Pub Date : 1995-11-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508006452
L. Portela, B. Delmon, P. Grange
Introduction Regulations about maximum sulfur contents of oil fractions and consequent SO, emissions from their combustion are becoming increasingly more stringent. Simultaneously, the oil industry has to deal with oil chargesthat are heavier and have higher concentrations of sulfur-containing compounds, leading to more severe desulfurization conditions. Therefore, catalysts with higher performance in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) are sought in order to cope with these new needs. ∗ Present address: GRECAT—Dep. Eng. Quimica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal.
{"title":"The Adsorption of Nitric Oxide on Supported Co-Mo Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts: A Review","authors":"L. Portela, B. Delmon, P. Grange","doi":"10.1080/01614949508006452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508006452","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Regulations about maximum sulfur contents of oil fractions and consequent SO, emissions from their combustion are becoming increasingly more stringent. Simultaneously, the oil industry has to deal with oil chargesthat are heavier and have higher concentrations of sulfur-containing compounds, leading to more severe desulfurization conditions. Therefore, catalysts with higher performance in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) are sought in order to cope with these new needs. ∗ Present address: GRECAT—Dep. Eng. Quimica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"41 1","pages":"699-731"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72688476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-08-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508006446
A. N. Startsev
Introduction The mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reactions is much more difficult to elucidate than that of homogeneous systems. Despite the facilities provided by physical methods for investigating the surface of solids, obtaining detailed information on the structure of the active component in real heterogeneous catalysts presents difficulties due to the nonuniform chemical composition of the surface species. Some of these surface species are totally inactive in catalysis, and others can catalyze the given chemical reaction by different pathways and according to different mechanisms. This results in a change of selectivity to the desired product and the appearance of intermediates and reaction by-products. Furthermore, the effect of the reaction medium on the catalyst gains importance during a catalytic process when, at high temperature and pressure, one type of surface species is transformed into another, thus changing the mechanism and direction of the catalyzed reaction. ∗ Telex: 133122 Sovet SU...
非均相催化反应的机理比均相催化反应的机理更难阐明。尽管物理方法为研究固体表面提供了便利，但由于表面物质的化学组成不均匀，获得实际非均相催化剂中活性成分结构的详细信息存在困难。这些表面物质有的完全不具有催化活性，有的则可以通过不同的途径，根据不同的机理催化给定的化学反应。这导致对期望产物的选择性改变以及中间产物和反应副产物的出现。此外，在高温高压催化过程中，当一种表面物质转化为另一种表面物质，从而改变催化反应的机理和方向时，反应介质对催化剂的影响就显得尤为重要。*电传:133122 Sovet SU…
{"title":"The Mechanism of HDS Catalysis","authors":"A. N. Startsev","doi":"10.1080/01614949508006446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508006446","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reactions is much more difficult to elucidate than that of homogeneous systems. Despite the facilities provided by physical methods for investigating the surface of solids, obtaining detailed information on the structure of the active component in real heterogeneous catalysts presents difficulties due to the nonuniform chemical composition of the surface species. Some of these surface species are totally inactive in catalysis, and others can catalyze the given chemical reaction by different pathways and according to different mechanisms. This results in a change of selectivity to the desired product and the appearance of intermediates and reaction by-products. Furthermore, the effect of the reaction medium on the catalyst gains importance during a catalytic process when, at high temperature and pressure, one type of surface species is transformed into another, thus changing the mechanism and direction of the catalyzed reaction. ∗ Telex: 133122 Sovet SU...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"90 6 1","pages":"353-423"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89428379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-08-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508006447
V. Sokolovskii, A. Davydov, O. Ovsitser
Introduction Selective ammoxidation of paraffins into corresponding nitriles is of a prime practical significance as it could add to the sources for synthesis of a number of valuable organic products currently produced from oil. On the whole these processes seem to be more promising for commercial synthesis than partial oxidation of paraffins, as nitriles are more stable than corresponding oxy products and a higher yield of the desirable product may potentially be achieved.
