Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.002
Michael Curran, Mirjam Kopp, M. Ruedi, J. Bayliss
The ecology of the high-altitude mountains of northern Mozambique is understudied in comparison to surrounding countries. A series of biological surveys have focused on filling this data gap, with Mount Namuli in Zambezia Province one of the focal sites of these expeditions. A biological survey of Mount Namuli in 2009 resulted in the collection of five specimens of a horseshoe bat species (Rhinolophidae) that is here described as a new species from Mozambique. Morphologically, the new species is very similar to Rhinolophus maendeleo Kock, Csorba and Howell, 2000 of the adami-group, but lacks some key morphological characters of this group (large ears, narrow skull, long palate). Molecular reconstructions clearly suggest the new species belongs to the capensis-group, but no members of the adami-group were included in this analysis (due to lacking data). It is thus unclear whether this unexpected phylogenetic position reflects morphological convergences between members of the adami- and capensis-groups, or whether the morphology-based adami-group should be reconsidered. The new species and R. maendeleo share similar external and craniodental measurements, but can be distinguished based on a number of key characters. These include the presence of a bony bar forming the interorbital foramena, rostrum shape, ear length and highly differing bacular morphologies. It also differs from the genetically closely related R. denti Thomas, 1904, R. swinnyi Gough, 1908 (including two recently described cryptic species) and R. simulator Andersen, 1904 by non-overlapping external and cranial measurements. The new species echolocates at a mean peak frequency of 76.9 kHz and shows an affinity to forest habitats, which are highly threatened in the surrounding region. It joins other coastal and montane forest endemics in defining the bat fauna of south-eastern Africa.
与周边国家相比，莫桑比克北部高海拔山脉的生态学研究不足。一系列生物调查的重点是填补这一数据空白，赞比西亚省的纳穆利山是这些探险的焦点之一。2009年对纳穆利山进行的一次生物调查收集了五个马蹄蝙蝠物种（犀科）的标本，该物种在这里被描述为莫桑比克的一个新物种。在形态上，这个新物种与阿达米群的Rhinolophus maendeleo Kock、Csorba和Howell，2000非常相似，但缺乏该群的一些关键形态特征（大耳朵、窄头骨、长腭）。分子重建清楚地表明，这个新物种属于capensis群，但由于缺乏数据，该分析中没有阿达米群的成员。因此，目前尚不清楚这种出乎意料的系统发育位置是否反映了阿达米群和卡彭斯群成员之间的形态学趋同，或者是否应该重新考虑基于形态学的阿达米群。新物种和R.maendeleo具有相似的外部和颅骨测量结果，但可以根据一些关键特征进行区分。其中包括形成眶间孔的骨条的存在、喙部形状、耳朵长度和高度不同的杆状形态。它还与基因亲缘关系密切的R.denti Thomas，1904年，R.swinnyi Gough，1908年（包括两个最近描述的神秘物种）和R.simulator Andersen，1904年的不同之处在于外部和颅骨测量不重叠。新物种的回声定位平均峰值频率为76.9kHz，并显示出对森林栖息地的亲和力，而森林栖息地在周围地区受到高度威胁。它与其他沿海和山地森林特有种一起定义了非洲东南部的蝙蝠动物群。
{"title":"A New Species of Horseshoe Bat (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Mount Namuli, Mozambique","authors":"Michael Curran, Mirjam Kopp, M. Ruedi, J. Bayliss","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"The ecology of the high-altitude mountains of northern Mozambique is understudied in comparison to surrounding countries. A series of biological surveys have focused on filling this data gap, with Mount Namuli in Zambezia Province one of the focal sites of these expeditions. A biological survey of Mount Namuli in 2009 resulted in the collection of five specimens of a horseshoe bat species (Rhinolophidae) that is here described as a new species from Mozambique. Morphologically, the new species is very similar to Rhinolophus maendeleo Kock, Csorba and Howell, 2000 of the adami-group, but lacks some key morphological characters of this group (large ears, narrow skull, long palate). Molecular reconstructions clearly suggest the new species belongs to the capensis-group, but no members of the adami-group were included in this analysis (due to lacking data). It is thus unclear whether this unexpected phylogenetic position reflects morphological convergences between members of the adami- and capensis-groups, or whether the morphology-based adami-group should be reconsidered. The new species and R. maendeleo share similar external and craniodental measurements, but can be distinguished based on a number of key characters. These include the presence of a bony bar forming the interorbital foramena, rostrum shape, ear length and highly differing bacular morphologies. It also differs from the genetically closely related R. denti Thomas, 1904, R. swinnyi Gough, 1908 (including two recently described cryptic species) and R. simulator Andersen, 1904 by non-overlapping external and cranial measurements. The new species echolocates at a mean peak frequency of 76.9 kHz and shows an affinity to forest habitats, which are highly threatened in the surrounding region. It joins other coastal and montane forest endemics in defining the bat fauna of south-eastern Africa.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"61 6","pages":"19 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41311674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.018
