Georg Kaufman, C. Mayaud, Blaž Kogovšek, F. Gabrovšek
Karst aquifers are abundant, but vulnerable water resources. Therefore, a deeper understanding of possible mechanisms that determine the properties of karst springs is crucial. In this work, we present an example of Unica Spring and Malni Spring, the two main outlets of a large karst system in the Notranjska karst region, Slovenia. Although the two springs share same catchment area, the flow distribution between them shows an interesting behaviour: At low-flow conditions, Malni Spring is the main outlet, while Unica spring receives almost no water. During high water events, discharge of Malni Spring stays limited and Unica Spring becomes the main outlet. We relate these observations to the local geometry of the channels and breakdowns in the remote part of the Planinska Jama (Planina Cave), called Mysterious Lake. There, waters from Rakov Škocjan and Javorniki aquifer merge and further diverge to both springs. At low water conditions, the outflow towards the Unica Spring is restricted by the breakdown, so that most of the inflow is directed towards the Malni Spring. With increasing recharge, the level in Mysterious Lake rises until the water starts to flow over the breakdown along a system of large channels (Rak Branch of Planinska Jama) to the Unica Spring. The breakdown level keeps the hydraulic head and the flow towards Malni Spring limited. To verify this scenario, a hydraulic conduit model was made based on the known and predicted channels, and inflows calculated from the historical data of discharge measurements at related springs and ponors. An inversion procedure was used to obtain a satisfactory fit to the observed discharge data and to constrain the selected model parameters. The model accurately reproduced the observed discharge behaviour under low- andhigh-flow conditions.
{"title":"Understanding the temporal variation of flow direction in a complex karst system (Planinska Jama, Slovenia)","authors":"Georg Kaufman, C. Mayaud, Blaž Kogovšek, F. Gabrovšek","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i2-3.7373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i2-3.7373","url":null,"abstract":"Karst aquifers are abundant, but vulnerable water resources. Therefore, a deeper understanding of possible mechanisms that determine the properties of karst springs is crucial. In this work, we present an example of Unica Spring and Malni Spring, the two main outlets of a large karst system in the Notranjska karst region, Slovenia. Although the two springs share same catchment area, the flow distribution between them shows an interesting behaviour: At low-flow conditions, Malni Spring is the main outlet, while Unica spring receives almost no water. During high water events, discharge of Malni Spring stays limited and Unica Spring becomes the main outlet. We relate these observations to the local geometry of the channels and breakdowns in the remote part of the Planinska Jama (Planina Cave), called Mysterious Lake. There, waters from Rakov Škocjan and Javorniki aquifer merge and further diverge to both springs. At low water conditions, the outflow towards the Unica Spring is restricted by the breakdown, so that most of the inflow is directed towards the Malni Spring. With increasing recharge, the level in Mysterious Lake rises until the water starts to flow over the breakdown along a system of large channels (Rak Branch of Planinska Jama) to the Unica Spring. The breakdown level keeps the hydraulic head and the flow towards Malni Spring limited. To verify this scenario, a hydraulic conduit model was made based on the known and predicted channels, and inflows calculated from the historical data of discharge measurements at related springs and ponors. An inversion procedure was used to obtain a satisfactory fit to the observed discharge data and to constrain the selected model parameters. The model accurately reproduced the observed discharge behaviour under low- andhigh-flow conditions.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48455907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The number of scientists and correspondingly the flood of publications explode. “Between 2008 and 2014, the number of scientific articles catalogued in the Science Citation Index of Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science grew by 23%, from 1.029,471 to 1.270,425. There were 7.8 million full-time equivalent researchers in 2013, representing growth of 21% since 2007” (UNESCO science report: towards2030,2015,http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/ files/documents/unesco-science-report-towards- 2030-ex-sum-en.pdf). This has consequences to the rules of science production in the science factories. Publications are products that need marketing and the cash paid is a long list of publications and citations in journals of high impact factors that foster the career of authors. I have observed this during the last ten years and found that the following rules should be observed to support a successful career. All of the rules that I give below rest on true examples. The reader may judge whether these rules support the quality of science. My personal opinion is, they do not. Discussion in the community is urgently needed, but it will need a display of courage.
