Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.019
C. López-González, César Ocampo-Ramírez
External ears in mammals direct and enhance perception of sound. In bats, where navigation and foraging are strongly contingent on reception of sound, we would expect correlations between bat external ear morphology and echolocation signal structure, acoustic and aerodynamic properties, and foraging strategies. Using Web search engines, we collected peer-reviewed literature on these relationships, with the aim of summarising the knowledge on these correlations and establishing general form-function patterns. The literature on the relationship echolocation-ear, and foraging strategy was scant (six and ten publications, respectively). Fifteen more examined the aerodynamic properties and 46 the acoustic properties. Because of the complexity of the subject, few attempts exist that examine ear properties (acoustic, aerodynamic, shape) at the same time for more than a few species. The number of species so far examined represents less than 15% of the total number of species of bats. Although the available information did not allow to propose general patterns of morphological response of external ears to the factors examined, our findings suggested that further analyses of the relationship form-function in bat ears should consider the study of ears as integrated, multivariate morphological entities in which shape, aerodynamic characteristics, and acoustic properties, are an integrated, multivariate whole that ultimately contributes to the bat foraging behaviour.
{"title":"External Ears in Chiroptera: Form-Function Relationships in an Ecological Context","authors":"C. López-González, César Ocampo-Ramírez","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.019","url":null,"abstract":"External ears in mammals direct and enhance perception of sound. In bats, where navigation and foraging are strongly contingent on reception of sound, we would expect correlations between bat external ear morphology and echolocation signal structure, acoustic and aerodynamic properties, and foraging strategies. Using Web search engines, we collected peer-reviewed literature on these relationships, with the aim of summarising the knowledge on these correlations and establishing general form-function patterns. The literature on the relationship echolocation-ear, and foraging strategy was scant (six and ten publications, respectively). Fifteen more examined the aerodynamic properties and 46 the acoustic properties. Because of the complexity of the subject, few attempts exist that examine ear properties (acoustic, aerodynamic, shape) at the same time for more than a few species. The number of species so far examined represents less than 15% of the total number of species of bats. Although the available information did not allow to propose general patterns of morphological response of external ears to the factors examined, our findings suggested that further analyses of the relationship form-function in bat ears should consider the study of ears as integrated, multivariate morphological entities in which shape, aerodynamic characteristics, and acoustic properties, are an integrated, multivariate whole that ultimately contributes to the bat foraging behaviour.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45978701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.015
F. Simal, Linda V. Smith, Odette Doest, Clifford de Lannoy, F. Franken, Indra Zaandam, Daniela Simal, J. Nassar
Bats play key ecological roles on the islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao (ABC islands), Caribbean Netherlands; however, most bat species on these islands are either threatened or their conservation status is unknown. We investigated the use of roosts by cave-dwelling bats in this insular system to propose conservation measures aimed at their protection. We conducted bi-monthly species inventories of cave-dwelling bats in 13 of the best-known caves and mines used as day and maternity roosts on the ABC islands. Bats were captured with mist nets and a harp trap (only one cave) placed either inside or at the entrance of the roosts during the first hours (3 to 5 hrs) after sunset. For Aruba and Curaçao, bat monitoring comprised two years of sampling. In the case of Bonaire, depending on the cave, bat monitoring involved one, two or four years of sampling. We identified six species of cave-dwelling bats associated with these roosts, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus davyi, Natalus tumidirostris, Myotis nesopolus, Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae. All the examined caves and mines were occupied year-round. The two abandoned mines were inhabited exclusively by the nectar-feeding G. longirostris and L. curasoae, whereas caves containing hot chambers were occupied by up to five species of bats, including insect-feeding M. megalophylla, P. davyi, M. nesopolus and N. tumidirostris, and migratory L. curasoae. Nursery roosts occupied by insect-feeding bats were Quadirikiri on Aruba; Orizjan, Pos di watapana and Pos di Antoin on Bonaire; and Raton and Noordkant on Curaçao. Nectar-feeding bats used all the caves and mines examined as day roosts, nursery roosts or both. All the cave-dwelling bats studied had a single annual reproductive period. In the case of insectivorous bats, pregnancy and lactation occurred mainly between July and December, overlapping with the rainy season. For nectar-feeding bats, pregnancy and lactation took place between March and September, overlapping with the flowering and fruiting seasons of chiropterophilous cacti. Most of the examined bat roosts require protection due to one or more of the following conditions: (1) the presence of multiple species dependent on hot chambers, (2) their use as nursery roosts, and (3) the presence of large colonies of L. curasoae.