J. Aronson
The transition to mitigate climate change necessitates a rapid and global diffusion of renewable energy but this should not jeopardise the need to meet similarly important targets for biodiversity. Wind energy is a leading cause of bat mortality globally, yet little is known about the impacts to bats in Africa. I studied these impacts in South Africa to enhance knowledge on wind energy impacts on African bats. I reviewed data from 59 studies published in scientific journals and technical reports of operational monitoring of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Bat fatalities occurred at all operating wind energy facilities in South Africa. Tadarida aegyptiaca accounted for the majority of carcasses, followed by Neoromicia capensis and Miniopterus natalensis. The majority of fatalities were of non-migratory species and occurred between February and April although bats were killed in all months. Bat fatality differed between wind energy facilities in terms of observed fatality/year, estimated fatality/year and estimated fatality/MW/year but these differences could not be explained by broad scale vegetation patterns. Total estimated bat fatality between 2011 and 2020 was 12,601 bats. Mean fatality/MW/year was 2.8 bats. I estimate that between 2013 and 2050, a minimum of 996,974 bats may be killed at South African wind energy facilities. My results present the first estimates of the scale of potential wind energy impacts to bats in South Africa and the African continent.
{"title":"Current State of Knowledge of Wind Energy Impacts on Bats in South Africa","authors":"J. Aronson","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.018","url":null,"abstract":"The transition to mitigate climate change necessitates a rapid and global diffusion of renewable energy but this should not jeopardise the need to meet similarly important targets for biodiversity. Wind energy is a leading cause of bat mortality globally, yet little is known about the impacts to bats in Africa. I studied these impacts in South Africa to enhance knowledge on wind energy impacts on African bats. I reviewed data from 59 studies published in scientific journals and technical reports of operational monitoring of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Bat fatalities occurred at all operating wind energy facilities in South Africa. Tadarida aegyptiaca accounted for the majority of carcasses, followed by Neoromicia capensis and Miniopterus natalensis. The majority of fatalities were of non-migratory species and occurred between February and April although bats were killed in all months. Bat fatality differed between wind energy facilities in terms of observed fatality/year, estimated fatality/year and estimated fatality/MW/year but these differences could not be explained by broad scale vegetation patterns. Total estimated bat fatality between 2011 and 2020 was 12,601 bats. Mean fatality/MW/year was 2.8 bats. I estimate that between 2013 and 2050, a minimum of 996,974 bats may be killed at South African wind energy facilities. My results present the first estimates of the scale of potential wind energy impacts to bats in South Africa and the African continent.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"221 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47216983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.003
Edgar G. Gutiérrez, B. Rodríguez‐Herrera, Juan Antonio Baeza, Ma. Isabel Salazar, Jorge Ortega
Vagility, ecological requirements, and forest patches can all influence gene flow among populations. These aspects are critical for the maintenance of genetic diversity in populations. Ectophylla alba is a fruit bat belonging to the family Phyllostomidae with specialized feeding and habitat requirements. Studies examining population genetics in this specialist bat are lacking. In this study, ten microsatellite loci were used to evaluate the current genetic structure of this bat species. Six localities in Costa Rica were evaluated. These localities are included in a landscape with remnants of lowland forests surrounded by cattle pastures, plantations, urban areas, and roads. Our results suggest a genetic population with moderate genetic diversity that was observed at most studied loci, with a statistically non-significant difference between the observed and expected heterozygosity. Most of the genetic variation was observed within rather than among sampled populations. The Mantel test showed a non-significant correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distance. These results suggest that E. alba populations have not shown an effect of habitat fragmentation in the studied area. We argue that the increase of forest patches is too recent to alter genetic diversity among sampled localities. Current migration among populations appears to be high enough to balance allele frequencies among localities.
