Pub Date : 1994-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013919
E. A. Mamedov
Abstract Some bismuth-containing oxides, such as bismuth molybdates, are known to be effective catalysts for so-called allylic oxidation of C3-C4 olefins including partial oxidation to unsaturated aldehyde, oxidative dehydrogenation to diolefin, and ammoxidation to corresponding nitrile. This type of catalyst is well studied and repeatedly reviewed [1–3]. Its high effectiveness can be interpreted within a dual-site concept according to which hydrocarbon adsorbs on an active site associated with one of the metal oxide components while oxygen adsorbs on an active site associated with another metal oxide component. For instance, the authors [4, 5] assume a bismuth center to be responsible for the hydrocarbon conversion to an allylic species which then reacts further at a molybdenum site to produce aldehyde.
{"title":"Bismuth-Containing Oxides as Catalysts for Oxidative Coupling of Hydrocarbons","authors":"E. A. Mamedov","doi":"10.1080/01614949408013919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408013919","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some bismuth-containing oxides, such as bismuth molybdates, are known to be effective catalysts for so-called allylic oxidation of C3-C4 olefins including partial oxidation to unsaturated aldehyde, oxidative dehydrogenation to diolefin, and ammoxidation to corresponding nitrile. This type of catalyst is well studied and repeatedly reviewed [1–3]. Its high effectiveness can be interpreted within a dual-site concept according to which hydrocarbon adsorbs on an active site associated with one of the metal oxide components while oxygen adsorbs on an active site associated with another metal oxide component. For instance, the authors [4, 5] assume a bismuth center to be responsible for the hydrocarbon conversion to an allylic species which then reacts further at a molybdenum site to produce aldehyde.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74790581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013920
A. Lisovskii, C. Aharoni
Abstract The main industrial methods for the production of styrene and α-methylstyrene are the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene and isopropylbenzene using mixed oxide catalysts: These reactions are endothermic and reversible, they take place at high temperatures (853–923 K), and their reversibility thermodynamically limits the yields of the products. Displacement of the equilibrium toward the formation of the vinylbenzenes is generally achieved by lowering the partial pressure of the reacting alkylbenzenes by diluting them in steam, heated to 973 K.
{"title":"Carbonaceous Deposits as Catalysts for Oxydehydrogenation of Alkylbenzenes","authors":"A. Lisovskii, C. Aharoni","doi":"10.1080/01614949408013920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408013920","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main industrial methods for the production of styrene and α-methylstyrene are the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene and isopropylbenzene using mixed oxide catalysts: These reactions are endothermic and reversible, they take place at high temperatures (853–923 K), and their reversibility thermodynamically limits the yields of the products. Displacement of the equilibrium toward the formation of the vinylbenzenes is generally achieved by lowering the partial pressure of the reacting alkylbenzenes by diluting them in steam, heated to 973 K.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76856984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013921
A. Stanislaus, B. Cooper
Abstract High aromatic content in diesel fuel has been recognized both to lower the fuel quality and to contribute significantly to the formation of undesired emissions in exhaust gases [1, 2]. Because of the health hazards associated with these emissions, environmental regulations governing the composition of diesel fuels are being tightened in both Europe and the United States, leading to limitations on aromatics [3, 4].
{"title":"Aromatic Hydrogenation Catalysis: A Review","authors":"A. Stanislaus, B. Cooper","doi":"10.1080/01614949408013921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408013921","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High aromatic content in diesel fuel has been recognized both to lower the fuel quality and to contribute significantly to the formation of undesired emissions in exhaust gases [1, 2]. Because of the health hazards associated with these emissions, environmental regulations governing the composition of diesel fuels are being tightened in both Europe and the United States, leading to limitations on aromatics [3, 4].","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73954367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013923
R. González, H. Miura
Abstract The preparation and characterization of supported bimetallic clusters has been an active area of research following the initial pioneering efforts of Sinfelt in the late 1960s and early 1970s [1–3]. Because of the importance of supported bimetallic and multimetallic catalysts in industrial applications such as petroleum reforming and the control of automotive exhaust emissions, research on better ways of synthesizing and characterizing these catalytic materials is continuing to advance, as evidenced by the very large number of research papers which have recently appeared in the literature. Of particular interest are the preparative variables which control the formation of bimetallic particles.