{"title":"Bat Inventories at Caves and Mines on the Islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, and Proposed Conservation Actions","authors":"F. Simal, Linda V. Smith, Odette Doest, Clifford de Lannoy, F. Franken, Indra Zaandam, Daniela Simal, J. Nassar","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.015","url":null,"abstract":"Bats play key ecological roles on the islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao (ABC islands), Caribbean Netherlands; however, most bat species on these islands are either threatened or their conservation status is unknown. We investigated the use of roosts by cave-dwelling bats in this insular system to propose conservation measures aimed at their protection. We conducted bi-monthly species inventories of cave-dwelling bats in 13 of the best-known caves and mines used as day and maternity roosts on the ABC islands. Bats were captured with mist nets and a harp trap (only one cave) placed either inside or at the entrance of the roosts during the first hours (3 to 5 hrs) after sunset. For Aruba and Curaçao, bat monitoring comprised two years of sampling. In the case of Bonaire, depending on the cave, bat monitoring involved one, two or four years of sampling. We identified six species of cave-dwelling bats associated with these roosts, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus davyi, Natalus tumidirostris, Myotis nesopolus, Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae. All the examined caves and mines were occupied year-round. The two abandoned mines were inhabited exclusively by the nectar-feeding G. longirostris and L. curasoae, whereas caves containing hot chambers were occupied by up to five species of bats, including insect-feeding M. megalophylla, P. davyi, M. nesopolus and N. tumidirostris, and migratory L. curasoae. Nursery roosts occupied by insect-feeding bats were Quadirikiri on Aruba; Orizjan, Pos di watapana and Pos di Antoin on Bonaire; and Raton and Noordkant on Curaçao. Nectar-feeding bats used all the caves and mines examined as day roosts, nursery roosts or both. All the cave-dwelling bats studied had a single annual reproductive period. In the case of insectivorous bats, pregnancy and lactation occurred mainly between July and December, overlapping with the rainy season. For nectar-feeding bats, pregnancy and lactation took place between March and September, overlapping with the flowering and fruiting seasons of chiropterophilous cacti. Most of the examined bat roosts require protection due to one or more of the following conditions: (1) the presence of multiple species dependent on hot chambers, (2) their use as nursery roosts, and (3) the presence of large colonies of L. curasoae.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43756259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.001
M. Volleth, S. Müller, K. Heller, V. Trifonov, T. Liehr, H. Yong, R. Baker, F. A. Anwarali Khan, C. Sotero-Caio
As many as 17 subspecies are currently recognized for the lesser false vampire, Megaderma spasma along its wide distributional range, from India to Southeast Asia. Cytogenetic studies have been so far restricted to specimens from only four geographical regions, namely Malaysia, Thailand, China and the Philippines. We examined the karyotypes of M. spasma medium from Peninsular Malaysia and M. s. trifolium from Malaysian Borneo with conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques, using whole chromosome painting probes from the vespertilionid Myotis myotis and the hipposiderid Aselliscus stoliczkanus. Both Megaderma subspecies showed the same diploid chromosome number, 2n = 38, but differed concerning interstitial heterochromatic segments and number and shape of heterochromatic B chromosomes. Comparison with published data revealed that the Bornean specimens' karyotype best resembled the chromosomal set of the Chinese specimen. In contrast, a single male specimen from Malaysian Borneo showed a different karyotype (2n = 40) without B chromosomes and interstitial heterochromatin, indicating that it may represent a cryptic, yet unknown Megaderma species.