{"title":"Genetic Analyses Reveal High Connectivity among Populations of the Honduran White Bat Ectophylla alba in the Caribbean Lowlands of Central Eastern Costa Rica","authors":"Edgar G. Gutiérrez, B. Rodríguez‐Herrera, Juan Antonio Baeza, Ma. Isabel Salazar, Jorge Ortega","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"Vagility, ecological requirements, and forest patches can all influence gene flow among populations. These aspects are critical for the maintenance of genetic diversity in populations. Ectophylla alba is a fruit bat belonging to the family Phyllostomidae with specialized feeding and habitat requirements. Studies examining population genetics in this specialist bat are lacking. In this study, ten microsatellite loci were used to evaluate the current genetic structure of this bat species. Six localities in Costa Rica were evaluated. These localities are included in a landscape with remnants of lowland forests surrounded by cattle pastures, plantations, urban areas, and roads. Our results suggest a genetic population with moderate genetic diversity that was observed at most studied loci, with a statistically non-significant difference between the observed and expected heterozygosity. Most of the genetic variation was observed within rather than among sampled populations. The Mantel test showed a non-significant correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distance. These results suggest that E. alba populations have not shown an effect of habitat fragmentation in the studied area. We argue that the increase of forest patches is too recent to alter genetic diversity among sampled localities. Current migration among populations appears to be high enough to balance allele frequencies among localities.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"41 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47227247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.014
N. A. Borray-Escalante, J. Pérez-Torres, Marcela Castro-Benítez
We assessed the degree of preference for food resources consumed by Carollia perspicillata from Macaregua cave (Santander, Colombia), and how these preferences were related to nutrient content. Between July and August of 2015, 160 bats were captured with a capture success of 7.04 individuals-night/hours-network. The fecal samples were processed in the laboratory and seeds that were found were identified taxonomically. The supply of fruit and nutritional value of ripe fruit collected from plant species identified in bat fecal samples were determined. The plant species, Myrsine sp., Neosprucea montana, Duranta repens and Maclura tinctoria accounted for over 85% of total food resources consumed, with nine additional species making up the rest of the sample. The diet was dominated by Myrcia popayanensis, M. tinctoria, Vismia glaziovii, Solanum mauritianum and N. montana. The nutrient contents (sugar, water, lipids, fiber, protein and ash) in their fruits varied significantly. Both male and female C. perspicillata preferred M. popayanensis and, to a lesser extent M. tinctoria. Food resource preferences were related (not linearly) to their nutritional content, with the preferred fruit being those showing intermediate nutrient concentrations. Maclura tinctoria and N. montana are new entries on the list of plant species consumed by C. perspicillata.