{"title":"Preparation of SiO2- and Al2O3-supported clusters of Pt group metals","authors":"R. González, H. Miura","doi":"10.1080/01614949408013923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408013923","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The preparation and characterization of supported bimetallic clusters has been an active area of research following the initial pioneering efforts of Sinfelt in the late 1960s and early 1970s [1–3]. Because of the importance of supported bimetallic and multimetallic catalysts in industrial applications such as petroleum reforming and the control of automotive exhaust emissions, research on better ways of synthesizing and characterizing these catalytic materials is continuing to advance, as evidenced by the very large number of research papers which have recently appeared in the literature. Of particular interest are the preparative variables which control the formation of bimetallic particles.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75519669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013922
Cvetana P. Bezoukhanova, Y. Kalvachev
Abstract Zeolites and molecular sieves have been extensively studied and applied in different fields. Their specific crystalline structure and composition make it possible to obtain high-activity stable catalyst systems for a wide range of chemical reactions. There are many investigations on the structural characteristics and adsorption and catalytic properties of zeolites and molecular sieves as well as on the relation between the different properties. The nature of active sites in zeolite catalysts and the mechanism of catalytic processes on their surface belong to the most important problems of the investigations.
{"title":"Alcohol Reactivity on Zeolites and Molecular Sieves","authors":"Cvetana P. Bezoukhanova, Y. Kalvachev","doi":"10.1080/01614949408013922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408013922","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Zeolites and molecular sieves have been extensively studied and applied in different fields. Their specific crystalline structure and composition make it possible to obtain high-activity stable catalyst systems for a wide range of chemical reactions. There are many investigations on the structural characteristics and adsorption and catalytic properties of zeolites and molecular sieves as well as on the relation between the different properties. The nature of active sites in zeolite catalysts and the mechanism of catalytic processes on their surface belong to the most important problems of the investigations.","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75827763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2991(08)62737-8
W. Hally, J. H. Bitter, K. Seshan, J. Lercher, J. Ross
{"title":"Problem of coke formation on Ni/ZrO2 catalysts during the carbon dioxide reforming of methane","authors":"W. Hally, J. H. Bitter, K. Seshan, J. Lercher, J. Ross","doi":"10.1016/S0167-2991(08)62737-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(08)62737-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90394989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013916
A. Corma, Agustín Martínez
Abstract As a consequence of the Clean Air Act (CAA), beginning in 1990, USA refiners were forced to change their strategy in order to meet the new mandatory specifications on gasoline composition. The targets established by the CAA were directed to overcoming environmental problems by reducing the ground-level ozone-forming and carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles, as well as toxic hydrocarbons and SO, and NO, emissions in auto exhausts. In order to accomplish this, gasolines had to move in the following direction: Reduce volatility: that is, lower Reid vapor pressure (RVP), especially during summer months, in order to reduce ozone levels. This can be achieved by removing butanes and even C, from the gasoline. Limitations in the aromatic content, with special emphasis on benzene. This can be solved by reducing reformate severity and/or by reducing the upper cut of the fluid catalytically cracked (FCC) gas-oline. Increased amount ofoxygenates, in which MTBE and TAME are preferred, especially in the car...
{"title":"Chemistry, Catalysts, and Processes for Isoparaffin–Olefin Alkylation: Actual Situation and Future Trends","authors":"A. Corma, Agustín Martínez","doi":"10.1080/01614949308013916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308013916","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As a consequence of the Clean Air Act (CAA), beginning in 1990, USA refiners were forced to change their strategy in order to meet the new mandatory specifications on gasoline composition. The targets established by the CAA were directed to overcoming environmental problems by reducing the ground-level ozone-forming and carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles, as well as toxic hydrocarbons and SO, and NO, emissions in auto exhausts. In order to accomplish this, gasolines had to move in the following direction: Reduce volatility: that is, lower Reid vapor pressure (RVP), especially during summer months, in order to reduce ozone levels. This can be achieved by removing butanes and even C, from the gasoline. Limitations in the aromatic content, with special emphasis on benzene. This can be solved by reducing reformate severity and/or by reducing the upper cut of the fluid catalytically cracked (FCC) gas-oline. Increased amount ofoxygenates, in which MTBE and TAME are preferred, especially in the car...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77435609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013917
B. Basu, S. Satapathy, A. K. Bhatnagar
Abstract Alkyl and aromatic mercaptans are among important organic sulfur compounds distributed in petroleum products. The mercaptans cause foul odor and are corrosive toward metals. In addition, mercaptans may cause oxidative deterioration as well as inhibit the performance of various additives (TEL, antioxidants) in finished products. Therefore, it is necessary to remove them, either by extractive processes or by converting them into innocuous disulfides. Such processes are usually referred to as “sweetening.”