{"title":"Good for career-bad for science: Advice, how to optimize your career.","authors":"W. Dreybrodt","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.9112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.9112","url":null,"abstract":"The number of scientists and correspondingly the flood of publications explode. “Between 2008 and 2014, the number of scientific articles catalogued in the Science Citation Index of Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science grew by 23%, from 1.029,471 to 1.270,425. There were 7.8 million full-time equivalent researchers in 2013, representing growth of 21% since 2007” (UNESCO science report: towards2030,2015,http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/ files/documents/unesco-science-report-towards- 2030-ex-sum-en.pdf). This has consequences to the rules of science production in the science factories. Publications are products that need marketing and the cash paid is a long list of publications and citations in journals of high impact factors that foster the career of authors. I have observed this during the last ten years and found that the following rules should be observed to support a successful career. All of the rules that I give below rest on true examples. The reader may judge whether these rules support the quality of science. My personal opinion is, they do not. Discussion in the community is urgently needed, but it will need a display of courage.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45525026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article of Blatnik et al. (2019) “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” published in Acta Carsologica, 48/2 focused on describing the hydrogeological behaviour of the aquifer between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. The authors analysed the effect of different high water events that occurred between January 2015 and May 2018. Interpretations were based on hydrographs obtained by continuous measurements of water level, temperature and specific electric conductivity in selected ponors, springs and water active caves located in the area between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. Through these interpretations, different conceptual hydrological models about the dynamics and directions of the flow in the aquifer have been proposed and tested. A flow connection was proposed between the Hrusica Plateau, estavelles located at the NW border of Planinsko Polje, and caves Gradisnica (W2) and Gaspinova Jama (W3) close to town Logatec. In this supplement, we provide new data recorded during an unusual hydrological event in August 2018. These further support and stress the importance of the connection between the Hrusica Plateau and Logatec region (W2 and W3).
{"title":"Supplement to the paper “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” from Blatnik et al. (2019) published in Acta Carsologica 48/2","authors":"Matej Blatnik, C. Mayaud, F. Gabrovšek","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.8967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.8967","url":null,"abstract":"The article of Blatnik et al. (2019) “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” published in Acta Carsologica, 48/2 focused on describing the hydrogeological behaviour of the aquifer between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. The authors analysed the effect of different high water events that occurred between January 2015 and May 2018. Interpretations were based on hydrographs obtained by continuous measurements of water level, temperature and specific electric conductivity in selected ponors, springs and water active caves located in the area between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. Through these interpretations, different conceptual hydrological models about the dynamics and directions of the flow in the aquifer have been proposed and tested. A flow connection was proposed between the Hrusica Plateau, estavelles located at the NW border of Planinsko Polje, and caves Gradisnica (W2) and Gaspinova Jama (W3) close to town Logatec. In this supplement, we provide new data recorded during an unusual hydrological event in August 2018. These further support and stress the importance of the connection between the Hrusica Plateau and Logatec region (W2 and W3).","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46007501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The theoretical basis for describing natural steady-state conditions in caves as well as for their changes in time that follow from the simple advection-diffusion equation, is given. The impacts of visits to caves – direct impacts due to anthropogenic emissions of heat and CO2, as well as indirect ones, such as illumination and possible drafts when opening the door to the cave – are estimated in dependence to the number of visitors and the size of the cave: the size with which the effects of the visits are below the detection threshold is estimated. It is shown that the sources cause linear responses, while the consequences of the exchange with the walls of the cave or with the exterior depend on time exponentially. Characteristic times for linear as well as for exponential responses are roughly estimated.
{"title":"Impact of visits on microclimate of caves – An analytical approach","authors":"J. Rakovec","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.8721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.8721","url":null,"abstract":"The theoretical basis for describing natural steady-state conditions in caves as well as for their changes in time that follow from the simple advection-diffusion equation, is given. The impacts of visits to caves – direct impacts due to anthropogenic emissions of heat and CO2, as well as indirect ones, such as illumination and possible drafts when opening the door to the cave – are estimated in dependence to the number of visitors and the size of the cave: the size with which the effects of the visits are below the detection threshold is estimated. It is shown that the sources cause linear responses, while the consequences of the exchange with the walls of the cave or with the exterior depend on time exponentially. Characteristic times for linear as well as for exponential responses are roughly estimated.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43400687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Mulec, S. Šturm, Andreja Pondelak, Alenka Mauko Pranjić
deprived humid environments, such as mines, tunnels and catacombs, can support visible growth of microbial mats, with photoautotrophs as the dominant group of organisms. Photosynthetic pigments of aerophytic cyanobacteria and eukaroytic algae impose a greenish patina upon surfaces to which – with other community members – they adhere strongly. For example, sequencing of lampenflora DNA from the Škocjan Caves, Slovenia, UNESCO World Heritage Site, revealed a relative dominance of Cyanobacteria (~70%) among prokaryotes, over Proteobacteria (~10%), Bacterioidetes (~10%) and other groups that represented the remaining ~10% (Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Chlamydiae, Verrumomicrobia, Actinobacteria). Diverse eukaryotic algae, fungi, flagellates and amoebozoans were also identified within the community. These “human induced diversity hotspots” in caves are responsible for the biodeterioration of colonized surfaces that is a common result of the synergistic effects of phototrophs and heterotrophs. When sites become colonized by higher plants, such as mosses, liverworts and ferns in species succession, irreversible biodeterioration impact on rocks