Ambix最新文献

{"title":"Patriotic Women: Chemistry and Gender in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish World.","authors":"Elena Serrano","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2097492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2097492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the second half of the eighteenth century, Western countries witnessed an explosion of societies and publishing initiatives aimed at creating and disseminating what contemporaries called useful knowledge. These \"economic societies,\" \"societies of friends of the country,\" or \"societies of improvers\" sought to improve their local communities through the scientific management of natural and social resources. This article analyses the opportunities that this movement of patriots opened up for women in chemistry, who went from being \"exceptional women\" to representing themselves as female \"friends of the country.\" This article shows the different ways in which these women \"friends of the country\" negotiated their authorship, agency, and public visibility in order to maintain gender conventions and the importance of their kinship networks. It also illustrates the other side of the coin: how women's contributions also benefited male scientific societies, which gained visibility and secured the social position of their members in enlightened circles.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 3","pages":"243-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9425727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudo-Paracelsus: Forgery and Early Modern Alchemy, Medicine, and Natural Philosophy","authors":"María Belén Boned Fernández","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2105491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2105491","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"426 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44638612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Bakelite: Leo Baekeland and the Business of Science and Invention","authors":"S. Mossman","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2095717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2095717","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"429 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49187966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Elements: A Visual History of Their Discovery","authors":"Eric R. Scerri","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2091819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2091819","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"427 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43766853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alchemy, Sources, and Digital Exploring at the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel","authors":"B. T. Moran","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2085764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2085764","url":null,"abstract":"The Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel (also known as the Bibliotheca Augusta) has long been considered one of the most important research locations for projects focused on medieval and early modern European studies. Founded and enlarged by the German princes Julius (1528–1589), Heinrich Julius (1568– 1613), and Augustus (1579–1666) of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the library today emphasises the collection of manuscripts and early modern printed works and welcomes researchers from numerous disciplines. Among its holdings, the Herzog August Bibliothek possesses, for the period from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries, around a hundred manuscripts and more than 2,000 printed works related to alchemy, and those sources have helped establish the library as one of the most important centres for alchemical research. Thirty-eight years ago the library hosted its first major symposium focused on historical alchemy under the umbrella of the Sixteenth Wolfenbüttel Symposium (1984). The meeting, international in scope, was organised by Christoph Meinel, who edited the significant volume to follow, Die Alchemie in der europäischen Kulturund Wissenschaftsgeschichte. In his introduction to that volume, Meinel reflected on the rallying appeal of Wilhelm Ganzenmüller (1882–1955) in 1953, i.e. more than thirty years earlier, to organise an international effort in order to respond to what Ganzenmüller viewed as the most glaring desiderata affecting alchemical research in historical context. Most pressing was the need for cataloguing all known alchemical manuscripts. This should be accompanied by a list of incipits of the texts themselves, linking them to neighbouring natural-philosophical and technical literature. There should be a catalogue of images and a historical dictionary describing the etymology of alchemical terminology, and one should also build a bibliography of source materials supplemented by a bibliography of research literature, including contributions from literary, artistic, religious, and technological","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"320 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44517108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Chemistry of Fear: Harvey Wiley’s Fight for Pure Food","authors":"C. Cobbold","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2085752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2085752","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"428 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41538126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Atom in Seventeenth-Century Poetry","authors":"Helen Thompson","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2082151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2082151","url":null,"abstract":"Greek sources. Lacaze shows the close connection of the Turba with theMusḥ̣af as-̣sụwar as well as its indebtedness to the writings of the Byzantine scholar Stephanos of Alexandria (6th–7th centuries CE). Chapter four details the structure of the Turba philosophorum, focusing on an analysis of the first nine sermones. Lacaze uses this opportunity to cast doubt on Ruska’s interpretation of the beginning of the text as a cosmological debate. He disagrees with the separation of the Turba into a cosmological and an alchemical section, pointing out the connections between the two. Lacaze’s arguments about a double meaning of the initial sermones are convincing; as he puts it, the author intends to enlighten the reader in a progressive fashion, creating “a true itinerary towards the truth of nature, by means of a journey across the texts” (p. 283, my translation). Lacaze’s conclusions are the following: he argues, first, that the Arabic origin of the work can no longer be denied (pace Abt), particularly due to its closeness to the Musḥ̣af as-̣sụwar. He also discusses the evidence that may suggest a Christian rather than an Islamic origin of the text. In regards to the likely date of composition, he proposes a range between 850 and 886 CE, closer to 850. Furthermore, he proposes that the true Latin title of the text may be Liber turbae, or Book of the Assembly, and raises the question whether the Arabic original of this work was a manuscript called Musḥ̣af al-Ǧama ̄ʿ a (only surviving in a fragment). While the mathematical-philosophical bent of this fragment does not fit the nature of the Turba, Lacaze raises the intriguing possibility that the Turba, Musḥ̣af as-̣sụwar, and Musḥ̣af al-Ǧama ̄ʿ a were written in the same