Pub Date : 1993-06-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308014605
J. Fox
Abstract Scope of Review. This review is written from the point of view of the process design engineer trying to find the best catalytic options for upgrading methane. It is not intended to be a review of catalytic principles. In fact, actual catalysts used are only mentioned in passing. If the reader wishes to explore this aspect further, there are many recent review articles that can be used and these are referred to at an appropriate time and place.
{"title":"The Different Catalytic Routes for Methane Valorization: An Assessment of Processes for Liquid Fuels","authors":"J. Fox","doi":"10.1080/01614949308014605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308014605","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Scope of Review. This review is written from the point of view of the process design engineer trying to find the best catalytic options for upgrading methane. It is not intended to be a review of catalytic principles. In fact, actual catalysts used are only mentioned in passing. If the reader wishes to explore this aspect further, there are many recent review articles that can be used and these are referred to at an appropriate time and place.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83578092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013907
J. Hindermann, G. Hutchings, A. Kiennemann
Abstract In 1973 the oil crisis prompted considerable world interest in the production of synfuels which, as a result, led to the development of the Mobil Methanol to Gasoline Process [1] and more recently to the Shell Middle Distillate Process [2]. Synfuels have been a subject of both scientific and political interest for most of the 20th century. With the recent Gulf crisis, which has resulted in a surge in crude oil prices, it is clear that the search to find economic alternatives to the use of petroleum as an energy source will continue. This observation is based on the fact that the world reserves of coal and natural gas far exceed those of oil, and this fact alone implies that the conversion of coal and natural gas to transportation fuels is almost certain to become more widespread within the next 20 years.
{"title":"Mechanistic Aspects of the Formation of Hydrocarbons and Alcohols from CO Hydrogenation","authors":"J. Hindermann, G. Hutchings, A. Kiennemann","doi":"10.1080/01614949308013907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308013907","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 1973 the oil crisis prompted considerable world interest in the production of synfuels which, as a result, led to the development of the Mobil Methanol to Gasoline Process [1] and more recently to the Shell Middle Distillate Process [2]. Synfuels have been a subject of both scientific and political interest for most of the 20th century. With the recent Gulf crisis, which has resulted in a surge in crude oil prices, it is clear that the search to find economic alternatives to the use of petroleum as an energy source will continue. This observation is based on the fact that the world reserves of coal and natural gas far exceed those of oil, and this fact alone implies that the conversion of coal and natural gas to transportation fuels is almost certain to become more widespread within the next 20 years.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89274548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013908
R. Schoonheydt
Abstract In this review only exchangeable cations on extralattice positions in zeolites are considered. Cu2+ is used as a probe for the siting, the nature, and the energy of the bonding to the lattice. The term zeolite encompasses the crystalline aluminosilicates and the crystalline aluminum phosphates (ALPO) with ion exchange and molecular sieving properties. However, exchangeable cations in isomorphously substituted ALPOs have not been studied systematically and are not treated here.
{"title":"Transition metal ions in zeolites: siting and energetics of Cu2+","authors":"R. Schoonheydt","doi":"10.1080/01614949308013908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308013908","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this review only exchangeable cations on extralattice positions in zeolites are considered. Cu2+ is used as a probe for the siting, the nature, and the energy of the bonding to the lattice. The term zeolite encompasses the crystalline aluminosilicates and the crystalline aluminum phosphates (ALPO) with ion exchange and molecular sieving properties. However, exchangeable cations in isomorphously substituted ALPOs have not been studied systematically and are not treated here.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82529181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208016316
B. Viswanathan
Abstract The search for substitutes of noble metal supported exhaust control catalysts has led to the study of a number of perovskite oxides (1). The mechanisms of redox processes on these surfaces are topotactic in nature, thus accounting forthe reversible loss and uptake of bulk oxygen or for the concomitant creation and annihilation of vacancies rendering these systems as attractive oxidation catalysts. The variable oxygen stoichiometry of perovskite structure is responsible for the exotic behavior of these materials as a new class of high Tc superconducting oxides (2). The extreme ease of removing oxygen from the framework but still retaining the basic ingredients of the perovskite structure and the possibility of deriving different structural frameworks from ideal perovskite structure (e.g. insertion of rock salt layer between perovskite layers results in a K2NiF4 structure, while insertion of double [Bi2O2] layers between perovskite layers results in an Aurivillius phase) and the possibility of subs...