and speleothems becomes an even more urgent issue. Historical inscriptions and rock-art paintings are particularly sensitive to biodeterioration. Lampenflora also affects components of the cave fauna, which not only graze upon it, but also facilitate its dispersal to other parts of the caves. It can be considered a direct indicator for light eutrophication and of the available energy within the cave ecosystem. There is a need for appropriate monitoring to provide alerts that will prompt timely action against lampenflora before it starts to affect the substrate integrity irreversibly, attract excessive and unwanted fauna or become encrusted and armoured against subsequent treatment and removal. Such monitoring could also be expanded to help estimate the efficiency of lampenflora removal in caves where this is carried out routinely. Regular monitoring can facilitate the delimitation of zones within a cave on the basis of the local susceptibility to lampenflora colonization. Spectrophotometric survey of cave surfaces can cover all of the above-mentioned aspects without adverse effects on the surfaces. Such methods are used widely in the printing, automotive, food, cosmetic, paint, construction, paper and packaging industries, etc. In the field of cultural heritage, the technique is applied to measure the difference in appearance of historical material before and after treatment with different preservative, protective or consolidative materials. One feasible approach to colorimetric analysis is based on a chromacity system CIEL*a*b* (where L* stands for luminosity, a* being the red–green parameter and b* being the blue–yellow parameter). This system enables easy calculation of colour changes over time or between individual sites. Several sites in the show cave sections SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MONITORING OF S
{"title":"Spectrophotometric monitoring of surfaces in show caves as a part of management plans for controlling lampenflora growth","authors":"J. Mulec, S. Šturm, Andreja Pondelak, Alenka Mauko Pranjić","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.7677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.7677","url":null,"abstract":"deprived humid environments, such as mines, tunnels and catacombs, can support visible growth of microbial mats, with photoautotrophs as the dominant group of organisms. Photosynthetic pigments of aerophytic cyanobacteria and eukaroytic algae impose a greenish patina upon surfaces to which – with other community members – they adhere strongly. For example, sequencing of lampenflora DNA from the Škocjan Caves, Slovenia, UNESCO World Heritage Site, revealed a relative dominance of Cyanobacteria (~70%) among prokaryotes, over Proteobacteria (~10%), Bacterioidetes (~10%) and other groups that represented the remaining ~10% (Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Chlamydiae, Verrumomicrobia, Actinobacteria). Diverse eukaryotic algae, fungi, flagellates and amoebozoans were also identified within the community. These “human induced diversity hotspots” in caves are responsible for the biodeterioration of colonized surfaces that is a common result of the synergistic effects of phototrophs and heterotrophs. When sites become colonized by higher plants, such as mosses, liverworts and ferns in species succession, irreversible biodeterioration impact on rocks and speleothems becomes an even more urgent issue. Historical inscriptions and rock-art paintings are particularly sensitive to biodeterioration. Lampenflora also affects components of the cave fauna, which not only graze upon it, but also facilitate its dispersal to other parts of the caves. It can be considered a direct indicator for light eutrophication and of the available energy within the cave ecosystem. There is a need for appropriate monitoring to provide alerts that will prompt timely action against lampenflora before it starts to affect the substrate integrity irreversibly, attract excessive and unwanted fauna or become encrusted and armoured against subsequent treatment and removal. Such monitoring could also be expanded to help estimate the efficiency of lampenflora removal in caves where this is carried out routinely. Regular monitoring can facilitate the delimitation of zones within a cave on the basis of the local susceptibility to lampenflora colonization. Spectrophotometric survey of cave surfaces can cover all of the above-mentioned aspects without adverse effects on the surfaces. Such methods are used widely in the printing, automotive, food, cosmetic, paint, construction, paper and packaging industries, etc. In the field of cultural heritage, the technique is applied to measure the difference in appearance of historical material before and after treatment with different preservative, protective or consolidative materials. One feasible approach to colorimetric analysis is based on a chromacity system CIEL*a*b* (where L* stands for luminosity, a* being the red–green parameter and b* being the blue–yellow parameter). This system enables easy calculation of colour changes over time or between individual sites. Several sites in the show cave sections SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MONITORING OF S","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70389814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are few milestones in speleobiology, and Proteus anguinus, commonly named the olm, proteus or “human fish”, is undoubtedly part of its (hi)story. The animal was first mentioned in 1689 by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor (Janez Vajkard Valvasor) in his The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola (Slava Vojvodine Kranjske). The scientific name Proteus anguinus was given by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. The animal gained the interest of the scientific community later in the 19th century, culminating in 1859 in Charles Darwin’s famous monograph On the Origin of Species as an example of evolutionary reduction of body structures through disuse. The study of this remarkable animal intensified in the 20th century. Its longevity, its general peculiarity and the mystery governing the underground world of the Dinaric karst triggered more systematic research. Much interesting data was obtained from study of proteus in captivity in various laboratories worldwide, including Slovenia, France, England, Belgium, Hungary, Germany and Italy. In the 21st century, the year 2019 represents another important milestone in the research of proteus. The draft genome of Proteus anguinus was first publicly presented on 25 November 2019 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The event coincided with 330 years since proteus was introduced to the scientific community by Valvasor, 160 years since its popularization by Darwin, and the 100th anniversary of Ljubljana University. This is undoubtedly an achievement with many superlatives, starting from excellent collaboration among different international laboratories and the very short period – one year – used to finish the sequencing of the huge proteus genome, which is 15-times larger in size than the human genome. On this occasion we spoke with the two most important players in the story, prof. Nina Gunde-Cimerman and prof. Rok Kostanjšek, from the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty. Prof. Nina Gunde-Cimerman directs research of extremophiles adapted to extreme conditions, in particular fungi, at the Biotechnical Faculty. Prof. Rok Kostanjšek leads a research team that continues the investigation of proteus begun by his predecessors, prof. Lili Istenič and prof. Boris Bulog.