{"title":"Cytogenetic Analyses Detect Cryptic Diversity in Megaderma spasma from Malaysia","authors":"M. Volleth, S. Müller, K. Heller, V. Trifonov, T. Liehr, H. Yong, R. Baker, F. A. Anwarali Khan, C. Sotero-Caio","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.001","url":null,"abstract":"As many as 17 subspecies are currently recognized for the lesser false vampire, Megaderma spasma along its wide distributional range, from India to Southeast Asia. Cytogenetic studies have been so far restricted to specimens from only four geographical regions, namely Malaysia, Thailand, China and the Philippines. We examined the karyotypes of M. spasma medium from Peninsular Malaysia and M. s. trifolium from Malaysian Borneo with conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques, using whole chromosome painting probes from the vespertilionid Myotis myotis and the hipposiderid Aselliscus stoliczkanus. Both Megaderma subspecies showed the same diploid chromosome number, 2n = 38, but differed concerning interstitial heterochromatic segments and number and shape of heterochromatic B chromosomes. Comparison with published data revealed that the Bornean specimens' karyotype best resembled the chromosomal set of the Chinese specimen. In contrast, a single male specimen from Malaysian Borneo showed a different karyotype (2n = 40) without B chromosomes and interstitial heterochromatin, indicating that it may represent a cryptic, yet unknown Megaderma species.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48188214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.003
E. Jakab, Szilárd Bücs, Csaba Jére, István Csősz, R. Jakab, Farkas Szodoray-Paradi, O. Popescu
The Blasius's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) shows a fragmented distribution in the European part of its range, and its populations are threatened by many human-induced factors. The status and distribution of the species in Romania are largely unknown. In recent years, regular bat surveys and monitoring have confirmed the presence of the species in north-western Romania, in Gălăşeni Cave, Pădurea Craiului Mountains, representing the northernmost distribution point of R. blasii in Europe. In our study we investigated whether this northernmost colony is genetically isolated from, or related to, larger populations in south-western Romania. A combined analysis of two mitochondrial (12S, HVII) and two nuclear (RAG2, DBY7) genetic markers was used in order to reveal possible relationships between these populations. The small number of haplotypes, the presence of shared haplotypes and overall low population structure suggest that the south-western and north-western Romanian populations are related through yet unidentified colonies of R. blasii, with continuous migration between them. Our results also indicate that the R. blasii colony from Gălăşeni Cave was established by female individuals migrating not far from their birthplace. To preserve this marginal population in a long term, conservation measures need to be strengthened and properly enforced, in parallel with the search for new R. blasii colonies in the region. To our knowledge, the present work represents the only molecular study of R. blasii in Europe.
{"title":"Low Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Rhinolophus blasii at the Northern Limit of Its European Range: Are there Undiscovered Colonies?","authors":"E. Jakab, Szilárd Bücs, Csaba Jére, István Csősz, R. Jakab, Farkas Szodoray-Paradi, O. Popescu","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.003","url":null,"abstract":"The Blasius's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) shows a fragmented distribution in the European part of its range, and its populations are threatened by many human-induced factors. The status and distribution of the species in Romania are largely unknown. In recent years, regular bat surveys and monitoring have confirmed the presence of the species in north-western Romania, in Gălăşeni Cave, Pădurea Craiului Mountains, representing the northernmost distribution point of R. blasii in Europe. In our study we investigated whether this northernmost colony is genetically isolated from, or related to, larger populations in south-western Romania. A combined analysis of two mitochondrial (12S, HVII) and two nuclear (RAG2, DBY7) genetic markers was used in order to reveal possible relationships between these populations. The small number of haplotypes, the presence of shared haplotypes and overall low population structure suggest that the south-western and north-western Romanian populations are related through yet unidentified colonies of R. blasii, with continuous migration between them. Our results also indicate that the R. blasii colony from Gălăşeni Cave was established by female individuals migrating not far from their birthplace. To preserve this marginal population in a long term, conservation measures need to be strengthened and properly enforced, in parallel with the search for new R. blasii colonies in the region. To our knowledge, the present work represents the only molecular study of R. blasii in Europe.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47579487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.004
I. Tanshi, Benneth C. Obitte, A. Monadjem, T. Kingston
