法来全面了解饮食。在这项研究中,我们使用了一种新的方法,使用网络来源的照片和颗粒来估计Montagu的鹞马戏团蟒蛇(一种正在衰退的物种)在印度越冬期间的饮食变化。对秋季、冬季和早春期间在印度西部、德干和南部收集的232张照片和391粒颗粒进行了分析。大约53%的照片和71%的颗粒含有直翅目昆虫,它们是鹞饮食的主要成分。两种方法中爬行动物、蛋和鸟类在饮食中的比例相似。照片(23%)比颗粒物(8%)更好地估计了饮食中其他昆虫的存在,而颗粒物中啮齿动物的存在(17%)比照片(4%)更高。颗粒分析和照片显示,不同季节的饮食变化相似,而只有颗粒显示不同地区的饮食变化。照片还显示,该物种的性别在饮食上存在显著差异,雄性饮食中昆虫和爬行动物的数量高于雌性。我们的研究结果表明,结合照片和颗粒分析,可以更好地估计蒙塔古鹞的越冬饮食。
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引用次数: 0
Internal Architecture Differentially Affects Thermal Insulation in the Walls of Common Blackbird Turdus merula Nests 内部建筑对常见黑鸟Turdus merula巢穴墙壁隔热的不同影响
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.008
D. Deeming, Ross Jarvis
Abstract. Nest construction may result in niche creation by the bird, i.e., modification of the immediate environment in terms of temperature or humidity. Here thermal insulation of nests of the Common Blackbird Turdus merula was investigated using a heat source placed inside the cup. The temperature profile of the nest wall was recorded using thermistors placed at different positions in the nest wall. Temperatures were affected by the layers in the wall with the grass cup lining and mud cup offering more insulation than the outer wall. Thermal conductance of the wall of Common Blackbird nests was relatively high compared to other reports for this variable in other passerine species from Australia. Variation among Common Blackbird nests in terms of temperature differences across layers, and thermal conductance overall, correlated with the thickness of the grass cup lining. Thermal insulation provided by a nest wall is dependent on the thicknesses and types of materials used in each part of the wall. Previous studies using nest deconstruction have demonstrated that the various layers in a wall have differing thermal characteristics. This is the first report of clear differences in the temperature profile across the different parts of the intact nest wall. Whether this pattern is also observed in nests of other species requires further investigation. The placement of different materials within the nest wall by the bird is not a random process and the results support the idea that the avian nest is involved in niche creation.
摘要鸟巢的建造可能会导致鸟类创造生态位,即在温度或湿度方面改变周围环境。在这里,使用放置在杯子里的热源对普通黑鸟Turdus merula巢穴的隔热进行了研究。使用放置在巢壁中不同位置的热敏电阻来记录巢壁的温度分布。温度受到墙内各层的影响,草杯内衬和泥杯比外墙提供了更多的隔热效果。与澳大利亚其他雀形目物种的其他报告相比,普通黑鸟巢穴壁的热导率相对较高。普通黑鸟巢穴的层间温差和整体热导率的变化与草杯内衬的厚度相关。由嵌套墙提供的隔热取决于墙的每个部分中使用的材料的厚度和类型。先前使用巢穴解构的研究表明,墙壁中的不同层具有不同的热特性。这是第一份关于完整巢壁不同部分温度分布明显差异的报告。这种模式是否也在其他物种的巢穴中观察到,还需要进一步调查。鸟类在巢壁内放置不同材料不是一个随机过程,研究结果支持了鸟巢参与生态位创建的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Faster and Better: Comparison between Traditional and Drone Monitoring in a Cryptic Species, the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 更快更好:对一种神秘物种紫鹭的传统监测和无人机监测的比较
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2022.57.2.002
Alejandro Corregidor-Castro, F. Scarton, L. Panzarin, E. Verza, R. Valle
Abstract. Monitoring waterbirds is fundamental to understand the health status of wetland habitats. However, this monitoring has to be conducted by means of reliable data collection that can provide accurate information on population trends. Usually, waterbird monitoring is difficult, as nesting grounds are usually located in inaccessible reedbed, and by eye detection of cryptic species is hard. Drones have the capacity to overcome most of these problems, as they can provide with an aerial view of places otherwise unreachable, while reducing the disturbance and time spent in the field. The present study aims to compare the accuracy, disturbance levels, and managerial efficiency between ground (traditional) and drone counts of a cryptic species, the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea. Traditional monitoring methods were only capable of detecting 35% of the nesting pairs detected by the drone surveys (8.0 ± 11.8 versus 22.9 ± 38.2 nesting pairs in ground and drone surveys, respectively). Consequently, colony size estimates between methods showed poor agreement, to the point that traditional methods missed colonies otherwise detected by the drone. No apparent negative effects on nesting pairs where found when flying the drone. In addition, mean time spent to survey breeding sites with a drone was far less than with the traditional approach, down to a six-fold time reduction. This reduction, together with a lack of disturbance observed when conducting the drone monitoring, and an increasing monitoring precision and accuracy, supports the use of drones as the least invasive option for studies on population monitoring on hardly accessible sites.
摘要监测水鸟是了解湿地栖息地健康状况的基础。然而,这种监测必须通过可靠的数据收集来进行,这些数据可以提供关于人口趋势的准确信息。通常,水鸟的监测很困难,因为筑巢地通常位于人迹罕至的芦苇丛中,而且很难通过眼睛检测到神秘物种。无人机有能力克服大多数这些问题,因为它们可以提供无法到达的地方的鸟瞰图,同时减少干扰和在野外花费的时间。本研究旨在比较一种神秘物种紫鹭的地面(传统)和无人机计数的准确性、干扰水平和管理效率。传统的监测方法只能检测到35%的无人机调查检测到的筑巢对(地面和无人机调查分别为8.0±11.8对和22.9±38.2对)。因此,两种方法之间的菌落大小估计结果一致性较差,以至于传统方法错过了无人机检测到的菌落。无人机飞行时发现的巢对没有明显的负面影响。此外,用无人机调查繁殖地的平均时间远少于传统方法,减少了六倍。这种减少,加上在进行无人机监测时没有观察到干扰,监测精度和准确性不断提高,支持将无人机作为在难以进入的地点进行人口监测研究的侵入性最小的选择。
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