Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000190
M. Macphail, R. Carpenter, R. Hill
Abstract We conclude that the extinct polar forests of Antarctica deserve recognition as a distinct biome - the ‘Austral Polar Forest Biome’ - rather than being regarded as analogous to modern rainforest.
{"title":"Formal recognition of extinct Antarctic polar forests as a distinct biome","authors":"M. Macphail, R. Carpenter, R. Hill","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000190","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We conclude that the extinct polar forests of Antarctica deserve recognition as a distinct biome - the ‘Austral Polar Forest Biome’ - rather than being regarded as analogous to modern rainforest.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48895293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000165
B. Danis, B. Wallis, Charlène Guillaumot, C. Moreau, F. Pasotti, F. Heindler, H. Robert, H. Christiansen, Q. Jossart, T. Saucède
Abstract The western Antarctic Peninsula is facing rapid environmental changes and many recent publications stress the need to gain new knowledge regarding ecosystems responses to these changes. In the framework of the Belgica 121 expedition, we tested the use of a nimble vessel with a moderate environmental footprint as an approach to tackle the urgent needs of the Southern Ocean research community in terms of knowledge regarding the levels of marine biodiversity in shallow areas and the potential impacts of retreating glaciers on this biodiversity in combination with increasing tourism pressure. We discuss the strengths and drawbacks of using a 75’ (23 m) sailboat in this research framework, as well as its sampling and environmental efficiency. We propose that the scientific community considers this approach to 1) fill specific knowledge gaps and 2) improve the general coherence of the research objectives of the Antarctic scientific community in terms of biodiversity conservation and the image that such conservation conveys to the general public.
{"title":"Nimble vessel cruises as a complementary platform for Southern Ocean biodiversity research: concept and preliminary results from the Belgica 121 expedition","authors":"B. Danis, B. Wallis, Charlène Guillaumot, C. Moreau, F. Pasotti, F. Heindler, H. Robert, H. Christiansen, Q. Jossart, T. Saucède","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The western Antarctic Peninsula is facing rapid environmental changes and many recent publications stress the need to gain new knowledge regarding ecosystems responses to these changes. In the framework of the Belgica 121 expedition, we tested the use of a nimble vessel with a moderate environmental footprint as an approach to tackle the urgent needs of the Southern Ocean research community in terms of knowledge regarding the levels of marine biodiversity in shallow areas and the potential impacts of retreating glaciers on this biodiversity in combination with increasing tourism pressure. We discuss the strengths and drawbacks of using a 75’ (23 m) sailboat in this research framework, as well as its sampling and environmental efficiency. We propose that the scientific community considers this approach to 1) fill specific knowledge gaps and 2) improve the general coherence of the research objectives of the Antarctic scientific community in terms of biodiversity conservation and the image that such conservation conveys to the general public.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42191121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000086
M. González-Aravena, Graciela Iturra, A. Font, C. A. Cárdenas, R. Rondón, E. Bergami, I. Corsi
Abstract The occurrence and impact of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have been investigated in Antarctica much less than in other parts of the world. Although legacy anthropogenic pollutants can reach Antarctica via long-range transport, CECs mainly originate from local sources. Here, we investigated the ability of a freshwater crustacean, the Antarctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini, to cope with nanoscale titanium dioxide (n-TiO2), a widely used pigment in consumer products (e.g. paintings), including those for personal care (e.g. sunscreens). An in vivo acute short-term exposure study (9 h, n-TiO2 concentration range 50–200 μg ml-1) was performed and the expression levels of several genes involved in stress response were evaluated. No effect on the expression of heat-shock protein chaperone genes was found, with the exception of Hsp70a, which was significantly upregulated at 200 μg ml-1 n-TiO2. Similarly, cytochrome P450 was upregulated at 100 and 200 μg ml-1 n-TiO2, while the expression levels of cathepsin L and of antioxidant genes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced with increasing concentrations of n-TiO2. This study shows for the first time the responsiveness and sensitivity of an Antarctic freshwater crustacean to n-TiO2 exposure and supports its suitability as a biomonitor of CECs in Antarctica.