在洞穴生物学中很少有里程碑式的事件，而通常被称为olm、Proteus或“人类鱼”的Proteus anguinus无疑是其(hi)故事的一部分。这种动物最早是在1689年由Johann Weikhard von Valvasor (Janez Vajkard Valvasor)在他的《卡尼奥拉公国的荣耀》(Slava Vojvodine Kranjske)中提到的。学名Proteus anguinus是由Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti于1768年命名的。这种动物在19世纪后期引起了科学界的兴趣，并在1859年查尔斯·达尔文的著名专著《物种起源》中达到顶峰，作为通过废弃而进化减少身体结构的一个例子。对这种神奇动物的研究在20世纪得到加强。它的寿命，它的普遍独特性和支配着第纳尔喀斯特地下世界的奥秘引发了更系统的研究。在斯洛文尼亚、法国、英国、比利时、匈牙利、德国和意大利等世界各地的不同实验室对圈养的变形杆菌进行了研究，获得了许多有趣的数据。进入21世纪，2019年是proteus研究的又一个重要里程碑。2019年11月25日，Proteus anguinus基因组草图在斯洛文尼亚卢布尔雅那首次公开展示。此次活动恰逢proteus被Valvasor引入科学界330周年、达尔文普及160周年、卢布尔雅那大学建校100周年。这无疑是一项具有许多最高成就的成就，从不同国际实验室之间的出色合作开始，从非常短的时间(一年)开始，完成了比人类基因组大15倍的巨大变形原虫基因组的测序。借此机会，我们与卢布尔雅那大学生物技术学院的Nina Gunde-Cimerman教授和Rok Kostanjšek教授进行了交谈。Nina Gunde-Cimerman教授在生物技术学院指导适应极端条件的极端微生物，特别是真菌的研究。Rok教授Kostanjšek领导的研究小组继续研究由他的前任Lili istenistei教授和Boris Bulog教授开始的变形杆菌。
{"title":"Welcome to the -omics era of the 21st century: will Proteus anguinus finally reveal all its mysteries?","authors":"J. Mulec","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.8009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.8009","url":null,"abstract":"There are few milestones in speleobiology, and Proteus anguinus, commonly named the olm, proteus or “human fish”, is undoubtedly part of its (hi)story. The animal was first mentioned in 1689 by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor (Janez Vajkard Valvasor) in his The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola (Slava Vojvodine Kranjske). The scientific name Proteus anguinus was given by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. The animal gained the interest of the scientific community later in the 19th century, culminating in 1859 in Charles Darwin’s famous monograph On the Origin of Species as an example of evolutionary reduction of body structures through disuse. The study of this remarkable animal intensified in the 20th century. Its longevity, its general peculiarity and the mystery governing the underground world of the Dinaric karst triggered more systematic research. Much interesting data was obtained from study of proteus in captivity in various laboratories worldwide, including Slovenia, France, England, Belgium, Hungary, Germany and Italy. In the 21st century, the year 2019 represents another important milestone in the research of proteus. The draft genome of Proteus anguinus was first publicly presented on 25 November 2019 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The event coincided with 330 years since proteus was introduced to the scientific community by Valvasor, 160 years since its popularization by Darwin, and the 100th anniversary of Ljubljana University. This is undoubtedly an achievement with many superlatives, starting from excellent collaboration among different international laboratories and the very short period – one year – used to finish the sequencing of the huge proteus genome, which is 15-times larger in size than the human genome. On this occasion we spoke with the two most important players in the story, prof. Nina Gunde-Cimerman and prof. Rok Kostanjšek, from the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty. Prof. Nina Gunde-Cimerman directs research of extremophiles adapted to extreme conditions, in particular fungi, at the Biotechnical Faculty. Prof. Rok Kostanjšek leads a research team that continues the investigation of proteus begun by his predecessors, prof. Lili Istenič and prof. Boris Bulog.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43172131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Harz Mountains in Germany are a south-tilting block of variscan-folded Devonian and Carboniferous rocks thrust over Mesozoic sediment along its northern border. Along the South Harz the overlying, unfolded upper-most Carboniferous, Permian and Buntsandstein (lower Triassic) series are exposed in a wide belt. They include a thick series of Upper Permian (“Zechstein”) evaporitic rocks, dipping with about 10° S to SW, representing a nearly continuous sulfate and carbonate karst area about 90 km long, covering 338 km². In his dissertation, the first author compiled a new geological map for the Zechstein at a scale of 1:10,000 and deduced a tectonic model to advance our understanding of the karstic features. Karstification determines the morphology of the South Harz including over 180 registered caves, thousands of sinkholes, uvalas, sinking creeks and large karstic springs. Specifically, lines of sinkholes appear to follow faults. By detailed mapping of the three lowermost Zechstein cycles, a dense matrix of faults is revealed. 85° to 125° striking faults reoccur every few 500 m, formed during the Harz-lifting compressional phase during the Upper Cretaceous. Many of these faults are reverse with a Nward thrust. This leads to repetitive exposure of the strata, causing the broadening of the Zechstein outcrop beyond what would be caused by the dip of the series alone. In other areas, horstand graben-structures are present, resulting in kilometer-long Lower Buntsandstein ridges. Below ground, the groundwater flowing southward along the dip is diverted into the direction of diachronicalthe strike, thus causing strike-parallel depressions, valleys and sinkhole rows. In the final extension phase, faults striking 150° to 180° have caused graben-structures, allowing groundwater and surface rivers to flow southward, breaking through the escarpment of the overlying Lower Buntsandstein. Therefore, the tectonic structure of the South Harz determines its hydrology and the karst features apparent at the surface. The tectonic situation of the three largest karstic springs, the Salza Spring at Forste, the Rhume Spring, and the Salza Spring at Nordhausen is discussed along with more shallow karstic settings of the Hainholz/Beierstein, the Trogstein and the area of Hainrode.