Knowledge of Afrotropical bat diversity is hindered by hidden diversity because of inefficient sampling techniques, limited survey effort, and taxonomic description. With 90 bat species recorded, Nigeria supports almost a third of the bat diversity known to occur in Africa, yet the country remains relatively under-sampled. Southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are predicted to be the largest of six bat diversity hotspots in Africa, with the Cameroonian side receiving more sampling effort. This area is also recognized to support hyperdiverse mammalian assemblages and endemic species. Notwithstanding, two major protected areas on the Nigerian part of this bat diversity hotspot were hitherto not sampled, raising the likelihood of discovering new country records in these conservation priority forests. We conducted an intensive survey using harp traps and mist nets in forests of Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary and Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division). We also recorded echolocation calls of captured individuals to create the first in-country call library. We captured 36 bat species of which 10 are new country records raising the number of bat species known from Nigeria to 100. Harp trap captures represented 99% of forest understory bats sampled with 15 out of 18 species caught exclusively in traps. Rarefaction curves of captures suggest near-complete sampling with harp traps but incomplete sampling with mist nets. Eight of the 10 new country records were captured exclusively in harp traps, demonstrating the value of contemporary techniques for frequently missed species — here referred to as methodological blind-spot diversity. We report the re-identification of two museum specimens that were previously identified as Rhinolophus hillorum (R. cf. hillorum) and Miniopterus inflatus (M. villiersi) thus, our captures of the true forms confirm the presence of both species in Nigeria for the first time. We also provide noteworthy taxonomic comments on other species. To improve the efficiency of future Afrotropical bat surveys we recommend the deployment of complementary trapping techniques in identified diversity hotspots, especially sites that have been under-sampled.
{"title":"Hidden Afrotropical Bat Diversity in Nigeria: Ten New Country Records from a Biodiversity Hotspot","authors":"I. Tanshi, Benneth C. Obitte, A. Monadjem, T. Kingston","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.004","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of Afrotropical bat diversity is hindered by hidden diversity because of inefficient sampling techniques, limited survey effort, and taxonomic description. With 90 bat species recorded, Nigeria supports almost a third of the bat diversity known to occur in Africa, yet the country remains relatively under-sampled. Southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are predicted to be the largest of six bat diversity hotspots in Africa, with the Cameroonian side receiving more sampling effort. This area is also recognized to support hyperdiverse mammalian assemblages and endemic species. Notwithstanding, two major protected areas on the Nigerian part of this bat diversity hotspot were hitherto not sampled, raising the likelihood of discovering new country records in these conservation priority forests. We conducted an intensive survey using harp traps and mist nets in forests of Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary and Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division). We also recorded echolocation calls of captured individuals to create the first in-country call library. We captured 36 bat species of which 10 are new country records raising the number of bat species known from Nigeria to 100. Harp trap captures represented 99% of forest understory bats sampled with 15 out of 18 species caught exclusively in traps. Rarefaction curves of captures suggest near-complete sampling with harp traps but incomplete sampling with mist nets. Eight of the 10 new country records were captured exclusively in harp traps, demonstrating the value of contemporary techniques for frequently missed species — here referred to as methodological blind-spot diversity. We report the re-identification of two museum specimens that were previously identified as Rhinolophus hillorum (R. cf. hillorum) and Miniopterus inflatus (M. villiersi) thus, our captures of the true forms confirm the presence of both species in Nigeria for the first time. We also provide noteworthy taxonomic comments on other species. To improve the efficiency of future Afrotropical bat surveys we recommend the deployment of complementary trapping techniques in identified diversity hotspots, especially sites that have been under-sampled.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45892075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.007
Daniel Ramos-H, Marta Williams, R. Medellín
The western Amazon is characterized by a shortage of available minerals. Chemical analysis of food items and feces of frugivorous bats has shown that they may experience inadequate mineral intake. Assessing the inter-taxon and seasonal variations in mineral loads of wild frugivorous bats may help determine the mineral constraints in their diets. Our sampling was based on bats from the genus Carollia (n = 19 specimens) and the tribe Stenodermatini (n = 20; mainly genera Platyrrhinus and Artibeus) from highland tropical forests in Peru collected during the dry and wet seasons throughout a year. We analyzed the total concentrations of eight minerals in combined samples of liver and spleen for each bat, and compared concentrations between taxa and seasons. Our findings regarding manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were generally consistent with those reported in the literature, while the sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations would be the first reported in bats. We observed higher mineral concentrations in Carollia than in Stenodermatini bats, which may be linked with differences in their dietary preferences and inherent physiological characteristics. Seasonal mineral variations of frugivorous bats reported here were associated with temporal differences in the food items consumed and availability of mineral licks. Given that bats we studied come from a mineral-limited ecosystem, we suggest that Stenodermatini bats may face greater dietary limitations for sodium and potassium, and that frugivorous bats may exhibit seasonal constraints for copper and calcium. Recognition of potentially limited minerals, coupled with future studies on plant products that contain them, would be useful in the restoration programs for highland forests, which is one of the most threatened ecosystems in the Neotropics.