{"title":"Unravelling the suitability of Branchinecta gaini as a potential biomonitor of contaminants of emerging concern in the Antarctic Peninsula region","authors":"M. González-Aravena, Graciela Iturra, A. Font, C. A. Cárdenas, R. Rondón, E. Bergami, I. Corsi","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The occurrence and impact of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have been investigated in Antarctica much less than in other parts of the world. Although legacy anthropogenic pollutants can reach Antarctica via long-range transport, CECs mainly originate from local sources. Here, we investigated the ability of a freshwater crustacean, the Antarctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini, to cope with nanoscale titanium dioxide (n-TiO2), a widely used pigment in consumer products (e.g. paintings), including those for personal care (e.g. sunscreens). An in vivo acute short-term exposure study (9 h, n-TiO2 concentration range 50–200 μg ml-1) was performed and the expression levels of several genes involved in stress response were evaluated. No effect on the expression of heat-shock protein chaperone genes was found, with the exception of Hsp70a, which was significantly upregulated at 200 μg ml-1 n-TiO2. Similarly, cytochrome P450 was upregulated at 100 and 200 μg ml-1 n-TiO2, while the expression levels of cathepsin L and of antioxidant genes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced with increasing concentrations of n-TiO2. This study shows for the first time the responsiveness and sensitivity of an Antarctic freshwater crustacean to n-TiO2 exposure and supports its suitability as a biomonitor of CECs in Antarctica.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42014462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000220
W. Nelson, K. Neill, R. D’archino, J. Sutherland
Abstract The macroalgae of the Balleny Islands (66°15′S–67°35′S and 162°30′E–165°00′E) have been infrequently collected and the flora remains poorly known. This chain of islands is located on the edge of the Antarctic Circle in the northern Ross Sea, ~250 km north of the coast of northern Victoria Land, and it represents the most northerly land in the Ross Sea region. As well as being very remote, access to these islands is difficult given the highly variable prevailing ice conditions. We summarize the macroalgal floras of the Balleny Islands and the Ross Sea, including reporting new records, extending the known distribution of other taxa and highlighting the need for further taxonomic research on some of the most common and widespread species. Many of the taxa reported have been collected on few occasions and, as a consequence, there is insufficient material available, including reproductively mature samples, for some species to be fully documented. While these collections are providing intriguing insights into the relationships between the macroalgae found around the Antarctic continent, the full biodiversity of the Balleny Islands remains to be investigated, and further collections are required to enable detailed comparisons with other parts of the Antarctic region.
{"title":"Marine macroalgae of the Balleny Islands and Ross Sea","authors":"W. Nelson, K. Neill, R. D’archino, J. Sutherland","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000220","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The macroalgae of the Balleny Islands (66°15′S–67°35′S and 162°30′E–165°00′E) have been infrequently collected and the flora remains poorly known. This chain of islands is located on the edge of the Antarctic Circle in the northern Ross Sea, ~250 km north of the coast of northern Victoria Land, and it represents the most northerly land in the Ross Sea region. As well as being very remote, access to these islands is difficult given the highly variable prevailing ice conditions. We summarize the macroalgal floras of the Balleny Islands and the Ross Sea, including reporting new records, extending the known distribution of other taxa and highlighting the need for further taxonomic research on some of the most common and widespread species. Many of the taxa reported have been collected on few occasions and, as a consequence, there is insufficient material available, including reproductively mature samples, for some species to be fully documented. While these collections are providing intriguing insights into the relationships between the macroalgae found around the Antarctic continent, the full biodiversity of the Balleny Islands remains to be investigated, and further collections are required to enable detailed comparisons with other parts of the Antarctic region.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43807410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S095410202200027X
Romain Chuffart, Andreas Raspotnik, Luiza Brodt, P. Convey
Global environmental crises are destabilizing the cryosphere and, as a result, the capacity of the planet's glaciated regions to absorb or even persist in the face of the current velocity of physical changes (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2019, Chown et al. 2022). According to the latest data, warming in the polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) is occurring at three to four times global average rates. These regions should not be narrated through the prism of climate change alone, as the complex regional changes engendered by the environmental and climate crises also have profound effects on the rest of the world. At both poles, climate and environmental changes provide key warnings of potential global tipping points and underpin global environmental security concerns. The polar regions are vastly different in their geographies, populations and governance structures. However, in spite of these differences and ongoing crises, scientific cooperation has – at least until now – been a major contributor to regional governance at both poles. In the south, on top of international legal norms such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), since 1961 the Antarctic continent and surrounding Southern Ocean south of 60° of latitude has been governed by a major international treaty – the Antarctic Treaty – and its component instruments and their measures, referred to