{"title":"The Permian gypsum karst belt along the southern margin of the Harz-mountains (Germany), tectonic control of regional geology and karst hydrogeology","authors":"H. Hubrich, S. Kempe","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.8965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.8965","url":null,"abstract":"The Harz Mountains in Germany are a south-tilting block of variscan-folded Devonian and Carboniferous rocks thrust over Mesozoic sediment along its northern border. Along the South Harz the overlying, unfolded upper-most Carboniferous, Permian and Buntsandstein (lower Triassic) series are exposed in a wide belt. They include a thick series of Upper Permian (“Zechstein”) evaporitic rocks, dipping with about 10° S to SW, representing a nearly continuous sulfate and carbonate karst area about 90 km long, covering 338 km². In his dissertation, the first author compiled a new geological map for the Zechstein at a scale of 1:10,000 and deduced a tectonic model to advance our understanding of the karstic features. Karstification determines the morphology of the South Harz including over 180 registered caves, thousands of sinkholes, uvalas, sinking creeks and large karstic springs. Specifically, lines of sinkholes appear to follow faults. By detailed mapping of the three lowermost Zechstein cycles, a dense matrix of faults is revealed. 85° to 125° striking faults reoccur every few 500 m, formed during the Harz-lifting compressional phase during the Upper Cretaceous. Many of these faults are reverse with a Nward thrust. This leads to repetitive exposure of the strata, causing the broadening of the Zechstein outcrop beyond what would be caused by the dip of the series alone. In other areas, horstand graben-structures are present, resulting in kilometer-long Lower Buntsandstein ridges. Below ground, the groundwater flowing southward along the dip is diverted into the direction of diachronicalthe strike, thus causing strike-parallel depressions, valleys and sinkhole rows. In the final extension phase, faults striking 150° to 180° have caused graben-structures, allowing groundwater and surface rivers to flow southward, breaking through the escarpment of the overlying Lower Buntsandstein. Therefore, the tectonic structure of the South Harz determines its hydrology and the karst features apparent at the surface. The tectonic situation of the three largest karstic springs, the Salza Spring at Forste, the Rhume Spring, and the Salza Spring at Nordhausen is discussed along with more shallow karstic settings of the Hainholz/Beierstein, the Trogstein and the area of Hainrode.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42422954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Yang, T. Zhu, F. Garousi, Qiang Li, Jianhua Cao
Understanding the controlling factors of soil organic carbon isotope (δ13CSOC) change and the vegetation succession process is crucial to guide ecological restoration and agricultural cultivation in karst rocky desertification region. However, the information about the combination of C3 and C4 plant distribution and rocky desertification remains unknown. Soils from different landforms, including basin, slope, and plateau, were sampled to investigate the spatial variance of the δ13CSOC distribution characteristics. The contribution of C3 and C4 plant species for δ13CSOC under the different rocky desertification grades (LRD: light rocky desertification; MRD: moderate rocky desertification; and SRD: severe rocky desertification) in Mengzi karst graben basin of Southwest (SW) China was also discussed. The δ13CSOC value decreased with the increase of altitude from basin, slope to plateau. At the same landform, different rocky desertification grades had no significant effect on the δ13CSOC in slope and plateau. Nevertheless, there were significant differences of δ13CSOC C between LRD and SRD in the basin. The C4 plants account for more than 70% in the basin and slope, while C3 plants account for more than 70% in the plateau. This may be due to the long-term cultivation of corn in the historical period in the basin and slope. However, the plateau area is not suitable for the growth of C4 plants such as corn due to the cold climate. In addition, in the same landform, with the aggravation of rocky desertification, the proportion of C4 plants for δ13CSOC increased with the proportion of C3 plants decreased. With the aggravation of rocky desertification, the composition of vegetation species changed from arbour (C3 plants) to small shrubs and herbs (C4 plants).