{"title":"Inter-Taxon and Seasonal Variations of Mineral Concentrations in Soft Tissues of Frugivorous Phyllostomid Bats in a Mineral-Limited Ecosystem","authors":"Daniel Ramos-H, Marta Williams, R. Medellín","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.007","url":null,"abstract":"The western Amazon is characterized by a shortage of available minerals. Chemical analysis of food items and feces of frugivorous bats has shown that they may experience inadequate mineral intake. Assessing the inter-taxon and seasonal variations in mineral loads of wild frugivorous bats may help determine the mineral constraints in their diets. Our sampling was based on bats from the genus Carollia (n = 19 specimens) and the tribe Stenodermatini (n = 20; mainly genera Platyrrhinus and Artibeus) from highland tropical forests in Peru collected during the dry and wet seasons throughout a year. We analyzed the total concentrations of eight minerals in combined samples of liver and spleen for each bat, and compared concentrations between taxa and seasons. Our findings regarding manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were generally consistent with those reported in the literature, while the sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations would be the first reported in bats. We observed higher mineral concentrations in Carollia than in Stenodermatini bats, which may be linked with differences in their dietary preferences and inherent physiological characteristics. Seasonal mineral variations of frugivorous bats reported here were associated with temporal differences in the food items consumed and availability of mineral licks. Given that bats we studied come from a mineral-limited ecosystem, we suggest that Stenodermatini bats may face greater dietary limitations for sodium and potassium, and that frugivorous bats may exhibit seasonal constraints for copper and calcium. Recognition of potentially limited minerals, coupled with future studies on plant products that contain them, would be useful in the restoration programs for highland forests, which is one of the most threatened ecosystems in the Neotropics.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41574887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.017
G. Appel, U. D. Capaverde, Leonardo Queiroz de Oliveira, Lucas G. do Amaral Pereira, Valéria da Cunha Tavares, A. López‐Baucells, W. Magnusson, F. Baccaro, P. E. Bobrowiec
Mist nets set at ground level is the traditional method of surveying bats and in the Amazon, almost half of the bat surveys used this methodology. The sole use of ground-level mist nets biases surveys because of the lack of records of aerial insectivorous bats, which forage above the canopy or in other open areas. Canopy mist nets, roost searches and acoustic surveys are methods to survey bat assemblages, but their efficiency compared to ground-level mist nets has not been fully evaluated in the Amazon, the world's largest tropical rainforest. Here, we test how the complementarity of sampling methods contributes to the number of species recorded in bat surveys in the Amazonian rainforest. We simultaneously sampled bats using ground mist nets and ultrasonic recorders at the Ducke Reserve (Central Amazon) in Brazil and did a literature review of bat surveys conducted in the Amazon to assess how these methods have been used in field research during the recent decades. Forty-three bat species were identified using ground mist nets, and seventeen species and five acoustic sonotypes were identified using ultrasonic recorders in Ducke Reserve. The combination of ground mist nets and acoustic recorders registered the largest number of bat species. However, for phyllostomid species the sole use of mist nets was efficient in recording the highest number of species, whereas for aerial insectivores acoustic surveys was the most effective. Of the 54 bat surveys made in the Amazon, 27 localities used complementary methods: roost search, canopy mist nets, harp traps and acoustic surveys. The combination of ground and canopy nets, and ground nets with roost search did not record more phyllostomid bat species than the use of ground nets alone. However, the sole use of acoustic surveys recorded more aerial insectivorous species than any other combination of sampling methods. Using mist nets and acoustic surveys simultaneously, as in our study, results in a dramatic increase in species diversity and different guilds than using only mist nets in the Amazon. Canopy nets and roost search did not increase the total number of species or the number of phyllostomid species in bat surveys. By combining different survey methodologies, we can optimize the recorded diversity of bats, especially using both mist nets and acoustic monitoring.