{"title":"Nutritional Ecology of Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): Relationship between the Preference and the Nutritional Content of Fruits","authors":"N. A. Borray-Escalante, J. Pérez-Torres, Marcela Castro-Benítez","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.014","url":null,"abstract":"We assessed the degree of preference for food resources consumed by Carollia perspicillata from Macaregua cave (Santander, Colombia), and how these preferences were related to nutrient content. Between July and August of 2015, 160 bats were captured with a capture success of 7.04 individuals-night/hours-network. The fecal samples were processed in the laboratory and seeds that were found were identified taxonomically. The supply of fruit and nutritional value of ripe fruit collected from plant species identified in bat fecal samples were determined. The plant species, Myrsine sp., Neosprucea montana, Duranta repens and Maclura tinctoria accounted for over 85% of total food resources consumed, with nine additional species making up the rest of the sample. The diet was dominated by Myrcia popayanensis, M. tinctoria, Vismia glaziovii, Solanum mauritianum and N. montana. The nutrient contents (sugar, water, lipids, fiber, protein and ash) in their fruits varied significantly. Both male and female C. perspicillata preferred M. popayanensis and, to a lesser extent M. tinctoria. Food resource preferences were related (not linearly) to their nutritional content, with the preferred fruit being those showing intermediate nutrient concentrations. Maclura tinctoria and N. montana are new entries on the list of plant species consumed by C. perspicillata.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"177 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49049126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.012
Willy Pineda-Lizano, G. Chaverri
Spatio-temporal patterns of species richness, Hill numbers, captures per species, feeding guilds, sex ratio, and biomass were studied in a Neotropical bat assemblage during 17 continuous months in four bands (low: 50–150, mid-low: 375–500, mid-high: 975–1,050, and high: 1,950–2,050 m a.s.l.) in an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. We found an effect of elevation on species richness. As expected, species richness was high in the low elevations; unexpectedly, however, we noted that species richness was highest in the mid-high band, a diversity pattern that has not been previously recorded in bats. We also found an effect of precipitation periods on species richness; in particular, at mid-high elevations, when precipitation was intermediate and highest, we observed a larger number of species. When analyzing data separately by feeding ensemble, we found an effect of elevation on species richness for three ensembles: animalivorous bats were more diverse at the mid-low band, nectarivorous bats were more diverse in the mid-high and high bands, and frugivorous bats were more diverse in the mid-low and low bands. Species richness of frugivorous bats was also affected by precipitation; when rainfall was intermediate and highest, we noted a higher species richness of this ensemble. There was no effect of elevation on species richness for the insectivorous, omnivorous or hematophagous ensemble, nor on the species capture, sex ratio or biomass. Our results not only provide further evidence of the importance of lowland forests as reservoirs of high species diversity, but also highlight the importance of tropical premontane rainforests for the conservation of bat communities given their high species richness, particularly for the nectarivorous and frugivorous ensembles. This is particularly relevant not only because this ecosystem has been heavily affected by land use changes in the Neotropical region, but also because the predicted future decrease of precipitation at this elevation could potentially affect overall species richness and particularly for certain feeding ensembles. Thus, conservation efforts in this life zone are of critical importance for maintaining functional and ecological diversity of bat communities in elevational gradients.
{"title":"Bat Assemblages along an Elevational Gradient in Costa Rica","authors":"Willy Pineda-Lizano, G. Chaverri","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.012","url":null,"abstract":"Spatio-temporal patterns of species richness, Hill numbers, captures per species, feeding guilds, sex ratio, and biomass were studied in a Neotropical bat assemblage during 17 continuous months in four bands (low: 50–150, mid-low: 375–500, mid-high: 975–1,050, and high: 1,950–2,050 m a.s.l.) in an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. We found an effect of elevation on species richness. As expected, species richness was high in the low elevations; unexpectedly, however, we noted that species richness was highest in the mid-high band, a diversity pattern that has not been previously recorded in bats. We also found an effect of precipitation periods on species richness; in particular, at mid-high elevations, when precipitation was intermediate and highest, we observed a larger number of species. When analyzing data separately by feeding ensemble, we found an effect of elevation on species richness for three ensembles: animalivorous bats were more diverse at the mid-low band, nectarivorous bats were more diverse in the mid-high and high bands, and frugivorous bats were more diverse in the mid-low and low bands. Species richness of frugivorous bats was also affected by precipitation; when rainfall was intermediate and highest, we noted a higher species richness of this ensemble. There was no effect of elevation on species richness for the insectivorous, omnivorous or hematophagous ensemble, nor on the species capture, sex ratio or biomass. Our results not only provide further evidence of the importance of lowland forests as reservoirs of high species diversity, but also highlight the importance of tropical premontane rainforests for the conservation of bat communities given their high species richness, particularly for the nectarivorous and frugivorous ensembles. This is particularly relevant not only because this ecosystem has been heavily affected by land use changes in the Neotropical region, but also because the predicted future decrease of precipitation at this elevation could potentially affect overall species richness and particularly for certain feeding ensembles. Thus, conservation efforts in this life zone are of critical importance for maintaining functional and ecological diversity of bat communities in elevational gradients.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"151 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48347674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.010
S. Genelhú, A. S. Tahara, L. L. de Oliveira, R. Gregorin
The availability of shelter in karst areas affects the richness, abundance, and assemblage composition of bat species and may play an important role in movement dynamics, activity patterns, and foraging behavior. Our work in the midwestern region in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, showed a high richness of the bat fauna, given the anthropic impact caused by mineral exploration and agricultural activities, thus leaving vegetation islands over karst areas in a vast anthropized matrix. Sampling at 12 sites resulted in 1,444 captures of bats, representing 30 species. Our beta diversity partitioning analyses indicated a pattern of turnover, i.e. species replacement, suggesting that these vegetation fragments may function as ecological springboards or stopping points.