{"title":"CO Oxidation and NO Reduction on Perovskite Oxides","authors":"B. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1080/01614949208016316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208016316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The search for substitutes of noble metal supported exhaust control catalysts has led to the study of a number of perovskite oxides (1). The mechanisms of redox processes on these surfaces are topotactic in nature, thus accounting forthe reversible loss and uptake of bulk oxygen or for the concomitant creation and annihilation of vacancies rendering these systems as attractive oxidation catalysts. The variable oxygen stoichiometry of perovskite structure is responsible for the exotic behavior of these materials as a new class of high Tc superconducting oxides (2). The extreme ease of removing oxygen from the framework but still retaining the basic ingredients of the perovskite structure and the possibility of deriving different structural frameworks from ideal perovskite structure (e.g. insertion of rock salt layer between perovskite layers results in a K2NiF4 structure, while insertion of double [Bi2O2] layers between perovskite layers results in an Aurivillius phase) and the possibility of subs...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83973287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208016319
D. B. Hibbert
Abstract Reactions of sulfur dioxide on perovskite oxides have been investigated from two distinct standpoints. First sulfur dioxide is a poison for reactions of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons (1–11). How to mitigate this poisoning and how to regenerate the catalyst is therefore of importance when designing pollution abatement catalysts for motor cars. However the reaction between sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, catalyzed by perovskites, itself may provide an important route for the removal of a major pollutant (12–16).
{"title":"Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide on Perovskite Oxides","authors":"D. B. Hibbert","doi":"10.1080/01614949208016319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208016319","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Reactions of sulfur dioxide on perovskite oxides have been investigated from two distinct standpoints. First sulfur dioxide is a poison for reactions of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons (1–11). How to mitigate this poisoning and how to regenerate the catalyst is therefore of importance when designing pollution abatement catalysts for motor cars. However the reaction between sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, catalyzed by perovskites, itself may provide an important route for the removal of a major pollutant (12–16).","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75027127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208016320
C. Swamy, J. Christopher
Abstract Mixed metal oxides crystalizing in a perovskite-related structure have long been of interest to solid state chemists and physicists because of their technologically important physical properties. The ready availability of a family of isomorphic solids with controllable physical properties makes these oxides suitable for basic research in catalysis. These mixed metal oxides are more advantageous and are better catalytic materials than simple oxides because: (i) the crystal structure can accomodate various metal ions and can stabilize unusual and mixed valence states of active metal ion; (ii) appropriate formulation of these oxides leads to easy tailoring of many desirable properties such as valence state of transition metal ion, distance between active sites, binding energy, diffusion of oxygen in the lattice, magnetic and conducting properties of the solid; (iii) the catalytic activity can be correlated to solid state properties since many of their solid state properties are thoroughly understood...
{"title":"Decomposition of N2O on Perovskite-Related Oxides","authors":"C. Swamy, J. Christopher","doi":"10.1080/01614949208016320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208016320","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mixed metal oxides crystalizing in a perovskite-related structure have long been of interest to solid state chemists and physicists because of their technologically important physical properties. The ready availability of a family of isomorphic solids with controllable physical properties makes these oxides suitable for basic research in catalysis. These mixed metal oxides are more advantageous and are better catalytic materials than simple oxides because: (i) the crystal structure can accomodate various metal ions and can stabilize unusual and mixed valence states of active metal ion; (ii) appropriate formulation of these oxides leads to easy tailoring of many desirable properties such as valence state of transition metal ion, distance between active sites, binding energy, diffusion of oxygen in the lattice, magnetic and conducting properties of the solid; (iii) the catalytic activity can be correlated to solid state properties since many of their solid state properties are thoroughly understood...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80493667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208016315
J. Fierro
Abstract Transition metals, metal oxides and metal-containing mixed oxides have been extensively used for Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis (1–9) and their ability to yield oxygenated compounds. During the last two decades, an extensive search has been carried out in examining the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of co and CO, which produced hydrocarbons and oxygenate compounds. The catalytic models for hydrocarbon synthesis have already been reviewed by Vannice (lo), which gives detailed information and discusses the data which were obtained during their development. As a broad product distribution is obtained during the FT synthesis, the mechanisms are extremely complicated and not clearly understood: therefore this topic is beyond the objective of this chapter and hence no further attention will be paid.
