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An Easy Method for Interpretation of Gravity Anomalies Due to Vertical Finite Lines 垂直有限线重力异常的一种简单解释方法
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0097
I. Kara, N. Hoskan
A new method is introduced to determine the top and bottom depth of a vertical line using gravity anomalies. For this, gravity at a distance x from the origin and horizontal derivative at that point are utilized. A numerical value is obtained dividing the gravity at point x by horizontal derivative. Then a new equation is obtained dividing the theoretical gravity equation by the derivative equation. In that equation, assigning various values to the depth and length of vertical line, several new numerical values are obtained. Among these values, a curve is obtained for the one that is closest to the first value from attending the depth and length values. The intersection point of these curves obtained by repeating this procedure several times for different points x yield the real depth and length values of the line. The method is tested on two synthetics and field examples. Successful results are obtained in both applications.
介绍了一种利用重力异常确定垂线上下深度的新方法。为此,利用距离原点x处的重力和该点处的水平导数。用x点的重力除以水平导数得到一个数值。然后用理论重力方程除以导数方程得到一个新的方程。在该方程中,对垂直线的深度和长度赋不同的值,得到了几个新的数值。在这些值中,通过参与深度和长度值,得到最接近第一个值的曲线。这些曲线的交点通过对不同的点x重复这一过程多次得到,从而得到线的实际深度和长度值。该方法在两种合成材料和现场实例上进行了验证。在两种应用中均获得了成功的结果。
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引用次数: 4
Applying the General Regression Neural Network to Ground Motion Prediction Equations of Induced Events in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District in Poland 广义回归神经网络在波兰Legnica-Głogów铜矿区诱发事件地震动预测方程中的应用
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0104
J. Wiszniowski
This paper presents a study of the nonlinear estimation of the ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) using neural networks. The general regression neural network (GRNN) was chosen for its high learning rate. A separate GRNN was tested as well as a GRNN in cascade connection with linear regression (LR). Measurements of induced seis-micity in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District were used in this study. Various sets of input variables were tested. The basic variables used in every case were seismic energy and epicentral distance, while the additional variables were the location of the epicenter, the location of the seismic station, and the direction towards the epicenter. The GRNN improves the GMPE. The best results were obtained when the epicenter location was used as an additional input. The GRNN model was analysed for how it can improve the GMPE with respect to LR. The bootstrap resampling method was used for this purpose. It proved the statistical significance of the improvement of the GMPE. Additionally, this method allows the determination of smoothness parameters for the GRNN. Parameters derived through this method have better generalisation capabilities than the smoothness parameters estimated using the holdout method.
本文研究了利用神经网络对地震动预测方程进行非线性估计的方法。一般回归神经网络(general regression neural network, GRNN)具有较高的学习率。测试了单独的GRNN以及与线性回归(LR)级联的GRNN。本研究使用了Legnica-Głogów铜矿区的诱发地震活动性测量。测试了各种输入变量集。每种情况下使用的基本变量是地震能量和震中距离,而附加变量是震中位置、地震台站位置和朝向震中的方向。GRNN是对GMPE的改进。当震中位置作为附加输入时,得到了最好的结果。分析了GRNN模型如何提高相对于LR的GMPE。为此,采用了自举重采样方法。证明了GMPE改善的统计学意义。此外,该方法允许确定GRNN的平滑参数。通过该方法得到的参数比使用hold - out方法估计的平滑参数具有更好的泛化能力。
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引用次数: 7
Modelling and Observation of Mineral Dust Optical Properties over Central Europe 中欧地区矿物粉尘光学特性的模拟和观测
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0069
M. Chilinski, K. Markowicz, Olga Zawadzka, I. Stachlewska, Wojciech Kumala, T. Petelski, P. Makuch, D. Westphal, Bogdan Zagajewski
This paper is focused on Saharan dust transport to Central Europe/Poland; we compare properties of atmospheric Saharan dust using data from NAAPS, MACC, AERONET as well as observations obtained during HyMountEcos campaign in June 2012. Ten years of dust climatology shows that long-range transport of Saharan dust to Central Europe is mostly during spring and summer. HYSPLIT back-trajectories indicate airmass transport mainly in November, but it does not agree with modeled maxima of dust optical depth. NAAPS model shows maximum of dust optical depth (~0.04–0.05, 550 nm) in April–May, but the MACC modeled peak is broader (~0.04). During occurrence of mineral dust over Central-Europe for 14% (NAAPS) / 12% (MACC) of days dust optical depths are above 0.05 and during 4% (NAAPS) / 2.5% (MACC) of days dust optical depths exceed 0.1. The HyMountEcos campaign took place in June–July 2012 in the mountainous region of Karkonosze. The analysis includes remote sensing data from lidars, sunphotometers, and numerical simulations from NAAPS, MACC, DREAM8b models. Comparison of simulations with observations demonstrates the ability of models to reasonably reproduce aerosol vertical distributions and their temporal variability. However, significant differences between simulated and measured AODs were found. The best agreement was achieved for MACC model.