as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). Apart from year-round but transient scientific operations, the Antarctic has never had a permanent human population. Under the Antarctic Treaty, national territorial claims in the region are held in abeyance. Seven states as well as the Russian Federation (as the successor state to the USSR) and the USA have made or 'reserved their right' to make territorial claims to parts of or the entire continent. However, Article 4 of the Antarctic Treaty places these claims on hold – meaning no state can make new or expand their own sovereign claims. The ATS also prohibits military activities, the use of nuclear technologies and the disposal of radioactive waste, and it provides the frameworks for marine ecosystem and fisheries management and for environmental protection in Antarctica. Above all, the ATS provides the infrastructural mechanisms that enable state cooperation to achieve consensus governance of the Antarctic continent and surrounding Southern Ocean collectively and peacefully through science. Due to its contrasting geography, Arctic governance differs from that of its southern counterpart. As landmasses surrounding the Arctic Ocean, the eight Arctic states (the A8; Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark (Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland), Norway, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, the Russian Federation and the USA) exercise their sovereignty over the land, with five of them having Arctic coastlines and sovereign rights over parts of the Arctic Ocean. Beyond general international law, the UNCLOS provides the regulatory framework to
{"title":"Dealing with insecurities and geopolitics: science diplomacy at the poles","authors":"Romain Chuffart, Andreas Raspotnik, Luiza Brodt, P. Convey","doi":"10.1017/S095410202200027X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410202200027X","url":null,"abstract":"Global environmental crises are destabilizing the cryosphere and, as a result, the capacity of the planet's glaciated regions to absorb or even persist in the face of the current velocity of physical changes (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2019, Chown et al. 2022). According to the latest data, warming in the polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) is occurring at three to four times global average rates. These regions should not be narrated through the prism of climate change alone, as the complex regional changes engendered by the environmental and climate crises also have profound effects on the rest of the world. At both poles, climate and environmental changes provide key warnings of potential global tipping points and underpin global environmental security concerns. The polar regions are vastly different in their geographies, populations and governance structures. However, in spite of these differences and ongoing crises, scientific cooperation has – at least until now – been a major contributor to regional governance at both poles. In the south, on top of international legal norms such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), since 1961 the Antarctic continent and surrounding Southern Ocean south of 60° of latitude has been governed by a major international treaty – the Antarctic Treaty – and its component instruments and their measures, referred to as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). Apart from year-round but transient scientific operations, the Antarctic has never had a permanent human population. Under the Antarctic Treaty, national territorial claims in the region are held in abeyance. Seven states as well as the Russian Federation (as the successor state to the USSR) and the USA have made or 'reserved their right' to make territorial claims to parts of or the entire continent. However, Article 4 of the Antarctic Treaty places these claims on hold – meaning no state can make new or expand their own sovereign claims. The ATS also prohibits military activities, the use of nuclear technologies and the disposal of radioactive waste, and it provides the frameworks for marine ecosystem and fisheries management and for environmental protection in Antarctica. Above all, the ATS provides the infrastructural mechanisms that enable state cooperation to achieve consensus governance of the Antarctic continent and surrounding Southern Ocean collectively and peacefully through science. Due to its contrasting geography, Arctic governance differs from that of its southern counterpart. As landmasses surrounding the Arctic Ocean, the eight Arctic states (the A8; Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark (Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland), Norway, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, the Russian Federation and the USA) exercise their sovereignty over the land, with five of them having Arctic coastlines and sovereign rights over parts of the Arctic Ocean. Beyond general international law, the UNCLOS provides the regulatory framework to ","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46609106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000050
Claudio Cucini, F. Nardi, Letizia Magnoni, L. Rebecchi, R. Guidetti, P. Convey, A. Carapelli
Abstract The temperature experienced by micro-invertebrates in extreme environments (such as those of Antarctica) is a pivotal parameter regarding these animals' ecology and physiology. However, at present, detailed knowledge of microhabitat physical conditions in Antarctica is limited, as well as being biased towards sub-Antarctic and Maritime Antarctic regions. To better understand the temperature conditions experienced in the microhabitats of Continental Antarctica by the native microfauna, we recorded temperatures year round in ponds and soils in an area of the Victoria Land coast and compared these measurements with air temperature data from the closest automatic weather station. We identified an important difference in temperature dynamics between the air, soil and pond datasets. Ponds were the warmest sites overall, differing by up to 7.5°C in comparison with the air temperature due to their greater thermal capacity, which also drove their patterns of freeze-thaw cycles and mean daily thermal excursion.