{"title":"Karstic Limestone Outcrops Harbor High Bat Diversity in a Deeply Anthropized Landscape in Southeastern Brazil","authors":"S. Genelhú, A. S. Tahara, L. L. de Oliveira, R. Gregorin","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.010","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of shelter in karst areas affects the richness, abundance, and assemblage composition of bat species and may play an important role in movement dynamics, activity patterns, and foraging behavior. Our work in the midwestern region in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, showed a high richness of the bat fauna, given the anthropic impact caused by mineral exploration and agricultural activities, thus leaving vegetation islands over karst areas in a vast anthropized matrix. Sampling at 12 sites resulted in 1,444 captures of bats, representing 30 species. Our beta diversity partitioning analyses indicated a pattern of turnover, i.e. species replacement, suggesting that these vegetation fragments may function as ecological springboards or stopping points.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"127 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41502333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.006
Lucas Haddaway, L. McGuire
Migrating temperate bats travel hundreds and perhaps thousands of kilometers, which necessitates making use of stopover sites. Migratory birds use stopover sites to rest and refuel for subsequent migratory flights, but it isn't clear what bats do during their comparatively brief stopovers. We used acoustic monitoring to compare activity patterns of migrating silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and resident big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) at Long Point, Ontario, Canada. From September 1 to October 31 2020 we recorded 4,333 echolocation passes from our two focal species and quatified feeding buzzes in those recordings. Migratory L. noctivagans passed through in two waves, one of which had been identified by previous study, and a second suggesting that the migratory period may be longer than previously identified. Eptesicus fuscus was primarily active only in the early and late parts of the night, in contrast to the activity pattern of L. noctivagans which were similarly active and foraging at dusk and dawn, but also during the middle parts of the night. Our acoustic monitoring data complement previous data collected from bat captures and radiotelemetry to provide further insight into stopover behaviors and ecology of temperate migratory bats.