本文的重点是撒哈拉沙尘输送到中欧/波兰;我们利用NAAPS、MACC、AERONET的数据以及2012年6月HyMountEcos活动期间获得的观测数据,比较了大气撒哈拉沙尘的特性。十年的沙尘气候学研究表明,撒哈拉沙尘向中欧的远距离输送主要发生在春季和夏季。HYSPLIT反轨迹显示气团主要在11月输送,但与模拟的尘埃光学深度最大值不符。NAAPS模型显示4 ~ 5月的尘埃光学深度最大值(~0.04 ~ 0.05,550 nm),而MACC模型的峰值更宽(~0.04)。在中欧地区矿物粉尘发生期间,14% (NAAPS) / 12% (MACC)的日数尘埃光学深度大于0.05,4% (NAAPS) / 2.5% (MACC)的日数尘埃光学深度大于0.1。HyMountEcos活动于2012年6月至7月在Karkonosze山区开展。分析包括来自激光雷达、太阳光度计的遥感数据,以及来自NAAPS、MACC、DREAM8b模型的数值模拟。模拟与观测的比较表明模式有能力合理地再现气溶胶垂直分布及其时间变率。然而,模拟和测量的aod之间存在显著差异。MACC模型的一致性最好。
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引用次数: 8
First Measurements of the Earth’s Electric Field at the Arctowski Antarctic Station, King George Island, by the New Polish Atmospheric Electricity Observation Network 新波兰大气电观测网在乔治国王岛的阿尔托斯基南极站首次测量地球电场
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0096
M. Kubicki, A. Odzimek, M. Neska, J. Berliński, S. Michnowski
Atmospheric electricity measurements are performed all over the globe for getting a better understanding of the processes and phenomena operating in the Earth’s electric atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere. Over recent years, we have established coordinated observations of atmospheric electricity, mainly of the vertical component of the Earth’s atmospheric electric field, from Polish observation stations: Stanisław Kalinowski Geophysical Observatory in Świder, Poland, Stanisław Siedlecki Polar Station in Hornsund, Svalbard, Norway, and, for the first time, the Henryk Arctowski Antarctic Station in King George Island. The organisation of this network is presented here as well as a preliminary summary of geophysical conditions at Arctowski, important from the point of view of atmospheric electricity observations. In particular, we refer to the geomagnetic observations made at Arctowski station in 1978–1995. We also present the average fair-weather diurnal variation of the atmospheric electric field based on observations made so far between 2013 and 2015.