{"title":"Use of Complementary Methods to Sample Bats in the Amazon","authors":"G. Appel, U. D. Capaverde, Leonardo Queiroz de Oliveira, Lucas G. do Amaral Pereira, Valéria da Cunha Tavares, A. López‐Baucells, W. Magnusson, F. Baccaro, P. E. Bobrowiec","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.017","url":null,"abstract":"Mist nets set at ground level is the traditional method of surveying bats and in the Amazon, almost half of the bat surveys used this methodology. The sole use of ground-level mist nets biases surveys because of the lack of records of aerial insectivorous bats, which forage above the canopy or in other open areas. Canopy mist nets, roost searches and acoustic surveys are methods to survey bat assemblages, but their efficiency compared to ground-level mist nets has not been fully evaluated in the Amazon, the world's largest tropical rainforest. Here, we test how the complementarity of sampling methods contributes to the number of species recorded in bat surveys in the Amazonian rainforest. We simultaneously sampled bats using ground mist nets and ultrasonic recorders at the Ducke Reserve (Central Amazon) in Brazil and did a literature review of bat surveys conducted in the Amazon to assess how these methods have been used in field research during the recent decades. Forty-three bat species were identified using ground mist nets, and seventeen species and five acoustic sonotypes were identified using ultrasonic recorders in Ducke Reserve. The combination of ground mist nets and acoustic recorders registered the largest number of bat species. However, for phyllostomid species the sole use of mist nets was efficient in recording the highest number of species, whereas for aerial insectivores acoustic surveys was the most effective. Of the 54 bat surveys made in the Amazon, 27 localities used complementary methods: roost search, canopy mist nets, harp traps and acoustic surveys. The combination of ground and canopy nets, and ground nets with roost search did not record more phyllostomid bat species than the use of ground nets alone. However, the sole use of acoustic surveys recorded more aerial insectivorous species than any other combination of sampling methods. Using mist nets and acoustic surveys simultaneously, as in our study, results in a dramatic increase in species diversity and different guilds than using only mist nets in the Amazon. Canopy nets and roost search did not increase the total number of species or the number of phyllostomid species in bat surveys. By combining different survey methodologies, we can optimize the recorded diversity of bats, especially using both mist nets and acoustic monitoring.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46274674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.018
Jon W. Rolfes, J. A. Encarnação, N. I. Becker
Telemetry is a widely used method for radio-tracking bats. To minimize negative effects of attaching a tag, like bald spots during hibernation and nursery period, narrowing down the timing of the moult of bats is important. In this study, we investigated the moulting of 11 European bat species with a focus on Myotis daubentonii, Myotis myotis and Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Telemetry data were taken from a 20 years data base. For moulting activity bats were caught with mist nests during their activity period in 2019 and 2020. During data acquisition the condition of the hair was categorized using two different methods: visual hair growth and shed hair pulled off the bats' pelage. Both methods revealed the same results. In general, bats moulted once a year in mid-June (first moult: 17.06) until mid-August (last moult: 13.08), with a significant difference between adult males, reproductive females and non-reproductive females. Adult males (n = 197) and non-reproductive females (n = 60) moulted from mid-June (first moult: 17.06) to end of July (last moult: 27.07), while reproductive females (n = 216) moulted from beginning of July (first moult: 02.07) to mid-August (last moult: 17.08). This variance is probably caused by sex-specific energetic processes like pregnancy, lactation and spermatogenesis. When tagged before moulting season bats could regrow fur in the same year. As seen in recaptured bats (n = 31), tagged in or after this period bats stayed bald during hibernation and reproduction period until the following moulting season. Further studies are needed to specifically assess the impact of bald spots on hibernation and reproductive success. A preceding cost-benefit analysis of the expected knowledge gain versus the potential negative impact on individual and colony scale is recommended.