{"title":"Seasonal and Nightly Activity Patterns of Migrating Silver-Haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) Compared to Non-Migrating Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus) at a Fall Migration Stopover Site","authors":"Lucas Haddaway, L. McGuire","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"Migrating temperate bats travel hundreds and perhaps thousands of kilometers, which necessitates making use of stopover sites. Migratory birds use stopover sites to rest and refuel for subsequent migratory flights, but it isn't clear what bats do during their comparatively brief stopovers. We used acoustic monitoring to compare activity patterns of migrating silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and resident big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) at Long Point, Ontario, Canada. From September 1 to October 31 2020 we recorded 4,333 echolocation passes from our two focal species and quatified feeding buzzes in those recordings. Migratory L. noctivagans passed through in two waves, one of which had been identified by previous study, and a second suggesting that the migratory period may be longer than previously identified. Eptesicus fuscus was primarily active only in the early and late parts of the night, in contrast to the activity pattern of L. noctivagans which were similarly active and foraging at dusk and dawn, but also during the middle parts of the night. Our acoustic monitoring data complement previous data collected from bat captures and radiotelemetry to provide further insight into stopover behaviors and ecology of temperate migratory bats.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"83 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45634168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.008
C. P. Bell
Seasonal swarming by bats in underground sites in late summer and early autumn is increasingly understood to play a vital role in their life-cycle, relating both to nuptial activity and to the use of swarming sites as hibernacula. The common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) is a largely commensal species in which seasonal swarming often occurs in built structures, which have been hypothesised to serve as mass hibernacula during the coldest part of the winter. A number of detailed studies of P. pipistrellus swarming sites have recorded year-round patterns of activity, as well as the demographic make-up of the visiting bats, but there has been relatively little study of overnight patterns of activity, or how swarming interacts with weather conditions at a variety of scales. This study uses auditory monitoring data, recorded continuously over a 27 month period in a P. pipistrellus swarming site within a built structure in northern England, to derive a detailed phenology of bat activity within the site, and uses generalised additive modelling to explain daily variation in activity in terms of seasonal trends modified by fluctuating weather conditions. Results suggest that cool conditions delay the onset of swarming in spring and late summer, and can suppress swarming behaviour even at the height of the swarming period, leading to a pronounced pulse of activity when temperatures rise, and the extension of activity into mid-Autumn. Roosting also occurred at the study site during the swarming period, and was associated with significant flying during the day in warm temperatures, which may reflect a search for cooler roosting locations. Overnight activity occurred throughout the hibernation period, but little evidence emerged for an influx of bats to a mass hibernaculum at the start of the winter.
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Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.004
R. Owen, C. López-González, Gloria González de Weston
Bats of the phyllostomid genus Artibeus are primarily frugivorous, and they often are captured carrying the fruits of figs (Ficus spp.) or Cecropia spp. Although two or three species of Artibeus (sensu stricto) are found sympatrically in many regions of the Neotropics, little is known about the potential competitive interactions of these congeners in areas of sympatry. Competition might occur for food, roost sites, or other resources, and might be expressed as spatial or temporal partitioning in feeding or reproduction, as increased displacement of feeding- or foraging-related characters, or as some combination of these factors. These effects might be more pronounced near the distributional limits of the species, where resources might be more limited (both in abundance and diversity), and more patchily distributed. Three species of Artibeus (A. fimbriatus, A. lituratus, and A. planirostris), are at or near their southern or south-western distributional limits in Paraguay. Previous analyses in Paraguay have determined that A. lituratus and A. planirostris are migratory, with A. lituratus being most abundant during the wet season (October–February), and A. planirostris in the variable season (March–May). Artibeus fimbriatus and A. lituratus are relatively more abundant in the Atlantic Forest ecoregion; and A. planirostris in the Cerrado. In this study we examined morphometric variation in wing and craniomandibular characters, as well as reproductive patterns, to further explore the potential niche partitioning along these dimensions that may reduce competition for resources. We tested for morphometric differences among the species, and for geographic and secondary sexual variation in each of the three species. Both wing and craniodental characters vary significantly among species. Artibeus fimbriatus exhibits sexual dimorphism in only one cranial character, and A. lituratus shows sexual dimorphism in three craniodental characters and in all wing characters, whereas A. planirostris is not sexually dimorphic in any character. Weak geographic variation was found in craniodental characters in A. planirostris, and in wing characters in the other two species. Differences were also encountered in the three species' morphometric responses to temperature and precipitation parameters. Evaluating these differences in morphometric patterns in the context of ecoregional and seasonal associations, migratory status and reproductive patterns, we conclude that the three species mitigate competitive pressure through a complex partitioning of available niche space.