{"title":"Mechanism of Selective Paraffin Ammoxidation","authors":"V. Sokolovskii, A. Davydov, O. Ovsitser","doi":"10.1080/01614949508006447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508006447","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Selective ammoxidation of paraffins into corresponding nitriles is of a prime practical significance as it could add to the sources for synthesis of a number of valuable organic products currently produced from oil. On the whole these processes seem to be more promising for commercial synthesis than partial oxidation of paraffins, as nitriles are more stable than corresponding oxy products and a higher yield of the desirable product may potentially be achieved.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"425-459"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73426348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-08-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508006448
Z. Sojka
Introduction The basic objective of mechanistic studies of real catalytic processes is to dissect the course of the reaction into individual steps; ascertain their sequence; and determine the stoichiometry, structure, and electronic states of active sites and intermediates. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique is at present widely used to explore many of these principal aspects of heterogeneous catalysis and surface chemistry. The extreme sensitivity compared to the usual spectroscopic methods is perhaps its most acknowledged advantage and makes EPR best suited to investigate and characterize low-abundance active sites and intermediates appearing during catalytic reaction. Additional information can be drawn from the theoretical analysis of the experimental spin Hamiltonian parameters within the ligand field and from angular overlap or Newman's superposition models as well as by more sophisticated quantum chemical calculations. The purpose of this paper is to show how catalysis benefits fro...
{"title":"Molecular Aspects of Catalytic Reactivity. Application of EPR Spectroscopy to Stuies of the Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions","authors":"Z. Sojka","doi":"10.1080/01614949508006448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508006448","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The basic objective of mechanistic studies of real catalytic processes is to dissect the course of the reaction into individual steps; ascertain their sequence; and determine the stoichiometry, structure, and electronic states of active sites and intermediates. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique is at present widely used to explore many of these principal aspects of heterogeneous catalysis and surface chemistry. The extreme sensitivity compared to the usual spectroscopic methods is perhaps its most acknowledged advantage and makes EPR best suited to investigate and characterize low-abundance active sites and intermediates appearing during catalytic reaction. Additional information can be drawn from the theoretical analysis of the experimental spin Hamiltonian parameters within the ligand field and from angular overlap or Newman's superposition models as well as by more sophisticated quantum chemical calculations. The purpose of this paper is to show how catalysis benefits fro...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"461-512"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78034093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508007097
I. Kozhevnikov
Abstract Catalysis by heteropoly acids (HPAs) and related compounds is a field of growing importance, attracting increasing attention worldwide, in which many new and exciting developments are taking place in both research and technology [1–111, HPAs are polyoxometalates incorporating anions (heteropolyanions) having metal-oxygen octahedra as the basic structural units [ll-141. Among a wide variety of HPAs those belonging to the so-called Keggin series are the most importance for catalysis. They include heteropolyanions (HPANs)
{"title":"Heteropoly Acids and Related Compounds as Catalysts for Fine Chemical Synthesis","authors":"I. Kozhevnikov","doi":"10.1080/01614949508007097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007097","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Catalysis by heteropoly acids (HPAs) and related compounds is a field of growing importance, attracting increasing attention worldwide, in which many new and exciting developments are taking place in both research and technology [1–111, HPAs are polyoxometalates incorporating anions (heteropolyanions) having metal-oxygen octahedra as the basic structural units [ll-141. Among a wide variety of HPAs those belonging to the so-called Keggin series are the most importance for catalysis. They include heteropolyanions (HPANs)","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"205 1","pages":"311-352"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77724401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508007096
S. Saxena
Abstract Three-phase slurry bubble column reactors have been used extensively in a number of chemical, petrochemical, and biochemical process engineering applications. For the success of these operations and their large scale industrial exploitation, it is essential that their transport and chemical characteristics be adequately understood on a mechanistic basis so that appropriate design criteria and optimum operating conditions can be established. It is the purpose of this review to present such available knowledge in relation to chemical catalytic operations. The mass transfer characteristics, catalytic activity, and mixing patterns of different phases necessitate a detailed understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior and catalyst dispersion in slurry bubble column reactors. The current status of these aspects is presented, discussed, and assessed in this review. Chemical and biochemical reactions are exothermic in nature and hence efficient heat removal devices must be installed in the reactor to prese...