{"title":"Going Bald — The Hairy Affair of Timing in Telemetry Studies: Moulting Activity in European Bat Species","authors":"Jon W. Rolfes, J. A. Encarnação, N. I. Becker","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.018","url":null,"abstract":"Telemetry is a widely used method for radio-tracking bats. To minimize negative effects of attaching a tag, like bald spots during hibernation and nursery period, narrowing down the timing of the moult of bats is important. In this study, we investigated the moulting of 11 European bat species with a focus on Myotis daubentonii, Myotis myotis and Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Telemetry data were taken from a 20 years data base. For moulting activity bats were caught with mist nests during their activity period in 2019 and 2020. During data acquisition the condition of the hair was categorized using two different methods: visual hair growth and shed hair pulled off the bats' pelage. Both methods revealed the same results. In general, bats moulted once a year in mid-June (first moult: 17.06) until mid-August (last moult: 13.08), with a significant difference between adult males, reproductive females and non-reproductive females. Adult males (n = 197) and non-reproductive females (n = 60) moulted from mid-June (first moult: 17.06) to end of July (last moult: 27.07), while reproductive females (n = 216) moulted from beginning of July (first moult: 02.07) to mid-August (last moult: 17.08). This variance is probably caused by sex-specific energetic processes like pregnancy, lactation and spermatogenesis. When tagged before moulting season bats could regrow fur in the same year. As seen in recaptured bats (n = 31), tagged in or after this period bats stayed bald during hibernation and reproduction period until the following moulting season. Further studies are needed to specifically assess the impact of bald spots on hibernation and reproductive success. A preceding cost-benefit analysis of the expected knowledge gain versus the potential negative impact on individual and colony scale is recommended.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41796506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.016
Patricia Pilatti, R. Moratelli, L. M. S. Aguiar, Diego Astúa
Xeronycteris Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 is a rare monotypic genus of Lonchophyllinae bats endemic to Brazil, with Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 as the type and sole species. We updated the geographical distribution of the species, including new records from the Cerrado and the Caatinga. Using traditional and geometric morphometric data obtained from 49 museum specimens, including the type series and those representing new records, we describe and discuss the morphological variation of skull shape found in the most comprehensive sample of X. vieirai to date. We also compare similar species and the geographic distribution of X. vieirai and highlight diagnostic traits useful for field identification. Xeronycteris vieirai is now known to occur in 14 localities confirmed by 54 museum specimens housed in Brazilian scientific collections. Records of this species are sparse, as even 15 years after its discovery the knowledge on this species is based on specimens from only a few localities. Specimens of this species show considerable morphological variation in different regions of the skull, especially for a highly specialized nectar-feeding bat, demonstrating variations in the snout and temporomandibular articulation. We discuss endemism issues related to the different biomes where it occurs (in the South American dry diagonal). We also compare these aspects to other bat species with similar geographic distributions, identifying important elements for future research on this species.
Gregorin和Ditchfield，2005是巴西特有的一个罕见的龙形目蝙蝠单型属，vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield是2005年的模式和唯一物种。我们更新了该物种的地理分布，包括来自塞拉多和卡廷加的新记录。利用从49个博物馆标本中获得的传统和几何形态计量数据，包括模式系列和代表新记录的标本，我们描述和讨论了迄今为止在最全面的vieirai标本中发现的头骨形状的形态变化。我们还比较了类似物种和越南X.vieirai的地理分布，并强调了有助于现场鉴定的诊断特征。据巴西科学收藏的54个博物馆标本证实，vieirai Xeronyteris现在出现在14个地方。该物种的记录很少，因为即使在发现该物种15年后，对该物种的了解也只是基于少数地区的标本。该物种的标本在头骨的不同区域显示出相当大的形态变化，尤其是对于高度专业化的花蜜蝙蝠来说，这表明鼻子和颞下颌关节的变化。我们讨论了与不同生物群落相关的地方病问题（在南美干对角线）。我们还将这些方面与地理分布相似的其他蝙蝠物种进行了比较，为未来对该物种的研究确定了重要因素。
{"title":"Distribution and Morphological Variation of Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)","authors":"Patricia Pilatti, R. Moratelli, L. M. S. Aguiar, Diego Astúa","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.016","url":null,"abstract":"Xeronycteris Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 is a rare monotypic genus of Lonchophyllinae bats endemic to Brazil, with Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 as the type and sole species. We updated the geographical distribution of the species, including new records from the Cerrado and the Caatinga. Using traditional and geometric morphometric data obtained from 49 museum specimens, including the type series and those representing new records, we describe and discuss the morphological variation of skull shape found in the most comprehensive sample of X. vieirai to date. We also compare