{"title":"Sharing the Space: Variation in Morphometric, Ecoregional, Migratory and Reproductive Patterns of Three Sympatric Artibeus Species","authors":"R. Owen, C. López-González, Gloria González de Weston","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2022.24.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Bats of the phyllostomid genus Artibeus are primarily frugivorous, and they often are captured carrying the fruits of figs (Ficus spp.) or Cecropia spp. Although two or three species of Artibeus (sensu stricto) are found sympatrically in many regions of the Neotropics, little is known about the potential competitive interactions of these congeners in areas of sympatry. Competition might occur for food, roost sites, or other resources, and might be expressed as spatial or temporal partitioning in feeding or reproduction, as increased displacement of feeding- or foraging-related characters, or as some combination of these factors. These effects might be more pronounced near the distributional limits of the species, where resources might be more limited (both in abundance and diversity), and more patchily distributed. Three species of Artibeus (A. fimbriatus, A. lituratus, and A. planirostris), are at or near their southern or south-western distributional limits in Paraguay. Previous analyses in Paraguay have determined that A. lituratus and A. planirostris are migratory, with A. lituratus being most abundant during the wet season (October–February), and A. planirostris in the variable season (March–May). Artibeus fimbriatus and A. lituratus are relatively more abundant in the Atlantic Forest ecoregion; and A. planirostris in the Cerrado. In this study we examined morphometric variation in wing and craniomandibular characters, as well as reproductive patterns, to further explore the potential niche partitioning along these dimensions that may reduce competition for resources. We tested for morphometric differences among the species, and for geographic and secondary sexual variation in each of the three species. Both wing and craniodental characters vary significantly among species. Artibeus fimbriatus exhibits sexual dimorphism in only one cranial character, and A. lituratus shows sexual dimorphism in three craniodental characters and in all wing characters, whereas A. planirostris is not sexually dimorphic in any character. Weak geographic variation was found in craniodental characters in A. planirostris, and in wing characters in the other two species. Differences were also encountered in the three species' morphometric responses to temperature and precipitation parameters. Evaluating these differences in morphometric patterns in the context of ecoregional and seasonal associations, migratory status and reproductive patterns, we conclude that the three species mitigate competitive pressure through a complex partitioning of available niche space.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"24 1","pages":"51 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46780106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.008
R. A. Saldaña-Vázquez, F. Villalobos, Jesús R. Hernández‐Montero, Daniel Ferreyra-García, José P. Molina-Rodríguez
Understanding the factors that explain animals' diet diversity is important to comprehend niche partitioning, co-existence, biotic interactions, and the vulnerability of species populations to habitat transformation. Species body mass and their geographical range are positively related to the diversity of food items they consume and consequently with their potential ecological niche occupied. However, the relative weight of these factors to explain diet diversity in mammals is poorly known. Using Artibeina frugivorous bats as a biological model, we evaluate the importance of body mass and ecoregions occupied to explain the diet diversity of these bats. We analyzed our data using phylogenetic correlations and Bayesian statistics techniques. Our results show a stronger phylogenetic correlation between bats' diet diversity with the number of ecoregions they occupied than with their body mass. These results suggest Neotropical frugivorous bats that occupy different habitats had a major possibility to have a higher diet diversity. In addition, these results are related with the ‘bottom-up’ diet diversity hypothesis that postulates that diet diversity in frugivorous bats is related to ecosystem plant diversity.
{"title":"Ecoregions Occupied are More Related to Diet Diversity than Body Mass in Artibeina Bats","authors":"R. A. Saldaña-Vázquez, F. Villalobos, Jesús R. Hernández‐Montero, Daniel Ferreyra-García, José P. Molina-Rodríguez","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.008","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the factors that explain animals' diet diversity is important to comprehend niche partitioning, co-existence, biotic interactions, and the vulnerability of species populations to habitat transformation. Species body mass and their geographical range are positively related to the diversity of food items they consume and consequently with their potential ecological niche occupied. However, the relative weight of these factors to explain diet diversity in mammals is poorly known. Using Artibeina frugivorous bats as a biological model, we evaluate the importance of body mass and ecoregions occupied to explain the diet diversity of these bats. We analyzed our data using phylogenetic correlations and Bayesian statistics techniques. Our results show a stronger phylogenetic correlation between bats' diet diversity with the number of ecoregions they occupied than with their body mass. These results suggest Neotropical frugivorous bats that occupy different habitats had a major possibility to have a higher diet diversity. In addition, these results are related with the ‘bottom-up’ diet diversity hypothesis that postulates that diet diversity in frugivorous bats is related to ecosystem plant diversity.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"387 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46881948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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