大气电测量在全球范围内进行,以便更好地了解地球电大气、电离层和磁层中的过程和现象。近年来,我们通过波兰观测站建立了大气电的协调观测,主要是地球大气电场的垂直分量,这些观测站包括:Stanisław波兰的Świder卡利诺夫斯基地球物理观测站,Stanisław挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛霍恩松德的西德莱基极地站,以及首次在乔治国王岛建立的亨利克·阿尔托斯基南极站。这里介绍了该网络的组织,以及对Arctowski的地球物理条件的初步总结,从大气电观测的角度来看,这一点很重要。我们特别提到1978-1995年在Arctowski站进行的地磁观测。我们还根据2013年至2015年的观测,给出了大气电场的平均晴天日变化。
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引用次数: 5
Crustal Structure Along Sunda-Banda Arc Transition Zone from Teleseismic Receiver Functions 从远震接收函数看巽他-班达弧过渡带的地壳结构
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2015-0098
S. Syuhada, N. Hananto, C. I. Abdullah, N. Puspito, T. Anggono, T. Yudistira
We analyzed receiver function of teleseismic events recorded at twelve Indonesian-GEOFON (IA-GE) broadband stations using nonlinear Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) inversion and H-k stacking methods to estimate crustal thickness, Vp/Vs ratios and S-wave velocity structure along Sunda-Banda arc transition zone. We observed crustal thickness of 34–37 km in Timor Island, which is consistent with the previous works. The thick crust (> 30 km) is also found beneath Sumba and Flores Islands, which might be related to the arc-continent collision causing the thickened crust. In Timor and Sumba Islands, we observed high Vp/Vs ratio (> 1.84) with low velocity zone that might be associated with the presence of mafic and ultramafic materials and fluid filled fracture zone. The high Vp/Vs ratio observed at Sumbawa and Flores volcanic Islands might be an indication of partial melt related to the upwelling of hot asthenosphere material through the subducted slab.
利用非线性邻域算法(NA)反演和H-k叠加方法,分析了12个印度尼西亚- geofon (IA-GE)宽带台站记录的远震事件接收函数,估算了巽他-班达弧过渡带的地壳厚度、Vp/Vs比和s波速度结构。我们在帝汶岛观测到的地壳厚度为34 ~ 37 km,与前人的研究结果一致。在松巴岛和弗洛雷斯岛也发现了厚地壳(bbb30 km),这可能与弧-陆碰撞导致地壳增厚有关。在Timor和Sumba群岛,我们观察到高Vp/Vs比(> 1.84)和低速带,可能与基性和超基性物质的存在以及充满流体的裂缝带有关。在松巴哇和弗洛雷斯火山岛观测到的高Vp/Vs比值可能表明与热软流圈物质通过俯冲板块上涌有关的部分熔融。
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引用次数: 24
Acoustic Emission Parameters of Three Gorges Sandstone during Shear Failure 三峡砂岩剪切破坏过程中的声发射参数
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0094
Jiang Xu, Yixin Liu, S. Peng
In this paper, an experimental investigation of sandstone samples from the Three Gorges during shear failure was conducted using acoustic emission (AE) and direct shear tests. The AE count rate, cumulative AE count, AE energy, and amplitude of the sandstone samples were determined. Then, the relationships among the AE signals and shearing behaviors of the samples were analyzed in order to detect micro-crack initiation and propagation and reflect shear failure. The results indicated that both the shear strength and displacement exhibited a logarithmic relationship with the displacement rate at peak levels of stress. In addition, the various characteristics of the AE signals were apparent in various situations. The AE signals corresponded with the shear stress under different displacement rates. As the displacement rate increased, the amount of accumulative damage to each specimen decreased, while the AE energy peaked earlier and more significantly. The cumulative AE count primarily increased during the post-peak period. Furthermore, the AE count rate and amplitude exhibited two peaks during the peak shear stress period due to crack coalescence and rock bridge breakage. These isolated cracks later formed larger fractures and eventually caused ruptures.
采用声发射(AE)和直剪(direct - shear)两种方法对三峡库区砂岩试样进行了剪切破坏试验研究。测定了砂岩样品的声发射计数率、累积声发射计数、声发射能量和振幅。然后,分析声发射信号与试样剪切行为之间的关系,以检测微裂纹的萌生和扩展,反映剪切破坏。结果表明:在峰值应力水平下,抗剪强度和位移均与位移率呈对数关系;此外,不同情况下声发射信号的不同特征也很明显。不同位移速率下的声发射信号与剪切应力相对应。随着位移速率的增大,各试件累积损伤量减小,声发射能量峰值出现的时间更早、更显著。累积声发射数主要在峰后增加。声发射计数率和幅值在峰值剪应力期出现两个峰值,分别为裂缝聚结期和岩桥断裂期。这些孤立的裂缝后来形成了更大的裂缝,最终导致破裂。
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引用次数: 11
The New Algorithm for Fast Probabilistic Hypocenter Locations 地震快速概率定位新算法
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0111
W. Debski, P. Klejment
The spatial location of sources of seismic waves is one of the first tasks when transient waves from natural (uncontrolled) sources are analysed in many branches of physics, including seismology, oceanology, to name a few. It is well recognised that there is no single universal location algorithm which performs equally well in all situations. Source activity and its spatial variability in time, the geometry of recording network, the complexity and heterogeneity of wave velocity distribution are all factors influencing the performance of location algorithms. In this paper we propose a new location algorithm which exploits the reciprocity and time-inverse invariance property of the wave equation. Basing on these symmetries and using a modern finite-difference-type eikonal solver, we have developed a new very fast algorithm performing the full probabilistic (Bayesian) source location. We illustrate an efficiency of the algorithm performing an advanced error analysis for 1647 seismic events from the Rudna copper mine operating in southwestern Poland.