{"title":"δ13C values of soil organic carbon and their responses to C3 and C4 plants shift in Mengzi karst graben basin, SW China","authors":"Hui Yang, T. Zhu, F. Garousi, Qiang Li, Jianhua Cao","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.7400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.7400","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the controlling factors of soil organic carbon isotope (δ13CSOC) change and the vegetation succession process is crucial to guide ecological restoration and agricultural cultivation in karst rocky desertification region. However, the information about the combination of C3 and C4 plant distribution and rocky desertification remains unknown. Soils from different landforms, including basin, slope, and plateau, were sampled to investigate the spatial variance of the δ13CSOC distribution characteristics. The contribution of C3 and C4 plant species for δ13CSOC under the different rocky desertification grades (LRD: light rocky desertification; MRD: moderate rocky desertification; and SRD: severe rocky desertification) in Mengzi karst graben basin of Southwest (SW) China was also discussed. The δ13CSOC value decreased with the increase of altitude from basin, slope to plateau. At the same landform, different rocky desertification grades had no significant effect on the δ13CSOC in slope and plateau. Nevertheless, there were significant differences of δ13CSOC C between LRD and SRD in the basin. The C4 plants account for more than 70% in the basin and slope, while C3 plants account for more than 70% in the plateau. This may be due to the long-term cultivation of corn in the historical period in the basin and slope. However, the plateau area is not suitable for the growth of C4 plants such as corn due to the cold climate. In addition, in the same landform, with the aggravation of rocky desertification, the proportion of C4 plants for δ13CSOC increased with the proportion of C3 plants decreased. With the aggravation of rocky desertification, the composition of vegetation species changed from arbour (C3 plants) to small shrubs and herbs (C4 plants).","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41363376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subterranean habitats house a wide range of species which show a number of adaptations to prevailing ecological conditions. Spiders are among the most abundant predators in caves; however, most studies on cave spiders focus on species adapted to these habitats. This is the first study related to the occurrence of the Black lace-weaver spider, Amaurobius ferox, in caves. The species lacks adaptations to the subterranean habitats and has been observed within meters from the cave entrance all year round, except in late winter until early spring. Furthermore, its occupancy is positively related to the presence of other three cave-dwelling spiders: Metellina merianae, Meta menardi and Tegenaria sp.
地下栖息地容纳了各种各样的物种，这些物种对当时的生态条件表现出许多适应性。蜘蛛是洞穴中数量最多的捕食者之一;然而，大多数关于洞穴蜘蛛的研究都集中在适应这些栖息地的物种上。这是第一次对洞穴中黑色花边编织蜘蛛(Amaurobius ferox)的研究。该物种缺乏对地下栖息地的适应能力，除了冬末至早春，它们全年都在距离洞穴入口几米的范围内被观察到。此外，它的占据与其他三种穴居蜘蛛(Metellina merianae, Meta menardi和Tegenaria sp)的存在呈正相关。
{"title":"Occurrence of the Black lace-weaver spider, Amaurobius ferox, in caves","authors":"E. Lunghi","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.7672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.7672","url":null,"abstract":"Subterranean habitats house a wide range of species which show a number of adaptations to prevailing ecological conditions. Spiders are among the most abundant predators in caves; however, most studies on cave spiders focus on species adapted to these habitats. This is the first study related to the occurrence of the Black lace-weaver spider, Amaurobius ferox, in caves. The species lacks adaptations to the subterranean habitats and has been observed within meters from the cave entrance all year round, except in late winter until early spring. Furthermore, its occupancy is positively related to the presence of other three cave-dwelling spiders: Metellina merianae, Meta menardi and Tegenaria sp.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41781136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. P. Siročić, S. Kurajica, Dragana Dogančić, N. Fišter