{"title":"Merox and Related Metal Phthalocyanine Catalyzed Oxidation Processes","authors":"B. Basu, S. Satapathy, A. K. Bhatnagar","doi":"10.1080/01614949308013917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308013917","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alkyl and aromatic mercaptans are among important organic sulfur compounds distributed in petroleum products. The mercaptans cause foul odor and are corrosive toward metals. In addition, mercaptans may cause oxidative deterioration as well as inhibit the performance of various additives (TEL, antioxidants) in finished products. Therefore, it is necessary to remove them, either by extractive processes or by converting them into innocuous disulfides. Such processes are usually referred to as “sweetening.”","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86005253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013915
K. Taylor
Abstract This review covers the literature through 1991 on nitric oxide catalysis as applied to automobile exhaust systems. Attention is given to the threeway catalyst system which simultaneously promotes the reduction of nitrogen oxides and the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. These systems have been used on most passenger cars in the United States since 1982. Prior to 1980, emission control catalysts were oxidation catalysts, and reduction in exhaust nitric oxide was achieved using engine modifications (i.e., exhaust gas recirculation). This review focuses on catalytic control of NO, for gasoline-fueled vehicles (not diesels and alternate fuels) and primarily on developments reported since 1982. The term NO, refers to both NO and NOz. The reader is referred to an earlier publication by the author for a general review of automobile catalytic converters [1] and to a review by Egelhoff [2] on the nitric oxide literature through 1980. The recent literature on NO, reduction in lean exhaust is c...
{"title":"Nitric oxide catalysis in automotive exhaust systems","authors":"K. Taylor","doi":"10.1080/01614949308013915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308013915","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review covers the literature through 1991 on nitric oxide catalysis as applied to automobile exhaust systems. Attention is given to the threeway catalyst system which simultaneously promotes the reduction of nitrogen oxides and the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. These systems have been used on most passenger cars in the United States since 1982. Prior to 1980, emission control catalysts were oxidation catalysts, and reduction in exhaust nitric oxide was achieved using engine modifications (i.e., exhaust gas recirculation). This review focuses on catalytic control of NO, for gasoline-fueled vehicles (not diesels and alternate fuels) and primarily on developments reported since 1982. The term NO, refers to both NO and NOz. The reader is referred to an earlier publication by the author for a general review of automobile catalytic converters [1] and to a review by Egelhoff [2] on the nitric oxide literature through 1980. The recent literature on NO, reduction in lean exhaust is c...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84798409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-08-01DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013911
H. Poppa
Abstract It has been established for some time [1, 2] that small supported metal particles can be reproducibly prepared in a controlled way by ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) deposition onto planar supports. Such planar deposits have been employed in the past to study the physical [3–11] and chemical [12–20] properties of mesoscopic metal aggregates. In these studies, the emphasis has usually been placed on pointing out the differences in particle properties with respect to the bulk properties of the same material. Although it has often been found that the electronic properties reach bulk values at surprisingly small cluster sizes of about 30 to 50 atoms, it has also been observed that the chemical properties can change over a much wider particle size range [21] for structure-sensitive reactions [22]. Furthermore, it is generally realized that particle size alone is usually not the only important parameter but that the influence of the support in terms of electronic, structural, chemical, and morphological particl...
{"title":"Nucleation, Growth, and TEM Analysis of Metal Particles and Clusters Deposited in UHV","authors":"H. Poppa","doi":"10.1080/01614949308013911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949308013911","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It has been established for some time [1, 2] that small supported metal particles can be reproducibly prepared in a controlled way by ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) deposition onto planar supports. Such planar deposits have been employed in the past to study the physical [3–11] and chemical [12–20] properties of mesoscopic metal aggregates. In these studies, the emphasis has usually been placed on pointing out the differences in particle properties with respect to the bulk properties of the same material. Although it has often been found that the electronic properties reach bulk values at surprisingly small cluster sizes of about 30 to 50 atoms, it has also been observed that the chemical properties can change over a much wider particle size range [21] for structure-sensitive reactions [22]. Furthermore, it is generally realized that particle size alone is usually not the only important parameter but that the influence of the support in terms of electronic, structural, chemical, and morphological particl...","PeriodicalId":50986,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72546138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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