intellectual circle. Lacaze thinks that the Turba stands out amongst these treatises “by its singularity and even by its strangeness” (p. 337): it is a treatise that surprises at every step, whether by making Pythagoras the pupil of Hermes or by having Presocratics rehearse passages from Stephanos of Alexandria. Lacaze does not think the author meant to deceive the readers, but rather to compel them to meditate about the different levels of understanding that the Art requires in order to grasp its truth. The second part of the book is the critical edition of the Latin text with a French translation. Lacaze reconstructs the text based on the surviving manuscripts. The foundational source remains, as in Ruska, the Krakow (ex-Berlin) manuscript, and Lacaze preserves the cryptic names of the speakers in it. In compensation, he attaches a very useful appendix (I) that provides the decoded names of the philosophers. Appendix II complements these with an explanation of some of the enigmatic substances referred to in the text. The critical apparatus comprises a third appendix containing certain Arabic fragments related to the Turba, the bibliography, and a thorough index for Latin and French. It is clear, given the painstaking work that Lacaze un","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"327 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47014985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tóxicos Invisibles. La construcción de la ignorancia ambiental","authors":"María José Correa-Gómez","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2076875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2076875","url":null,"abstract":"trained chemicus from the lower educational level of the professional chemist who worked in factories, at the same level as operators in mechanical engineering. De chemist is the published version of Vermande’s PhD thesis. This helps to explain the fact that the book contains many little summaries and repetitions, as well as extensive appendices typical of that genre. Vermande focuses on the occupation of the chemist, without paying much attention to contextualising the primary source material. For instance, he regularly cites references to chemisten in late seventeenth-century pamphlets, but he seems unaware of the context and rhetoric of the pamphlet wars at the time, with their extremely crude language and a predominant concern with secrecy and self-interest in the (Amsterdam) medical sector. A more contextualised analysis of these controversies could have strengthened the arguments of the thesis. Vermande’s book covers a period of 220 years, but the focus of the analysis is on the late seventeenth century and on the period 1760–1820. The first half of the eighteenth century remains underdiscussed. This is a pity, because during this period the Netherlands were known as a hotbed of chemical and medical teaching, which must have had a direct effect on the popularity of the chemist. For a start, more than ever before, anatomy and the making of anatomical preparations – for instance the work of Frederik Ruysch and Bernhard Siegfried Albinus – heavily relied on chemical techniques, whereby chemicals (presumably sold in chemical shops) and their particular properties literally and metaphorically took the place of bodily fluids and physiological processes. Similarly, Vermande does not analyse the rise of the chemist against the backdrop of the popular and influential chemistry teaching of Herman Boerhaave and his disciples. Recent historical work has shown that Boerhaave, even more than his predecessors Franciscus dele Boë Sylvius, Johann Conrad Barchusen, and Jacob LeMort, elevated chemistry to a serious academic discipline, which must have had a positive effect on the popularity and business of the chemist. Who, after all, supplied the chemicals for the students’ experimental activities? In his lectures, Boerhaave also demarcated his “new” method of chemistry from the chemistry of his predecessors, thereby making a clear distinction between true and false (al)chemists. This demarcation was even stronger in the works of his disciples and must have resonated with the need of the chemisten to distinguish themselves as an occupational group. Despite these shortcomings, the great merit of Vermande’s study is his novel focus on the largely forgotten group of the chemisten in the history of chemistry and medicine. I found many interesting details that set me thinking. For example, I was struck by the number of widows of chemisten who took over the shops of their deceased husbands, and the apparent need, in 1813, to formulate specific regulations for thes","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"332 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47019138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics of Chemistry. From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering","authors":"J. Bertomeu-sánchez","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2071818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2071818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"337 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46414596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rainbow Palate: How Chemical Dyes Changed the West’s Relationship With Food","authors":"J. Rees","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2022.2066257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2022.2066257","url":null,"abstract":"Garraf landfill, where Barcelona’s refuse had accumulated for more than thirty years. Similar cultural actions were used to soften the impact of complex projects such as the Corta Atalaya copper mine in Spain, where certain industries fostered mechanisms of ignorance through the sponsorship of artistic work, as Galech Amillano shows. New opportunities for labour in developing factories were another part of this continued silencing of the environmental and health effects of industrial projects, as exemplified by Pujada in his chapter on the Flix factory in Spain, and also by Rodríguez-Giralt and Tironi in their study on the installation of a copper smelting plant in the Puchuncaví area on the central coast of Chile. The latter also addresses the emergence of local opposition to toxic hazards and demands for policies that acknowledged them. Hamilton’s case study of the Parque de la Albufera in Valencia and the development of the rice industry documents a lack of knowledge of hydrological systems and their implications for contamination. Finally, Barca addresses the new forms of ignorance associated with narratives of the Anthropocene that leave out the toxicity, inequality, and environmental injustice of modern industry. In summary, Tóxicos invisibles investigates the methods by which the processes of scientific and technological change were constructed as well as regulated. It highlights specific participants – scientists, bureaucrats, politicians, journalists, and businessmen. It problematises not only their participation in the development of environmental ignorance, but also their limited capacity to modify the processes of this “invisibility of toxicity,” or to promote a more fruitful dialogue with stakeholders. In addition, the book promotes critical analysis of the production, representation, translation, and appropriation of ignorance, which of course does not only concern environmental issues.","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"69 1","pages":"334 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49648733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}