地震震源的空间定位是在物理的许多分支,包括地震学、海洋学等,分析来自自然(不受控制)源的瞬态波时的首要任务之一。众所周知,没有一种通用的定位算法在所有情况下都表现得同样好。震源活动及其随时间的空间变异性、记录网络的几何形状、波速分布的复杂性和非均质性都是影响定位算法性能的因素。本文利用波动方程的互易性和时逆不变性,提出了一种新的定位算法。基于这些对称性并使用现代有限差分型eikonal求解器,我们开发了一种新的非常快速的算法来执行全概率(贝叶斯)源定位。我们举例说明了该算法对波兰西南部Rudna铜矿1647个地震事件进行高级误差分析的效率。
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引用次数: 4
Potential Field, Geoelectrical and Reflection Seismic Investigations for Massive Sulphide Exploration in the Skellefte Mining District, Northern Sweden 瑞典北部Skellefte矿区块状硫化物勘探的位场、地电和反射地震调查
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0088
S. Tavakoli, Mahdieh Dehghannejad, María Ángeles García Juanatey, Tobias E. Bauer, P. Weihed, S. Elming
Multi-scale geophysical studies were conducted in the central Skellefte district (CSD) in order to delineate the geometry of the upper crust (down to maximum ∼ 4.5 km depth) for prospecting volcanic massive sulphide (VMS) mineralization. These geophysical investigations include potential field, resistivity/induced polarization (IP), reflection seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) data which were collected between 2009 and 2010. The interpretations were divided in two scales: (i) shallow (∼ 1.5 km) and (ii) deep (∼4.5 km). Physical properties of the rocks, including density, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity and chargeability, were also used to improve interpretations. The study result delineates the geometry of the upper crust in the CSD and new models were suggested based on new and joint geophysical interpretation which can benefit VMS prospecting in the area. The result also indicates that a strongly conductive zone detected by resistivity/IP data may have been missed using other geophysical data.
在中央Skellefte区(CSD)进行了多尺度地球物理研究,以描绘上地壳(最大深度约4.5 km)的几何形状,以寻找火山块状硫化物(VMS)矿化。这些地球物理调查包括2009年至2010年间收集的势场、电阻率/感应极化(IP)、反射地震和大地电磁(MT)数据。解译分为两个尺度:(i)浅层(~ 1.5 km)和(ii)深层(~ 4.5 km)。岩石的物理性质,包括密度、磁化率、电阻率和电荷率,也被用来改进解释。研究结果圈定了CSD上地壳的几何形状,并在新的联合地球物理解释的基础上提出了新的模型,为该地区的VMS找矿提供了参考。结果还表明,电阻率/激电数据检测到的强导电带可能会被其他地球物理数据遗漏。
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引用次数: 10
Imprints of Natural Phenomena and Human Activity Observed During 10 Years of ELF Magnetic Measurements at the Hylaty Geophysical Station in Poland 波兰Hylaty地球物理站10年极低频磁测量观测到的自然现象和人类活动的印记
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0101
Z. Nieckarz
Current human activity produces strong electromagnetic pollution. The power spectrum in the extremely low frequency (ELF, 3–3000 Hz) range is mainly polluted by anthropogenic narrow spectral lines at 16.66, 50, and 60 Hz and their harmonics. Meanwhile, signatures connected with natural phenomena appearing in the Earth’s atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere are also observed in the same frequency range.This paper presents the amplitude behaviour of the anthropogenic lines in the years 2005–2014 based on the 10 years of activity of the Hylaty station situated in southeast Poland. The analysis includes, i.a., an assessment of the correctness of the choice of the Bieszczady mountains as a location for the installation of an ELF station for long-term geophysical and climatological studies.