{"title":"Hydrogenation of Carbon Oxides over Perovskite-Type Oxides","authors":"J. Fierro","doi":"10.1080/01614949208016315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208016315","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Transition metals, metal oxides and metal-containing mixed oxides have been extensively used for Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis (1–9) and their ability to yield oxygenated compounds. During the last two decades, an extensive search has been carried out in examining the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of co and CO, which produced hydrocarbons and oxygenate compounds. The catalytic models for hydrocarbon synthesis have already been reviewed by Vannice (lo), which gives detailed information and discusses the data which were obtained during their development. As a broad product distribution is obtained during the FT synthesis, the mechanisms are extremely complicated and not clearly understood: therefore this topic is beyond the objective of this chapter and hence no further attention will be paid.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78467697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208016318
T. Kutty, M. Avudaithai
Abstract Fine powders of semiconductor oxides have been widely used as photocatalysts for many reactions. Among the various photocatalytic reactions, water splitting has been given much importance, since it is a promising chemical route for solar energy conversion. Perovskite oxides, in particular SrTiO, have been commonly used as photocatalysts because some of them can decompose H,O into H, and 0, without an external bias potential (1). In turn, this is because the conduction band (CB) edges of some of the perovskite oxides are more negative than the H+/H, energy level. Since the catalytic activity is related to the surface properties of the solids, fine powders rather than single crystals are used. Photocatalysis on fine powers can be conveniently discussed in three parts, viz. preparation, characterization and their catalytic activity. Presently, photo-decomposition of water using SrTiO, fine powders is discussed in greater detail, although other photocatalytic reactions on various perovskite oxides ar...
{"title":"Photocatalysis on Fine Powders of Perovskite Oxides","authors":"T. Kutty, M. Avudaithai","doi":"10.1080/01614949208016318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208016318","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fine powders of semiconductor oxides have been widely used as photocatalysts for many reactions. Among the various photocatalytic reactions, water splitting has been given much importance, since it is a promising chemical route for solar energy conversion. Perovskite oxides, in particular SrTiO, have been commonly used as photocatalysts because some of them can decompose H,O into H, and 0, without an external bias potential (1). In turn, this is because the conduction band (CB) edges of some of the perovskite oxides are more negative than the H+/H, energy level. Since the catalytic activity is related to the surface properties of the solids, fine powders rather than single crystals are used. Photocatalysis on fine powers can be conveniently discussed in three parts, viz. preparation, characterization and their catalytic activity. Presently, photo-decomposition of water using SrTiO, fine powders is discussed in greater detail, although other photocatalytic reactions on various perovskite oxides ar...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74663321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-08-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208020307
Sol William Weller
Abstract The literature on heterogeneous catalytic kinetics is enormous, For this reason, the author has chosen to be selective rather than comprehensive. This review discusses, semihistorically and by reference to illustrative papers, the development of ideas and trends in research within the chosen topics. By way of warning: The author's interest in kinetics and chemisorption has been developing for some 50 years [1–6], One hopes that prejudices have softened over the years, but one knows they have not disappeared.
{"title":"Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalyzed Reactions","authors":"Sol William Weller","doi":"10.1080/01614949208020307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208020307","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The literature on heterogeneous catalytic kinetics is enormous, For this reason, the author has chosen to be selective rather than comprehensive. This review discusses, semihistorically and by reference to illustrative papers, the development of ideas and trends in research within the chosen topics. By way of warning: The author's interest in kinetics and chemisorption has been developing for some 50 years [1–6], One hopes that prejudices have softened over the years, but one knows they have not disappeared.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86344870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949208021918
P. L. Gai-Boyes
Abstract Catalysis research underpins the science of modem chemical processing and fuel technologies. Catalysis is one of the most important technologies commercially in national economies. Solid-state heterogeneous catalyst materials such as metal oxides or metal particles on ceramic oxide substrates are most common. They are typically used with commodity gases and liquid reactants. Selective oxidation catalysis of hydrocarbon feedstocks is the dominant process converting them to key industrial chemicals, polymers, and energy sources, and is the basis of this review.
{"title":"Defects in Oxide Catalysts: Fundamental Studies of Catalysis in Action","authors":"P. L. Gai-Boyes","doi":"10.1080/01614949208021918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949208021918","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Catalysis research underpins the science of modem chemical processing and fuel technologies. Catalysis is one of the most important technologies commercially in national economies. Solid-state heterogeneous catalyst materials such as metal oxides or metal particles on ceramic oxide substrates are most common. They are typically used with commodity gases and liquid reactants. Selective oxidation catalysis of hydrocarbon feedstocks is the dominant process converting them to key industrial chemicals, polymers, and energy sources, and is the basis of this review.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73487668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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