{"title":"Bubble column reactors and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis","authors":"S. Saxena","doi":"10.1080/01614949508007096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007096","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three-phase slurry bubble column reactors have been used extensively in a number of chemical, petrochemical, and biochemical process engineering applications. For the success of these operations and their large scale industrial exploitation, it is essential that their transport and chemical characteristics be adequately understood on a mechanistic basis so that appropriate design criteria and optimum operating conditions can be established. It is the purpose of this review to present such available knowledge in relation to chemical catalytic operations. The mass transfer characteristics, catalytic activity, and mixing patterns of different phases necessitate a detailed understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior and catalyst dispersion in slurry bubble column reactors. The current status of these aspects is presented, discussed, and assessed in this review. Chemical and biochemical reactions are exothermic in nature and hence efficient heat removal devices must be installed in the reactor to prese...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"51 1","pages":"227-309"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86535406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508007093
N. Nojiri, Y. Sakai, Yoshihisa Watanabe
Abstract A tremendous number of new catalytic chemical processes have been established and commercialized in Japan in recent years [l, 21. Table 1 shows typical Japanese-made technologies and processes from 1957, about which time the petrochemical industry started in Japan. In those days almost all processes adopted were either fully licensed from foreign companies in Western Europe and the U.S. or completed in Japan as a practical technology using basic and original ones discovered by the foreign companies. In 18 years, from 1957 to 1974, when the Japanese petrochemical industry matured and rapidly magnified its scale, 22 new technologies and processes were accomplished in Japan; however, some of them are not intrinsically Japanese for the reason already mentioned—they derived from foreign companies—and some others were only the first in Japan but not the first in the world. The next 17 years (1975–1992), which included two oil embargoes and were regarded as the time the industry entered the age of a low...
{"title":"Two Catalytic Technologies of Much Influence on Progress in Chemical Process Development in Japan","authors":"N. Nojiri, Y. Sakai, Yoshihisa Watanabe","doi":"10.1080/01614949508007093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007093","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A tremendous number of new catalytic chemical processes have been established and commercialized in Japan in recent years [l, 21. Table 1 shows typical Japanese-made technologies and processes from 1957, about which time the petrochemical industry started in Japan. In those days almost all processes adopted were either fully licensed from foreign companies in Western Europe and the U.S. or completed in Japan as a practical technology using basic and original ones discovered by the foreign companies. In 18 years, from 1957 to 1974, when the Japanese petrochemical industry matured and rapidly magnified its scale, 22 new technologies and processes were accomplished in Japan; however, some of them are not intrinsically Japanese for the reason already mentioned—they derived from foreign companies—and some others were only the first in Japan but not the first in the world. The next 17 years (1975–1992), which included two oil embargoes and were regarded as the time the industry entered the age of a low...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"77 1","pages":"145-178"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79291550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508007091
F. Marcos
Abstract The increasing supply of heavy crude oils is a matter of serious concern for the petroleum industry. In order to satisfy the changing pattern of product demand, significant investments in refining conversion processes will be necessary to profitably utilize these heavy crude oils. Although the most efficient and economical solution to this problem will depend to a large extent on individual country and company situations, the most promising technologies will likely involve the conversion of vacuum bottom residual oils, asphalt from deasphalting processes, and superheavy crude oils into useful light and middle distillate products.