目前的人类活动产生强烈的电磁污染。极低频(ELF, 3 ~ 3000 Hz)范围内的功率谱主要受到16.66、50、60 Hz的人为窄谱线及其谐波的污染。同时,在地球大气、电离层和磁层中出现的与自然现象有关的信号也在同一频率范围内被观测到。本文基于波兰东南部Hylaty站10年的活动,给出了2005-2014年人为线的振幅变化。分析包括,例如,评估选择比耶什扎迪山作为安装极低频地面站进行长期地球物理和气候研究的地点的正确性。
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引用次数: 1
Various Approaches to Forward and Inverse Wide-Angle Seismic Modelling Tested on Data from DOBRE-4 Experiment 基于DOBRE-4试验数据的多种广角地震正反演模拟方法
IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0084
T. Janik, P. Środa, W. Czuba, D. Lysynchuk
The interpretation of seismic refraction and wide angle reflection data usually involves the creation of a velocity model based on an inverse or forward modelling of the travel times of crustal and mantle phases using the ray theory approach. The modelling codes differ in terms of model parameterization, data used for modelling, regularization of the result, etc. It is helpful to know the capabilities, advantages and limitations of the code used compared to others.This work compares some popular 2D seismic modelling codes using the dataset collected along the seismic wide-angle profile DOBRE-4, where quite peculiar/uncommon reflected phases were observed in the wavefield.The ~505 km long profile was realized in southern Ukraine in 2009, using 13 shot points and 230 recording stations. Double PMP phases with a different reduced time (7.5–11 s) and a different apparent velocity, intersecting each other, are observed in the seismic wavefield. This is the most striking feature of the data. They are interpreted as reflections from strongly dipping Moho segments with an opposite dip. Two steps were used for the modelling. In the previous work by Starostenko et al. (2013), the trial-and-error forward model based on refracted and reflected phases (SEIS83 code) was published. The interesting feature is the high-amplitude (8–17 km) variability of the Moho depth in the form of downward and upward bends. This model is compared with results from other seismic inversion methods: the first arrivals tomography package FAST based on first arrivals; the JIVE3D code, which can also use later refracted arrivals and reflections; and the forward and inversion code RAYINVR using both refracted and reflected phases. Modelling with all the codes tested showed substantial variability of the Moho depth along the DOBRE-4 profile. However, SEIS83 and RAYINVR packages seem to give the most coincident results.
地震折射和广角反射数据的解释通常涉及到利用射线理论方法对地壳和地幔相的移动时间进行逆或正演模拟,从而建立一个速度模型。建模代码在模型参数化、用于建模的数据、结果的正则化等方面有所不同。与其他代码相比,了解所使用代码的功能、优点和限制是有帮助的。这项工作使用沿地震广角剖面DOBRE-4收集的数据集比较了一些流行的二维地震建模代码,在波场中观察到相当特殊/不常见的反射相位。2009年在乌克兰南部实现了~505公里长的剖面,使用了13个拍摄点和230个记录站。在地震波场中观测到具有不同缩减时间(7.5 ~ 11 s)和不同视速度的双PMP相相交。这是数据中最显著的特征。它们被解释为强烈倾斜的莫霍段与相反倾斜的反射。建模分为两个步骤。在starostonko等人(2013)之前的工作中,发表了基于折射和反射相位的试错正演模型(SEIS83代码)。有趣的特征是莫霍深度的高振幅(8-17 km)变化,以向下和向上弯曲的形式出现。该模型与其他地震反演方法的结果进行了比较:基于首到层析成像的FAST包;JIVE3D代码,也可以使用后期折射到达和反射;以及同时使用折射相位和反射相位的正反演代码RAYINVR。所有测试代码的建模显示,沿DOBRE-4剖面的莫霍深度存在实质性变化。然而,SEIS83和RAYINVR包似乎给出了最一致的结果。
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引用次数: 3
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