UDC 631.41:502.51(497.5Proščansko jezero) Anita Ptiček Siročić, Stanislav Kurajica, Dragana Dogančić & Nikolina Fišter: Soils and sediments of Prošće Lake catchment as a possible terrigenous input in the lakes system The Plitvice Lakes National Park is in the northwestern part of the Dinaric Karst in central Croatia. An important role of the soil in the karst is to purify the waters before they reach the phreatic zone. The soil is also a zone of accumulation, transformation, retardation and dilution of a potential pollutant. Knowing soil mineralogical composition is an important factor in understanding fate and transport of contaminants throughout lakes system. Samples of soil, peat and stream sediment were collected in the Prošće lake catchment and partly in the assumed zone of influence, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of samples was performed to determine dominant mineral species in samples. XRD analysis showed predominance of lowquartz, which was found in all samples, most often as dominant phase. Dolomite was found in half of the samples, almost always as a significant phase while calcite was dominant phase in one of the samples. In most of the samples, members of the feldspars and chlorites groups, as well as muscovite, were present as minor phases. The absorption bands in the range of 2800-3000 cm-1 due to the organic matter are visible in spectra of all samples. These minerals can enter lakes system by surface waters, primarily streams and overland flow during snow thawing and rain, and also in cases of shore erosion. Terrigenic input in lakes is small but cannot be neglected due to the longlasting preservation efforts of the Prošće Lake recharge area, and the Plitvice Lakes National Park in general, terrigenous intake still does not pose a threat to water quality and tufa production. Izvleček UDKs 631.41:502.51(497.5Proščansko jezero) Anita Ptiček Siročić, Stanislav Kurajica, Dragana Dogančić & Nikolina Fišter: Tla in sedimenti zaledja Proščanskega jezera kot možen terigen doprinos v jezerski sistem Narodni park Plitviška jezera se nahaja v severozahodnem delu Dinarskega krasa v osrednji Hrvaški. Pomembna vloga tal v krasu je, da čistijo vodo, preden doseže freatično cono. Tla so tudi območje, kjer se potencialna onesnaževala kopičijo, preoblikujejo in redčijo. Tla ta onesnaževala tudi zadržijo. Poznavanje mineraloške sestave tal je pomemben dejavnik pri razumevanju prenosa onesnaževal v jezerskem sistemu. Tla, šoto in sedimente smo vzorčili v neposrednem zaledju in na vplivnem območju Prošćankega jezera. Mineralne vrste smo določili z rentgensko difrakcijo (XRD) in infrardečo spektroskopijo s Fourierjevo transformacijo (FTIR). Analiza XRD je pokazala, da v vzorcih prevladuje kremen, ki je bil v vseh vzorcih ugotovljen kot prevladujoč mineral. Dolomit je bil najden v polovici vzorcev, skoraj vedno kot pomemben mineral, medtem ko je kalcit prevladoval samo v enem od vzorcev. V večini vzo
UDC 631.41:502.51(497.5Proščansko jezero) Anita ptiek siro iki, Stanislav Kurajica, Dragana dogan iki & Nikolina Fišter: Prošće湖泊集水区的土壤和沉积物可能是湖泊系统的陆源输入。Plitvice湖泊国家公园位于克罗地亚中部Dinaric喀斯特的西北部。喀斯特土壤的一个重要作用是在水到达潜水带之前对其进行净化。土壤也是潜在污染物积聚、转化、阻滞和稀释的区域。了解土壤矿物学成分是了解湖泊系统中污染物的命运和运移的重要因素。在Prošće湖泊集水区和部分假设影响区内采集土壤、泥炭和水系沉积物样品，对样品进行x射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析，确定样品中的优势矿物种类。XRD分析表明，所有样品均以低石英为主，且多为优势相。在一半的样品中发现白云石，几乎总是作为重要相，而方解石在一个样品中占主导地位。在大多数样品中，长石和绿泥石群的成员，以及白云母，作为小相存在。在所有样品的光谱中均可见到2800 ~ 3000 cm-1范围内有机质的吸收带。这些矿物质可以通过地表水进入湖泊系统，主要是在雪融化和雨融化期间的溪流和陆地流动，也可以在海岸侵蚀的情况下进入湖泊系统。由于Prošće湖泊补给区的长期保护工作，湖泊中的陆源输入很小，但不能忽视，总的来说，Plitvice湖泊国家公园的陆源输入仍然不会对水质和凝灰岩生产构成威胁。izvle ekudks 631.41:502.51(497.5Proščansko jezero) Anita ptiek siro伊奇，Stanislav Kurajica, Dragana dogan伊奇和Nikolina Fišter: Tla in sedimenti zaledja Proščanskega jezera kot možen terigen doprinos v jezerski系统Narodni公园Plitviška jezera se nahaja v severozahodnem delu Dinarskega krasa v osrednji Hrvaški。Pomembna vloga tal v krasu je, da istijo vodo, preden doseže freatiati no cono。Tla so tudi obmo je, kjer se potenticialna onesnaževala kopi ijo, preoblikujejo in red ijo。Tla ta onesnaževala tudi zadržijo。波兹纳瓦涅mineraloške sestave tal je pomemben dejavnik pri razumevanju prenosa onesnaževal v jezerskem sistemu。1 . šoto in sediment smo vzor v neposrednem zaledju in na vplivnem obmo ju Prošćankega jezera。矿物学研究表明，矿物学研究的主要内容是利用红外光谱法(FTIR)分析矿物学研究的成果。分析XRD je pokazala, da v vzorcih prevladuje kremen, ki je bil v vzorcih vzorcih ugotovljen kot prevladujoza矿物。dolomet je biljden v polovici vzorcev, skoraj vedno kot pommenbeni mineral, medtem ko je kalciv preladv v neem od vzorcev。