similar species and the geographic distribution of X. vieirai and highlight diagnostic traits useful for field identification. Xeronycteris vieirai is now known to occur in 14 localities confirmed by 54 museum specimens housed in Brazilian scientific collections. Records of this species are sparse, as even 15 years after its discovery the knowledge on this species is based on specimens from only a few localities. Specimens of this species show considerable morphological variation in different regions of the skull, especially for a highly specialized nectar-feeding bat, demonstrating variations in the snout and temporomandibular articulation. We discuss endemism issues related to the different biomes where it occurs (in the South American dry diagonal). We also compare these aspects to other bat species with similar geographic distributions, identifying important elements for future research on this species.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48368256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.010
Brandon J. Klüg-Baerwald, C. Lausen, Bjoern Wissel, R. Brigham
While torpid, small hibernators experience negative water balance due to evaporative water loss. The use of humid hibernacula and ability to drink during periodic arousals allows most hibernators to manage this deficit over the course of a winter. Some populations of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) hibernate in relatively dry rock-crevices that do not contain free standing water. We monitored the winter behaviour and physiology of one such population in the Canadian prairies. Due to the semi-arid climate, we hypothesized that these bats would experience relatively high evaporative water loss and make frequent mid-winter flights to find water. We measured serum ion concentrations and hematocrit to assess level of dehydration in bats captured during winter. We also provided a heated water tank enriched in deuterium (2H) and used stable isotope analysis to test for elevated hydrogen isotope ratios (2H/1H; herein δ2H) in the blood of bats to determine if individuals drank from the tank. We also used passive acoustic monitoring, video surveillance, and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to determine if bats visited the heated water tank. We found evidence of hypertonic dehydration (elevated hematocrit and concentrations of some serum ions) in bats as winter progressed. Blood δ2H of bats was similar to that of water on the landscape, and acoustic and video surveillance did not indicate any visits by bats to the water tank. Post-arousal dehydration is not uncommon in hibernators, which agrees with our observation that the water tank did not represent a water resource, despite it being the only open (not frozen) water available. It is unknown whether bats may exploit frozen sources of water (e.g., snow) to supplement metabolic water produced from fat catabolism.
{"title":"Meet You at the Local Watering Hole? No Use of an Artificial Water Resource, and Evidence of Dehydration in Hibernating Bats in the Prairies","authors":"Brandon J. Klüg-Baerwald, C. Lausen, Bjoern Wissel, R. Brigham","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.010","url":null,"abstract":"While torpid, small hibernators experience negative water balance due to evaporative water loss. The use of humid hibernacula and ability to drink during periodic arousals allows most hibernators to manage this deficit over the course of a winter. Some populations of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) hibernate in relatively dry rock-crevices that do not contain free standing water. We monitored the winter behaviour and physiology of one such population in the Canadian prairies. Due to the semi-arid climate, we hypothesized that these bats would experience relatively high evaporative water loss and make frequent mid-winter flights to find water. We measured serum ion concentrations and hematocrit to assess level of dehydration in bats captured during winter. We also provided a heated water tank enriched in deuterium (2H) and used stable isotope analysis to test for elevated hydrogen isotope ratios (2H/1H; herein δ2H) in the blood of bats to determine if individuals drank from the tank. We also used passive acoustic monitoring, video surveillance, and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to determine if bats visited the heated water tank. We found evidence of hypertonic dehydration (elevated hematocrit and concentrations of some serum ions) in bats as winter progressed. Blood δ2H of bats was similar to that of water on the landscape, and acoustic and video surveillance did not indicate any visits by bats to the water tank. Post-arousal dehydration is not uncommon in hibernators, which agrees with our observation that the water tank did not represent a water resource, despite it being the only open (not frozen) water available. It is unknown whether bats may exploit frozen sources of water (e.g., snow) to supplement metabolic water produced from fat catabolism.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47671741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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