{"title":"The Use of Clays for the Hydrotreatment of Heavy Crude Oils","authors":"F. Marcos","doi":"10.1080/01614949508007091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007091","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The increasing supply of heavy crude oils is a matter of serious concern for the petroleum industry. In order to satisfy the changing pattern of product demand, significant investments in refining conversion processes will be necessary to profitably utilize these heavy crude oils. Although the most efficient and economical solution to this problem will depend to a large extent on individual country and company situations, the most promising technologies will likely involve the conversion of vacuum bottom residual oils, asphalt from deasphalting processes, and superheavy crude oils into useful light and middle distillate products.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-100"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86526116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949508007092
E. Voskresenskaya, V. G. Roguleva, A. Anshits
Abstract Different aspects concerning the process of direct methane conversion to oxygen-containing products developed during more than half a century have been considered in previous reviews [1–3]. In particular, Gesser et al. [13 paid most attention to the homogeneous stages in methane conversion, while Foster [2] and Pitchai and Klier [3] examined the effect of different catalysts on methanol and formaldehyde formation. At present the main product of the homogeneous methane oxidation process with oxygen is shown to be methanol formed according to a chain-branching mechanism. In the presence of homogeneous initiators [4] (benzene, 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, etc.) or heterogeneous catalysts [2,3,5,6], formaldehyde is formed together with CH30H. However, the yield of the desirable products is low and does not exceed 8–10%. Charged atomic oxygen forms are considered to take part in the process of catalytic methane oxidation.
{"title":"Oxidant Activation Over Structural Defects of Oxide Catalysts in Oxidative Methane Coupling","authors":"E. Voskresenskaya, V. G. Roguleva, A. Anshits","doi":"10.1080/01614949508007092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007092","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Different aspects concerning the process of direct methane conversion to oxygen-containing products developed during more than half a century have been considered in previous reviews [1–3]. In particular, Gesser et al. [13 paid most attention to the homogeneous stages in methane conversion, while Foster [2] and Pitchai and Klier [3] examined the effect of different catalysts on methanol and formaldehyde formation. At present the main product of the homogeneous methane oxidation process with oxygen is shown to be methanol formed according to a chain-branching mechanism. In the presence of homogeneous initiators [4] (benzene, 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, etc.) or heterogeneous catalysts [2,3,5,6], formaldehyde is formed together with CH30H. However, the yield of the desirable products is low and does not exceed 8–10%. Charged atomic oxygen forms are considered to take part in the process of catalytic methane oxidation.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"187 1","pages":"101-143"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74323527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-11-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013931
T. Turek, D. Trimm, N. W. Cant
Abstract The hydrogenolysis of esters to alcohols is a reaction between esters and hydrogen which selectively splits a C-0 bond adjacent to a carbonyl group (1). A well-known large-scale industrial process based on this reaction the production of fatty alcohols from natural fatty acid esters-has been operated commercially for more than 50 years. Several processes which include the hydrogenolysis of an ester have been proposed for the manufacture of basic chemicals such as methanol and ethanol. Furthermore, there has been continuous interest over the past two decades in replacing the existing, energy-intensive processes for the production of ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanedioI by more cost-effective routes involving ester hydrogenolysis. While particular aspects of the literature on hydrogenolysis of esters have been reviewed already [1–3], the objective of the present work is to give a more general summary with special emphasis on the present or possible industrial applications of ester hydrogenolysis.
{"title":"The Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Esters to Alcohols","authors":"T. Turek, D. Trimm, N. W. Cant","doi":"10.1080/01614949408013931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408013931","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hydrogenolysis of esters to alcohols is a reaction between esters and hydrogen which selectively splits a C-0 bond adjacent to a carbonyl group (1). A well-known large-scale industrial process based on this reaction the production of fatty alcohols from natural fatty acid esters-has been operated commercially for more than 50 years. Several processes which include the hydrogenolysis of an ester have been proposed for the manufacture of basic chemicals such as methanol and ethanol. Furthermore, there has been continuous interest over the past two decades in replacing the existing, energy-intensive processes for the production of ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanedioI by more cost-effective routes involving ester hydrogenolysis. While particular aspects of the literature on hydrogenolysis of esters have been reviewed already [1–3], the objective of the present work is to give a more general summary with special emphasis on the present or possible industrial applications of ester hydrogenolysis.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"645-683"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78558573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：