{"title":"Microhabitats, macro-differences: a survey of temperature records in Victoria Land terrestrial and freshwater environments","authors":"Claudio Cucini, F. Nardi, Letizia Magnoni, L. Rebecchi, R. Guidetti, P. Convey, A. Carapelli","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The temperature experienced by micro-invertebrates in extreme environments (such as those of Antarctica) is a pivotal parameter regarding these animals' ecology and physiology. However, at present, detailed knowledge of microhabitat physical conditions in Antarctica is limited, as well as being biased towards sub-Antarctic and Maritime Antarctic regions. To better understand the temperature conditions experienced in the microhabitats of Continental Antarctica by the native microfauna, we recorded temperatures year round in ponds and soils in an area of the Victoria Land coast and compared these measurements with air temperature data from the closest automatic weather station. We identified an important difference in temperature dynamics between the air, soil and pond datasets. Ponds were the warmest sites overall, differing by up to 7.5°C in comparison with the air temperature due to their greater thermal capacity, which also drove their patterns of freeze-thaw cycles and mean daily thermal excursion.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41781130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000074
J. Atalah, J. Blamey
Abstract Laccases are enzymes from the multi-copper oxidase family that have gathered a lot of attention due to their wide range of substrates, their interspecies variability and their still elusive mechanism of action. The presence of four copper atoms in their active site makes them an interesting model for the study of the relationship between the structure and function of proteins. It is possible to find them in fungi, plants and prokaryotes. Bacterial laccases display many advantages over fungal laccases in terms of their application. They have, in general, a greater thermal stability and a different pH profile, which contributes to widening their field of possible application. In the present work, a novel laccase from an Antarctic microorganism, Geobacillus sp. ID17, is purified and characterized. This is the first Antarctic bacterial laccase to be functionally described. It was found to be active at neutral pH and to have greater activity at 55°C. Its catalytic constants are in the order of other bacterial laccases. Screening for different potential substrates was also performed, showing that this novel laccase is more selective than commercial laccases. This enzyme could find potential application in the generation of gallic acid polymers or in organic synthesis in contexts where meticulous substrate discrimination is needed.
{"title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel laccase from an Antarctic thermophilic Geobacillus","authors":"J. Atalah, J. Blamey","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000074","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Laccases are enzymes from the multi-copper oxidase family that have gathered a lot of attention due to their wide range of substrates, their interspecies variability and their still elusive mechanism of action. The presence of four copper atoms in their active site makes them an interesting model for the study of the relationship between the structure and function of proteins. It is possible to find them in fungi, plants and prokaryotes. Bacterial laccases display many advantages over fungal laccases in terms of their application. They have, in general, a greater thermal stability and a different pH profile, which contributes to widening their field of possible application. In the present work, a novel laccase from an Antarctic microorganism, Geobacillus sp. ID17, is purified and characterized. This is the first Antarctic bacterial laccase to be functionally described. It was found to be active at neutral pH and to have greater activity at 55°C. Its catalytic constants are in the order of other bacterial laccases. Screening for different potential substrates was also performed, showing that this novel laccase is more selective than commercial laccases. This enzyme could find potential application in the generation of gallic acid polymers or in organic synthesis in contexts where meticulous substrate discrimination is needed.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47322746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-12DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000062
C. Southwell, L. Emmerson
Abstract The sophisticated spatial reference tools that exist today greatly facilitate studies of spatial ecology. Historically, however, the lack of such tools meant that spatial data were often imprecise, ambiguous or sometimes inaccurate. This can hinder or confound assessments of whether species distributions have changed in the past over decadal timescales. This is the case for Adélie penguins breeding at the southern limit of their breeding range in East Antarctica. In this short note, we resolve uncertainties in the locations of Adélie penguin breeding sites observed in the first population survey in Prydz Bay in 1981 by examining the original working notes of that work in combination with data from a recent survey in 2009 and a recently published spatial reference and identification system for coastal East Antarctica. By clarifying the historical locations, we conclude that the Adélie penguin breeding distribution has remained unchanged in this region over the past three decades, and we provide a robust baseline for assessing change in the future.
{"title":"Resolving uncertainty in historical observations of the Adélie penguin breeding distribution in southern Prydz Bay, East Antarctica","authors":"C. Southwell, L. Emmerson","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000062","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The sophisticated spatial reference tools that exist today greatly facilitate studies of spatial ecology. Historically, however, the lack of such tools meant that spatial data were often imprecise, ambiguous or sometimes inaccurate. This can hinder or confound assessments of whether species distributions have changed in the past over decadal timescales. This is the case for Adélie penguins breeding at the southern limit of their breeding range in East Antarctica. In this short note, we resolve uncertainties in the locations of Adélie penguin breeding sites observed in the first population survey in Prydz Bay in 1981 by examining the original working notes of that work in combination with data from a recent survey in 2009 and a recently published spatial reference and identification system for coastal East Antarctica. By clarifying the historical locations, we conclude that the Adélie penguin breeding distribution has remained unchanged in this region over the past three decades, and we provide a robust baseline for assessing change in the future.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48259442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：