V veini vzorcev so bili V manjšini še glinenci, kloritni minerali在muskovit。吸收pcijski pasovi na obmo为2800-3000 cm-1，因此，可以用光谱法测定生物器官的积雪。Minerale lahko v jezerski系统prinesejo površinske vode, predvsem taljenjem snega in ob padavinah ali obalni herozijskih process。Terigeni vnos je majhen, vendar ga zaradi dolgotrajnih prizaddevanj za ohranitev in obnovo obmo ja Prošćanskega jezera ni mogo e prezreti。Verjetno pa še ne ogroža kakovosti vode in nastajanja lehnjaka。Rezultati kažejo, da tla in sedimenti v zaledju Proščanskega jezera u inkovito zadržijo in istijo vodo na poti do jezera。Vseeno lahko ob morebitnem onesnaženju v zaledju onesnaževala dosežejo jezerski系统， e so吸附剂na delce tal。1萨格勒布大学岩土工程学院，哈勒罗瓦，阿列哈，472000 Varaždin, e-mail: aanitaps@gfv.unizg.hr;ddogan@gfv.unizg.hr;nfister@hotmail.com 2萨格勒布大学化学工程技术学院，Marulićev trg 19, 10000萨格勒布，e-mail: stankok@fkit.hr *通讯作者收稿/预稿日期:25.07.2019 DOI: 10.3986/ac.v49i1.7547 ACTA cars49 / 1,125 -140, POSTOJNA 2020 COBISS: 1.01 ANITA PTIČEK SIROČIĆ， STANISLAV KURAJICA, DRAGANA DOGANČIĆ & NIKOLINA FIŠTER
{"title":"Soils and sediments of Prošće Lake catchment as a possible terrigenous input in the lakes system","authors":"A. P. Siročić, S. Kurajica, Dragana Dogančić, N. Fišter","doi":"10.3986/ac.v49i1.7547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v49i1.7547","url":null,"abstract":"UDC 631.41:502.51(497.5Proščansko jezero) Anita Ptiček Siročić, Stanislav Kurajica, Dragana Dogančić & Nikolina Fišter: Soils and sediments of Prošće Lake catchment as a possible terrigenous input in the lakes system The Plitvice Lakes National Park is in the northwestern part of the Dinaric Karst in central Croatia. An important role of the soil in the karst is to purify the waters before they reach the phreatic zone. The soil is also a zone of accumulation, transformation, retardation and dilution of a potential pollutant. Knowing soil mineralogical composition is an important factor in understanding fate and transport of contaminants throughout lakes system. Samples of soil, peat and stream sediment were collected in the Prošće lake catchment and partly in the assumed zone of influence, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of samples was performed to determine dominant mineral species in samples. XRD analysis showed predominance of lowquartz, which was found in all samples, most often as dominant phase. Dolomite was found in half of the samples, almost always as a significant phase while calcite was dominant phase in one of the samples. In most of the samples, members of the feldspars and chlorites groups, as well as muscovite, were present as minor phases. The absorption bands in the range of 2800-3000 cm-1 due to the organic matter are visible in spectra of all samples. These minerals can enter lakes system by surface waters, primarily streams and overland flow during snow thawing and rain, and also in cases of shore erosion. Terrigenic input in lakes is small but cannot be neglected due to the longlasting preservation efforts of the Prošće Lake recharge area, and the Plitvice Lakes National Park in general, terrigenous intake still does not pose a threat to water quality and tufa production. Izvleček UDKs 631.41:502.51(497.5Proščansko jezero) Anita Ptiček Siročić, Stanislav Kurajica, Dragana Dogančić & Nikolina Fišter: Tla in sedimenti zaledja Proščanskega jezera kot možen terigen doprinos v jezerski sistem Narodni park Plitviška jezera se nahaja v severozahodnem delu Dinarskega krasa v osrednji Hrvaški. Pomembna vloga tal v krasu je, da čistijo vodo, preden doseže freatično cono. Tla so tudi območje, kjer se potencialna onesnaževala kopičijo, preoblikujejo in redčijo. Tla ta onesnaževala tudi zadržijo. Poznavanje mineraloške sestave tal je pomemben dejavnik pri razumevanju prenosa onesnaževal v jezerskem sistemu. Tla, šoto in sedimente smo vzorčili v neposrednem zaledju in na vplivnem območju Prošćankega jezera. Mineralne vrste smo določili z rentgensko difrakcijo (XRD) in infrardečo spektroskopijo s Fourierjevo transformacijo (FTIR). Analiza XRD je pokazala, da v vzorcih prevladuje kremen, ki je bil v vseh vzorcih ugotovljen kot prevladujoč mineral. Dolomit je bil najden v polovici vzorcev, skoraj vedno kot pomemben mineral, medtem ko je kalcit prevladoval samo v enem od vzorcev. V večini vzo","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70389535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：